Background
Method
Eligibility criteria
Exposure and outcomes
Search method
Screening and selection procedure
Data collection process
Quality and risk of bias assessment
Strategy for data synthesis
Results
Literature search
Characteristics of the study included in the meta-analysis and systematic review of IPV and antenatal care adequacy
Study | Sample size | Study location | Study setting | Types of violence | IPV exposure time | IPV assessment scale | NOS quality Score | Confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[24] | 210 | Ethiopia | Community / Primary survey | Physical, Sexual, emotional, partner control | Ever in current relation | WHO tool | 6 | women’s age, couple’s age gap, women’s educational status, partner’s educational status, women’s decision-making autonomy, women’s employment status, women’s weekly mass media exposure, couple’s relationship duration and household monthly income |
[27] | 294 | Timor-Leste | Community /Timor-Leste DHS | IPV general | Ever in current relation | DHS tool | 4 | Age of the women, women’s education, and wealth. |
[25] | 6871 | Nigeria | Community / state-wide survey | Physical IPV | Prior year | Self (With WHO component) | 6 | Women’s education, house hold head education, Age of the women, residency, help from family member, ownership of motorized transport, marital status/ cohabiting, wealth, proximity to government health facility, information from health worker regarding pregnancy, gravidity |
[28] | 2001 | Bangladesh | Community/Bangladesh DHS | Physical, sexual, combined IPV | Lifetime | Conflict tactic scale | 5 | Women’s age, women’s education, husband’s education, women’s decision-making and freedom of movement autonomy, women’s occupation, residence, religion, frequency of mass media exposure, parity, pregnancy intentions, and wealth index category |
[26] | 418 | Ghana | Community /Nationally representative data | Emotional and physical violence during pregnancy | Pregnancy | Self with WHO components | 5 | Women’s age, marital status, women’s education, religion, wealth quantile, residency, general health of the women, region of the respondent, number of the children |
[14] | 6566 | Egypt | Community/Egypt DHS | Physical | Life time | Self | 3 | Women’s education, residency, parity |
Meta-analysis of IPV and antenatal care adequacy
IPV | Hetrogeniety test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | P-value | I2 | T2 | T | |
Combined | 1.76 | 0.185 | 43.15 | 0.07 | 0.26 |
Physical | 7.26 | 0.064 | 58.70 | 0.05 | 0.23 |
Sexual | 1.84 | 0.175 | 45.63 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
Over all hetrogeniety | 15.39 | 0.004 | 74.01 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
Different types of IPV and adequate antenatal care service utilization
Factors associated with utilizing adequate antenatal care
Covariate | Variables | Antenatal care adequacy utilization | |
---|---|---|---|
Reported AOR, CI | References | ||
Socio-demographic | Age | 15–24 yrs. = Ref, 25–34 yrs. = 1.50,(0.99–2.28), 35–49 yrs. = 2.45 (1.23–4.88) | [28] |
18 years and below = Ref Above 18 yrs. = 1.49 (1.20–1.84) | [25] | ||
Maternal education | No education = Ref, primary = 1.35 (0.76–2.40), Secondary+ = 3.0 (1.71,5.26) | [28] | |
No education = Ref Educated = 1.26 (1.06–1.48) | [25] | ||
Less than secondary education- Ref, Secondary and above = AOR,2.56, P value< 0.05 | [14] | ||
Husband’s Education | No education = Ref Secondary+ = 1.56 (1.03,2.36) | [28] | |
Household head education | Uneducated = Ref Educated = 1.16 (1.01,1.34) | [25] | |
Wealth index | Poor = Ref Rich = 1.62 (1.01–2.64) | [28] | |
Not being poor | No enough food in house = Ref, Has enough food in house hold = 1.20 (1.05–1.37) | [25] | |
Residency | Rural = Ref Urban = 2.18 (1.51–3.14). | [28] | |
Rural = Ref Urban = 1.54 (1.21–1.96) | [25] | ||
Urban = Ref Rural = AOR, 0.27, P-value< 0.05 | [14] | ||
Urban = Ref Rural = AOR, 0.43 (0.20, 0.91) | [27] | ||
Marital status | Single = Ref Married/Cohabited = 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | [25] | |
Ownership of motorized transport | Own = Ref Not Own = 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | [25] | |
Obstetric/ Access to health information | Parity | Para 1;Ref para 2 = 0.61 (0.39–0.93) para 3+ = 0.31 (0.18–0.55) | [28] |
Para 0–1 = Ref Para 2 and above- AOR, 0.46, P-value< 0.05 | [14] | ||
Receiving information on pregnancy issues from a health worker | Not received = Ref Received = 1.75 (1.51–2.02) | [25] | |
Receiving support from family member | No support = Ref Support = 1.37 (1.19–1.59) | [25] |
Characteristics of studies included in systematic review and meta-analysis of IPV and skilled delivery care utilization
Study | Sample size | Study location | Study setting | Types of violence | IPV exposure time | IPV assessment scale | NOS quality score | Confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[13] | 975 | Kenya | Community /Kenya DHS | emotional, sexual, and physical IPV | Ever in current relationship | DHS tool | 5 | Women’s education, wealth index, residence, number of antenatal visits, and parity |
[15] | 858 | Uganda | Community /Uganda DHS | physical and sexual IPV | Prior year | Conflict Tactic scale | 5 | Women’s education, economic empowerment of women, partner education, wealth index, number of children, ANC visit, women’s ability to negotiate condom /avoid sex. |
[24] | 210 | Ethiopia | Community /Primary survey | Physical, Sexual, emotional, partner control | Ever in current relationship | WHO tool | 6 | women’s age, couple’s age gap, women’s educational status, partner’s educational status, women’s decision-making autonomy, women’s employment status, women’s weekly mass media exposure, couple’s relationship duration and household monthly income |
[27] | 294 | Timor-Leste | Community /Timor-Leste DHS | IPV general | Ever in current relationship | DHS tool | 4 | Age of the women, women’s education, and wealth. |
[29] | 18,507 | Multi country | Community/DHS | Physical | Lifetime | DHS tool | 3 | Women’s age, partner’s age, marital status, residency, house hold wealth index, women’s education, partner’s education, women’s having job, partner having job |
[30] | 17,412 | Nigeria | Community / Nigeria DHS | Physical, sexual, emotional | Ever IPV in any relation since 15 years of age | Conflict Tactic scale | 6 | Women’s age, women’s education, husband’s education, employment status, women’s autonomy, parity, access to media, household wealth, household size, place of residency. |
[28] | 2001 | Bangladesh | Community / Bangladesh DHS | Physical, sexual, combined IPV | Lifetime | Conflict tactic scale | 5 | Women’s age, women’s education, husband’s education, women’s decision-making and freedom of movement autonomy, women’s occupation, residence, religion, frequency of mass media exposure, parity, pregnancy intentions, and wealth index category |
Relationship between IPV and skilled delivery care utilization
Types of IPV | Hetrogeniety test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | P-value | I2 | T2 | T | |
Combined | 3.37 | 0.186 | 40.60 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
Emotional | 4.68 | 0.096 | 57.29 | 0.05 | 0.23 |
Physical | 10.27 | 0.036 | 61.05 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Sexual | 4.57 | 0.102 | 56.21 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
Over all hetrogeniety before sensitivity analysis | 30.18 | 0.001 | 80.12 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
Over all hetrogeniety after sensitivity analysis | 7.86 | 0.164 | 36.36 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Different types IPV and skilled delivery care utilization
Factors associated with utilizing skilled delivery care
covariate | Variables | Skilled delivery care utilization | |
---|---|---|---|
Reported AOR, 95% CI | Reference | ||
Socio-demographic | Age | 15–24 yrs. = Ref 25-34yrs = 1.23 (1.05,1.45), 35–49 yrs. = 1.45 (1.16–1.80) | [30] |
15–24 yrs. = Ref, 25–34 yrs. = 2.07 (1.22–3.49) 35–49 yrs. = 4.08 (1.95–8.54) | [28] | ||
Maternal education | No education = Ref Primary = 1.43 (1.20,1.69), Secondary+ = 2.89 (1.39,3.50) | [30] | |
No education = Ref, Primary = 2.33 (1.03,5.27), Secondary+ = 5.40 (2.45,11.87) | [28] | ||
Uneducated = Ref Educated = 3.08 (2.72–3.49) | [29] | ||
Husband’s Education | No education = Ref Primary = 1.46 (1.22, 1.75), Secondary+ = 1.81 (1.51, 2.17). | [30] | |
No education = Ref Secondary+ = 2.3 [1.18–4.50] | [15] | ||
No education = Ref Secondary+ = 1.80 (1.05–3.08). | [28] | ||
Employment status | Not working = Ref. Working 1.24 (1.09–1.42). | [30] | |
Wealth index | Poor = Ref, Middle = 2.02 (1.77–2.31) Rich = 2.89 (2.40–3.47) | [30] | |
Poor = Ref Rich = 1.27 (1.13–2.88) | [28] | ||
Poorest = Ref Rich = 2.59 [1.41–4.76] | [15] | ||
Poor = Ref Rich = 2.47 (2.22–275) | [29] | ||
Residency | Urban = Ref, Rural = 0.69 (0.60–0.79). | [30] | |
Rural = Ref Urban = 3.67 (3.29–4.09) | [29] | ||
Rural = Ref Urban = 1.88 (1.18–3.01). | [28] | ||
Marital status | Unmarried/not in union = Ref Married/in union = 1.45 (1.01–1.30) | [29] | |
Obstetric/ Access to health information | Parity | para 1 = Ref para 2–3, 0.66 (0.56–0.79) para 4+, 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | [30] |
Para 1 = Ref, Para 2–4 = 0.40 [0.22–0.74] Para 5 + =0.40 [0.21–0.75] | [15] | ||
ANC | < 4 ANC visits = Ref 4+ ANC = 1.93 [1.34–2.79] | [15] | |
Access to Newspaper | No access = Ref Access = 1.84 (1.36–2.48), | [30] | |
Access to TV | No Access = Ref Accesses = 1.53 (1.36–1.71) | [30] | |
Access to Radio | No access = Ref Access = 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | [30] |