Background
Methods
Participants
Definitions
Outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Number of comorbidities | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Category | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 or more | Total n = 1741 | ||||
Total n = 78 | Total n = 453 | Total n = 508 | Total n = 702 | |||||||
n | (row %) | n | (row %) | n | (row %) | n | (row %) | (n (% of total) unless otherwise stated) | ||
Sex* | Male | 15 | (2.2) | 174 | (25.3) | 200 | (29.0) | 300 | (43.5) | 689 (39.6) |
Female | 63 | (6.0) | 279 | (26.5) | 308 | (29.3) | 402 | (38.2) | 1052 (60.4) | |
Age* | <60 | 22 | (17.2) | 50 | (39.1) | 27 | (21.1) | 29 | (22.7) | 128 (7.4) |
60–69 | 26 | (5.8) | 146 | (32.8) | 121 | (27.2) | 152 | (34.2) | 445 (25.6) | |
70–79 | 23 | (3.0) | 186 | (24.4) | 224 | (29.4) | 328 | (43.1) | 761 (43.7) | |
80+ | 7 | (1.72) | 71 | (17.4) | 136 | (33.4) | 193 | (43.4) | 407 (23.4) | |
Ethnicity | White | 78 | (5.0) | 443 | (26.1) | 497 | (29.3) | 680 | (40.1) | 1698 (97.5) |
Other | 0 | (0) | 10 | (23.3) | 11 | (25.6) | 22 | (51.2) | 43 (2.5) | |
Index of multiple deprivation* | Quintile 1 (most deprived) | 5 | (3.3) | 32 | (21.2) | 42 | (27.8) | 72 | (47.7) | 151 (8.7) |
Quintile 2 | 27 | (6.3) | 103 | (23.8) | 118 | (27.3) | 184 | (42.6) | 432 (24.8) | |
Quintile 3 | 14 | (4.3) | 88 | (27.0) | 94 | (28.8) | 130 | (39.9) | 326 (18.7) | |
Quintile 4 | 12 | (2.7) | 128 | (28.6) | 135 | (30.2) | 172 | (38.5) | 447 (25.7) | |
Quintile 5 (least deprived) | 20 | (5.2) | 100 | (26.1) | 118 | (30.9) | 144 | (37.7) | 382 (21.9) | |
Education status* | Group1 (No formal qualifications) | 30 | (3.2) | 209 | (21.9) | 305 | (32.0) | 409 | (42.9) | 953 (54.7) |
Group 2 (GCSE, A level, NVQ1-3) | 33 | (7.0) | 130 | (27.7) | 126 | (26.9) | 180 | (38.4) | 469 (26.9) | |
Group 3 (1st or higher degree, NVQ 4–5) | 15 | (4.7) | 113 | (35.7) | 77 | (24.3) | 112 | (35.3) | 317 (18.2) | |
eGFR at study entry* | Mean (SD) | 57.8 | (7.6) | 55.8 | (9.7) | 51.7 | (10.2) | 50.3 | (10.5) | 52.5 (10.4) |
>60 | 30 | (7.2) | 163 | (39.0) | 107 | (25.6) | 118 | (28.2) | 418 (24.0) | |
45–59 | 44 | (4.8) | 227 | (24.9) | 277 | (30.4) | 363 | (39.9) | 911 (52.3) | |
30–44 | 4 | (1.0) | 61 | (15.8) | 113 | (29.3) | 208 | (53.9) | 386 (22.2) | |
<30 | 0 | (0) | 2 | (7.7) | 11 | (42.3) | 13 | (50.0) | 26 (1.5) | |
Albuminuria - based on 2 of 3 samples* | No albuminuria | 76 | (5.2) | 402 | (27.4) | 433 | (29.5) | 558 | (38.0) | 1469 (84.4) |
Albuminuria A2 ≥ 3 mg/mmol but <30 mg/mmol) | 2 | (0.9) | 45 | (19.4) | 66 | (28.5) | 119 | (51.3) | 232 (13.3) | |
Albuminuria A3 (≥30 mg/mmol) | 0 | (0) | 6 | (15.0) | 9 | (22.5) | 25 | (62.5) | 40 (2.3) | |
Smoking* | Current | 7 | (8.6) | 31 | (38.3) | 15 | (18.5) | 28 | (34.5) | 81 (4.7) |
Ex-smoker | 30 | (3.5) | 169 | (19.5) | 264 | (30.5) | 403 | (46.5) | 866 (49.7) | |
Never | 41 | (5.2) | 253 | (31.9) | 229 | (28.8) | 271 | (34.1) | 794 (45.6) | |
BMI* | Normal or underweight | 31 | (8.8) | 103 | (29.2) | 105 | (29.8) | 114 | (32.2) | 353 (20.3) |
Overweight | 32 | (4.3) | 207 | (28.1) | 214 | (29.0) | 285 | (38.6) | 738 (42.4) | |
Obese | 15 | (2.3) | 143 | (22.0) | 189 | (29.1) | 303 | (46.6) | 650 (37.3) | |
Number of medications* | None | 28 | (60.9) | 16 | (34.8) | 2 | (4.4) | 0 | (0) | 46 (2.6) |
1–2 | 37 | (15.6) | 128 | (53.8) | 61 | (25.6) | 12 | (5.0) | 238 (13.7) | |
3–4 | 10 | (2.4) | 198 | (46.7) | 155 | (36.6) | 61 | (14.4) | 424 (24.4) | |
5–9 | 3 | (0.4) | 109 | (13.1) | 269 | (32.2) | 454 | (54.4) | 835 (48.0) | |
10 or more | 0 | (0) | 2 | (1.0) | 21 | (10.6) | 175 | (88.4) | 198 (11.4) |
Comorbidity | n | Prevalence |
---|---|---|
Hypertension | 1528 | 87.8 % |
Painful condition | 530 | 30.4 % |
Anaemia | 418 | 24.0 % |
Ischaemic heart disease | 398 | 22.9 % |
Diabetes | 294 | 16.9 % |
Thyroid disorder | 208 | 11.9 % |
Cerebrovascular disease | 200 | 11.5 % |
Respiratory condition | 181 | 10.4 % |
Depression | 94 | 5.4 % |
Peripheral vascular disease | 82 | 4.7 % |
Heart failure | 61 | 3.5 % |
Variable | More than five medications per day | Three or more comorbidities | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(vs. five or fewer) | (vs. two or fewer) | ||||||||
Univariate | Multivariablea
| Univariate | Multivariablea
| ||||||
OR (95 % CI) |
p value | OR (95 % CI) |
p value | OR (95 % CI) |
p value | OR (95 % CI) |
p value | ||
Age (years) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | |
Sex (male vs. female) | 1.26 (1.03–1.53) | 0.02 | 1.14 (0.92–1.43) | 0.231 | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) | 0.027 | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.434 | |
Education status (vs. highest level of qualifications) | Group1 (No formal qualifications) | 1.83 (1.41–2.36) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.10–1.90) | 0.01 | 1.38 (1.06–1.79) | 0.035 | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 0.361 |
Group 2 (GCSE, A level, NVQ1-3) | 1.29 (0.97–1.72) | 1.27 (0.94–1.73) | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | |||||
Smoking (vs. non smokers) | Current smoker | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.49 (0.91–2.44) | <0.001 | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.83–2.28) | <0.001 |
Ex smoker | 1.57 (1.29–1.92) | 1.45 (1.18–1.79) | 1.68 (1.38–2.05) | 1.54 (1.25–1.91) | |||||
BMI (kg/m2, continuous) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | <0.001 | |
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2, continuous) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 | |
Log average uACR (mg/mmol, continuous) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.70 | - | - | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.384 | - | - |
Variable | Model 1a
| Model 2b
| Model 3c
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(univariate) | (sociodemographic variables) | (lifestyle and clinical variables) | |||||
HR (95 % CI) |
p value | HR (95 % CI) |
p value | HR (95 % CI) |
p value | ||
Number of comorbidities (vs none or one) | 2 | 2.31 (1.36–3.94) | <0.001 | 1.68 (0.99–2.88) | <0.001 | 1.51 (0.88–2.59) | <0.001 |
3 or more | 4.58 (2.85–7.38) | 3.15 (1.95–5.10) | 2.81 (1.72–4.58) | ||||
Age (years) | - | - | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | <0.001 | |
Sex (male vs. female) | - | - | 1.74 (1.28–2.36) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.06–1.97) | 0.020 | |
Education status (vs. highest level of qualifications) | Group1 | - | - | 1.60 (0.96–2.68) | 0.112 | - | - |
(No formal qualifications) | |||||||
Group 2 | - | - | 1.45 (0.92–2.32) | - | - | ||
(GCSE, A level, NVQ1-3) | |||||||
Index of multiple deprivation (vs. least deprived) | Quintile 1 (most deprived) | - | - | 1.40 (0.90–2.19) | 0.900 | - | - |
Quintile 2 | - | - | 1.36 (0.85–2.22) | - | - | ||
Quintile 3 | - | - | 1.35 (0.85–2.13) | - | - | ||
Quintile 4 | - | - | 1.23 (0.66–2.27) | - | - | ||
Smoking (vs. never smokers) | Current smoker | - | - | - | - | 1.20 (0.86–1.66) | 0.049 |
Ex-smoker | - | - | 2.07 (1.01–4.25) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2, continuous) | - | - | - | - | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.319 | |
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2, continuous) | - | - | - | - | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <0.001 | |
Log average uACR (mg/mmol, continuous) | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.885 |