Significance
Objectives
Methods
1.(((mother-carer* or mother carer* or mother caregiver* or mother care-giver* or parent-carer* or parent carer or parent care giver* or parent care-giver* or carer* or care-giver* or caregiver* or care giver* or family caregivers or mother* or parent* or parenting or caring) adj2 (asthma or arthritis or allergies or food allergies or rheumatism or joint pain or joint symptom* or neck pain or neck problem* or back pain or back problem* or migraine* or headache* or diabetes or hypertension or high blood pressure or sinusitis or heart condition* or heart disease or chronic bronchitis or bronchitis or emphysema or sleep problem* or sleep disturbance or sleep deprivation or poor quality of sleep or fatigue or exhaustion or stomach ulcer* or intestinal ulcer* or gastrointestinal problem* or gastrointestinal condition* or pain or stress or low mood or depression or back or neck or stomach or mobility or vision or hearing or sleep or joint or anxiety or depressive symptom* or cold or common cold or cold symptom* or flu or flu symptom* or symptom* or physical health or physical problem* or psychological health or psychosocial problem* or general health or ill-health or ill health or poor health or chronic conditions or mental health or mental health problems or psychological distress or emotional problem*)) or (burden of care or burden of caring or care* burden or caregiver burden or care-giver burden or caregiver strain or care-giver strain or strain" or burden)).mp 2. (((behaviour* or emotion* or conduct or development* or communication or social* or mental health or anti-social or learning or cognition or intellectual or psychomotor or growth or congenital or chronic or speech or mental* or language development or language or motor skills or neurodevelopmental or sensory or rare or complex or childhood-onset or intellectual development or anti-social behaviour or attention deficit hyperactivity or autis* spectrum) adj1 (disorder or problem or need* or behaviour or behavior or disabil* or disabl* or handicap* or impair* or condition or anomal* or abnormalit or retard*) adj2 (child* or infant or newborn or new born or pre-school or preschool or primary school or neonat*)) or (disabled child* or child* with disabilities or child* with disability or handicapped child* or child* with handicap* or impaired child or child with impairment or disabl* infant* or disabl* newborn*)).mp 3. ((cerebral palsy or autis* or Down* syndrome or deaf* or blind* or epilepsy or attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder) adj2 (child* or infant or newborn or new born or pre-school or preschool or primary school or neonat*)).mp 4. 2 or 3 5. 1 and 4 6. 5 not (adults with disabilities or disabled adults or disabled parent* or disabled mother or mother with disabilities).mp 7. exp cohort studies/ 8. cohort$.tw 9. controlled clinical trial.pt 10. epidemiologic methods/ 11. limit 10 to year = 1966–1989 12. exp case–control studies/ 13. (case$ and control$).tw 14. or/7–9,11–13 15. 6 and 14 |
Analysis
Results
Description of the Included Studies
Study | Country and study design | Outcome | Outcome measure | Disability diagnosis | Caregiver group (n) | Comparison group (n) | Case recruitment method | Comparison recruitment method | Child mean age for cases (in years)a | SES variablesb | Quality rating scores (n/total; quality rating) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eisenhower et al. (2005) | USA, longitudinal | Depressive; symptoms Stress | CES depression scale; Family impact questionnaire | Autism Down syndrome Cerebral palsy | 14 12 10 | 136 | Disability services | Preschools/day care centres | 2.9 (SD 0.26) | Education, ethnicity, employment, income | 3/8 Fair |
Gowen et al. (1989) | USA, longitudinal | Depressive symptoms | CES depression Scale | Mixed developmental disabilities | 21 | 20 | Intervention programmes | Birth records | 2.25 | Education, ethnicity, SES | 4/8 Fair |
Jeans et al. (2013) | USA, longitudinal | Depressive symptoms; Stress | CES depression scale; Parenting stress index (1990) | Autism | 100 | 8500 | Selected from pre-existing cohort | Same cohort | 4 (SD not provided) | Ethnicity | 5/8 Fair |
Laxman et al. (2015) | USA, longitudinal | Depressive symptoms | CES depression scale | Autism | 50 | 2900 | Selected from pre-existing cohort | Same cohort | 4 (SD not provided) | Ethnicity | 6/8 Fair |
Norlin and Broberg (2013) | Sweden, longitudinal | Depressive symptoms; Stress | Beck depression inventory II (revised); Family impact questionnaire | Mixed developmental disabilities | 58 | 182 | Disability services | Birth records | 4.42 (SD 2.32); comparison 4.44 (1.71) | Education | 3/8 Fair |
Dyson (1991) | Canada & USA, cross-sectional | Stress | Questionnaire on resources and stress | Mixed developmental disabilities | 55 | 5 | Disability services | Preschools, day-care centres, and primary grades | 4.4 (SD 1.4); comparison 4.3 (1.7) | Education, ethnicity, SES | 3/6 Fair |
Eker and Tüzün (2004) | Turkey, cross-sectional | General health | Medical outcomes 36-item short form | Cerebral palsy | 40 | 44 | Health centre (inpatient) | Health centre (out-patient services) | 4.7 (SD not provided) | Education, employment | 3/6 Fair |
Giallo et al. (2013) | Australia, cross-sectional | Fatigue | Fatigue assessment scale | Autism | 50 | 1122 | Parent support groups and disability services | A community sample | 4.20 (SD 1.26) | Education, employment | 1/6 Poor |
Glenn et al. (2009) | UK, cross-sectional | Stress | Parenting stress index (1995) | Cerebral palsy | 80 | 460 | Disability services | N/S (Recruited in the USA) | 1.6 (SD 0.74); comparison 2 | Education, ethnicity, SES | 2/6 Fair |
Hedov et al. (2002) | Sweden, cross-sectional | Stress | Parent perception inventory | Down syndrome | 86 | 87 | N/S | Birth records | 4.7 (SD not provided) | Education, employment | 3/6 Fair |
Oelofsen and Richardson (2006) | UK, cross-sectional | General health; Stress | Heath perceptions questionnaire; Parenting stress index (1995) | Mixed developmental disabilities | 59 | 45 | Disability services | Local preschools & matched by postcode | 3.66 (SD 0.76); comparison 3.64 (0.78) | Ethnicity, SES | 3/6 Fair |
Quintero and McIntyre (2010) | USA, cross-sectional | Depressive symptoms; Stress | CES depression scale Parenting daily hassles scale | Autism | 20 | 23 | Intervention programmes | Recruitment via the cases | 4.35 (SD 1.12); comparison 3.72 (0.71) | Education, ethnicity, employment, income | 2/6 Fair |
Roach et al. (1999) | USA, cross-sectional | Stress | Parenting stress index (1995) | Down syndrome | 41 | 58 | Regional research database | Birth announcements in local newspapers | 3.04 (SD 0.89); comparison 2.43 (1.14) | Education, employment, SES | 2/6 Fair |
Scott et al. (1997) | Canada, cross-sectional | Depressive symptoms | Beck depression inventory | Down syndrome | 188 | 128 | Intervention programmes | Recruitment via the cases | 1.21; comparison 1.17 (SD not provided) | Income | 2/6 Fair |