Background
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Suggested prompts | |
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•What does that term mean to you as it’s used in the question? •What were you thinking about when I asked that question? •How did you come up with that answer? •How easy or hard was it to determine your answer? •How did you decide on this answer? How did you decide on this category response? •How well does this category response apply to you? •Does the term used in this question sound OK to you, or would you use something different? |
Materials
Analysis
Coding framework | |
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Code 1 Suitable question | No problems emerged |
Code 2 Problematic item content | Participants identified problems with the terminology used or questioned the relevance of the question(s) to psoriasis or medication |
Code 3 Misinterpretation | Participants answered a different question from one that was asked or their verbal responses to the question did not match the response option selected |
Results
Characteristic |
N
| |
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Sex | Female | 9 |
Male | 11 | |
Ethnicity | White | 18 |
Indian | 1 | |
Chinese | 1 | |
Employment | In paid work (full or part-time, including self-employed) | 12 |
In full-time education/training | 3 | |
Unemployed | 1 | |
Retired | 3 | |
Retired and voluntary work | 1 | |
Education | 1 or more ‘O’ level equivalents | 1 |
1 or more ‘A’ level equivalents | 2 | |
Trade qualifications | 3 | |
Professional qualifications | 8 | |
Degree | 6 | |
Housing | Owner occupied/mortgaged | 14 |
Rented from local authority/housing association | 2 | |
Rented from a private landlord | 3 | |
Other (living with parents) | 1 | |
Psoriasis type | Chronic plaque | 19 |
Palmoplantar psoriasis | 1 | |
Co-morbid conditions | Psoriatic arthritis | 3 |
Current therapies* | Topical | 16 |
Phototherapy/photochemotherapy | 1 | |
Oral systemic | 6 | |
Biologic | 1 | |
Non-prescription (e.g. tanning booths, Chinese medicine) | 3 | |
Past therapies* | Topical | 18 |
Phototherapy/photochemotherapy | 12 | |
Traditional systemic | 7 | |
Median (range) in years | ||
Age | 48.5 (21 – 71) | |
Age when psoriasis started | 14.5 (4 – 52) |
Specific necessity domain
Specific necessity domain | ||
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Coding framework | Themes | Description |
Code 2 Item content | Theme 1 Illness identity | Mismatch between the terminology used in the scale and participants perceptions of their psoriasis. |
Theme 2 Illness outcomes | Mismatch between the terminology used in the scale and participants perceptions of the complexity of psoriasis management. | |
Code 3 Misinterpretation | Theme 3 Medication side-effects | Participants mistakenly referred to potential medication adverse effects. |
Theme 4 Alternative medications | Participants mistakenly referred to obtaining alternative medications. |
Theme 1: Illness identity
“I can understand why people would define psoriasis as an illness, but I suppose I tend to see it more as a condition.” (P4, specific necessity Q3 ‘Without my psoriasis medications I would be very ill’, item response ‘disagree’, score 2/5)
“…It can be very sore, it can be very itchy, it can drive you mad…I would maybe be quite depressed about the whole thing, but I don’t think it would make me ill” (P14, specific necessity Q3 ‘Without my psoriasis medications I would be very ill’, item response ‘disagree’, score 2/5)“My life wouldn’t be impossible, but it would be more difficult and I would feel socially a lot more conscious. And I’m sure without them my psoriasis would be a lot more worse than it is.” (P11, specific necessity Q2 ‘My life would be impossible without my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘disagree’, score 2/5)
Theme 2: Illness outcomes
“Well in fairness, do they mean mental health or physical health…?” (P7, specific necessity Q1 ‘My health, at present, depends on my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘disagree’, score 2/5)
“…I think that the social impact that the physical symptoms would give me, as opposed to the physical symptoms themselves, would make me ill. It would probably make me very sad, very depressed.” (P11, specific necessity Q3 ‘Without my psoriasis medications I would be very ill’, item response ‘uncertain’, score 3/5)
Theme 3: Medication side-effects
“I don’t know whether any of the medications will have impacted on any of my internal organs.” (P16, specific necessity Q4 ‘My health in the future will depend on my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘agree’, score 4/5)
Theme 4: Alternative medications
“I’m uncertain about that, and the reason for that is because you never know what medications might be around the corner which might be able to help me.” (P11, specific necessity Q4 ‘My health in the future will depend on my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘uncertain’, score 3/5)
Specific concerns domain
Specific concerns domain | ||
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Coding framework | Themes | Description |
Code 2 Item content | Theme 5 Terminology | Participants did not understand the term ‘mystery’. |
Theme 6 Medication outcomes | Mismatch between the terminology used in the scale and participants perceptions of the complexity of medication outcomes. | |
Theme 7 Overly restrictive | Participants believed that access to psoriasis medications was overly restrictive, with this belief not assessed in the BMQ. | |
Code 3 Misinterpretation | Theme 8 Failure to reflect the degree of concerns | Participants stopped taking their medication because they were so worried about them. However they stated that they no longer had concerns because they had stopped taking their medication. |
Theme 9 Illness vs. medications | Participants misinterpreted the items and referred to their psoriasis. | |
Theme 10 Uncertainty about prescribed medication | Participants chose the ‘uncertain’ response option to reflect their own uncertainty about their medication and how they worked, not uncertainty about their response. |
Theme 5: Terminology
“I don’t understand that [mystery]…I don’t know quite how to take that” (P17, specific concerns Q8 ‘My psoriasis medications are a mystery to me’, item response ‘uncertain’, score 3/5)
Theme 6: Medication outcomes
“No I never worried about the long-term effects. It was the short-term effects which bothered me. The fact that it caused me irritation.” (P9, specific concerns Q7 ‘I sometimes worry about the long-term effects of my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘strongly disagree’, score 1/5)“I get a bit iffy if I realise that I’ve not got another one of everything in the house. I once left my wash bag behind and it had everything in it… my shampoo, my scalp solution, my creams…two whole days without anything. So it is like being dependent, but more mentally dependent on it” (P15, specific concerns Q10 ‘I sometimes worry about becoming too dependent on my psoriasis medications’, item response ‘strongly agree’, score 5/5)
Theme 7: Overly restrictive
“Oh yes, strongly agree [that doctors use too few treatments]. From my own experience from a number of G.P’s, I have found that they don’t know what treatments are available and they seem extraordinarily reluctant to use any, even if they are aware of them actually” [P4, over-restrictive belief Q19 ‘Doctors use too few psoriasis therapies’, item response ‘strongly agree’, score 5/5]“Yes I do [agree that doctors use too few treatments]. I mean, they don’t even look into…even with all the things [therapies] coming out, they cannot be bothered to give you something else to try.” [P10, over-restrictive belief Q19 ‘Doctors use too few psoriasis therapies’, item response ‘agree’, score 4/5]
Theme 8: Failure to reflect the degree of concerns
“You know, I could use it every day for 2 months, but I don’t. The principle reason, other than it being a pain, is the long-term effects and skin thinning…” (P6, specific concerns Q9 ‘My psoriasis medications disrupt my life’, item response ‘strongly disagree’, score 1/5)
Theme 9: Illness vs. medications
“I suppose they do really because when it gets bad, I find it hard to not pick at it and scratch it. And there are bits of skin all over the place.” (P9, specific concerns Q9 ‘My psoriasis medications disrupt my life’, item response ‘agree’, score 4/5)
Theme 10: Uncertainty about prescribed medication
“…I would probably say uncertain at the moment…what makes me feel uncertain about it is, you know, what other side-effects it could pose…could it make my psoriasis worse if I ever stop taking it…I do worry whether if I ever stopped the medication, could something trigger it off to come back much, much worse than it was before. So that’s a worry.” [P3, specific concerns Q6 ‘Having to take my psoriasis medications worries me’, item response ‘uncertain, score 3/5].
General overuse and harmfulness domains
Theme 11: Medication-specific
“I’m going to say uncertain about that and again because it really depends on what type of medicine you are talking about and what you are using it for.” [P4, general concerns Q17 ‘Most medicines do more harm than good’, item response ‘uncertain’, score 3/5]
Discussion
Personal model of psoriasis and medication
Misinterpretation
Medication adherence and supporting shared decision-making
Strengths and limitations
Item content | Condition-specific changes | General changes to instructions/terminology |
Specific necessity | Ensure that terminology used to describe the condition maps onto participants’ perceptions of their condition. | A clarifying statement should precede specific necessity items. E.g. ‘Please refer to your personal views about the impact of the medicines on your overall future health, not the impact of potential medication side-effects on future health’ |
Need to differentiate between the impact of medication on physical symptoms and psychological/social well-being | A clarifying statement should precede specific necessity items. E.g. ‘You may be using a different medication in the future. However please refer to your personal views about the medication currently prescribed for you’
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Specific concerns | Need to differentiate between: 1.Short- and long-term medication side-effects 2.Current and future medication disruptions to daily life 3.Physical and psychological medication dependency | A clarifying statement should precede specific concern items. E.g. ‘Some people choose not to use their medication as prescribed. However please imagine that you are using your medication as prescribed and indicate whether this would make you experience feelings of worry’
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Identify additional condition-specific beliefs (e.g. overly restrictive access to medications) | A clarifying statement should precede specific concern items. E.g. ‘Please refer to your personal views about your medicines, not your condition’ | |
The specific concern item ‘My psoriasis medications are a mystery to me’ should be rephrased. E.g. ‘I sometimes experience uncertainty about my medicines and how they work’ | ||
General concerns | Ensure the phrase ‘in general’ precedes each item. E.g. ‘In general, doctors use too many medicines’
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Item response choice | Condition-specific changes | General changes to instructions/terminology |
All BMQ domains | For all BMQ items, the item response choice ‘uncertain’ should be changed to ‘don’t know’ |