nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.09.2012 | General Gynecology

The correlation of the lifestyle and medical conditions with the vaginal infections and production of 2-phenylethanol

verfasst von: Štefica Findri-Guštek, Maja Jelena Petek, Hrvoje Sarajlija, Gordan Mršić, Ana Mlinarić Džepina, Višnja Oreščanin

Erschienen in: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was determination of causative factors of the genital infections and their correlation with various predictor variables. Secondary objectives included: (1) determination of the presence and the type of low molecular weight metabolites in the samples of vaginal secretion formed in vivo, (2) determination of the concentration of 2-phenylethanol formed in vitro for each Candida species, (3) determination of the relationship between fungal/bacterial/viral infections with the metabolites formed in vivo using multivariate analysis.

Methods

One hundred and ninety-seven women in the age range from 18 to 65 years were included in the study. After the completion of questionnaire, all the patients were subjected to Pap test, cervical swabs for the presence of aerobic bacteria, yeasts, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma, and hrHPV DNA. The presence and the concentration of low-molecular weight metabolites in vitro and in vivo were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. Multivariate analysis methods were used for statistical evaluation.

Results

The most important risk factors of fungal/bacterial/viral infections were determined. The presence of 2-phenylethanol in vivo was confirmed in 14 of 74 tested samples and connected with the Candida species. The presence of symptoms, hrHPV DNA and Ureaplasma urealyticum are the predictor variables with the highest influence on the formation of the metabolite in vivo. The results in vitro confirmed that various Candida species produced 2-phenylethanol with the concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 4.64 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The medical exposure to irradiation, marital status, and number of partners as well as stress factors (miscarriages, chronic, viral, or tumor illnesses) had the highest influence on the development of the bacterial/fungal/viral infections. The formation of 2-phenylethanol, both in vivo and in vitro, was confirmed and connected with Candida species. Besides, according to statistical tests, it seems that presence of symptoms, hrHPV DNA, and Ureaplasma urealyticum had also significant role on the formation of 2-phenylethanol in vivo.

Monif GRG, Welkos SL, Baer H (1982) Impact of diverging anaerobic technology on cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis/salpingitis/peritonitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:896–897

Roy S, Sharma M, Ayyagari A, Malhotra S (1994) A quantitative study of bacterial vaginosis. Indian J Med Res 100:172–176PubMed

Monif GRG (1999) Semiquantitative bacterial observations with group B streptococcal vulvovaginitis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 7:227–229PubMed

Larsen B, Monif GRG (2001) Understanding the bacterial flora of the female genital tract. CID 32:69–77CrossRef

Taylor-Robinson D, Bebear C (1997) Antibiotic susceptibility of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 40:622–630PubMedCrossRef

Waites KB, Taylor-Robinson D (1999) Mycoplasma and ureaplasma. In: Murray PR, Barron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover F, Yolken RH (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th edn. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 782–794

Klenic S (2001) Micoplasmas. In: Kalenic S, Mlinaric-Missoni E (eds) Medical bacteriology and mycology (in Croatian). Merkur A.B.D, Zagreb, pp 315–320

Elgui de Oliveira D (2007) DNA viruses in human cancer: an integrated overview of fundamental mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 247:182–196PubMedCrossRef

Zur Hausen H, De Villiers E (1994) Human papillomaviruses. Ann Rev Microbiol 48:427–447CrossRef

10.

Rahm VA, Odlind V, Pettersson R (1991) Chlamydia trachomatis in sexually active teenage girls. Factors related to genital chlamydial infections: a prospective study. Genitourin Med 67:317–321PubMed

11.

Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Delaforge M, Puel O, Galtier P (2004) Possible toxicity of clinical isolates of C. albicans. In: Balenovic M, Wittner V (eds) Proceedings of the third Croatian Microbiological Congress with international participation, Porec, Croatia, 4–7 October 2004. Croatian Microbiological Society, Zagreb, p 115

12.

Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Antolović R, Jelić D, Galtier P, Puel O (2005) Cytotoxicity screening of low-molecular-weight metabolites of Candida spp. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica (CEFORM), Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, p 80

13.

Munro C (2010) Candida albicans cell wall mediated virulence. In: Ashbee HR, Bignell ME (eds) The yeast handbook, pathogenic yeasts. Springer, Heidelberg, p 367

14.

Moran PG, McManus B, Coleman CD, Sullivan JD (2010) Molecular epidemiology of Candida species. In: Ashbee HR, Bignell ME (eds) (2010) The yeast handbook, pathogenic yeasts. Springer, Heidelberg, p 367

15.

Gujjar P, Finucane M, Larsen B (1997) The effect of estradiol on Candida albicans growth. Ann Clin Lab Sci 27:151–156PubMed

16.

Glover DD, Larsen B (1998) Longitudinal investigation of Candida vaginitis in pregnancy: role of superimposed antibiotic use. Obstet Gynecol 91:115–118PubMedCrossRef

17.

Kosalec I, Puel O, Delaforge M, Kopjar N, Antolovic R, Jelic D, Matica B, Galtier P, Pepeljnjak S (2008) Isolation and cytotoxicity of low-molecular-weight metabolites of Candida albicans. Front Biosci 13:6893–6894PubMedCrossRef

18.

Kosalec I, Safranic A, Pepeljnjak S, Bacun-Druzina V, Ramic S, Kopjar N (2008) Genotoxicity of tryptophol in a battery of short-term assays on human white blood cells in vitro. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 102:443–452PubMedCrossRef

19.

Tillonen J, Homann N, Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Salaspuro M (1999) Role of yeasts in the salivary acetaldehyde production from ethanol among risk groups for ethanol-associated oral cavity cancer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:1409–1415PubMedCrossRef

20.

Nagy KN, Sonkodi I, Szoke I, Nagy E, Newman HN (1998) The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas. Oral Oncol 34:304–308PubMed

21.

Obe G, Jonas R, Schmidt S (1986) Metabolism of ethanol in vitro produces a compound which induces sister-chromatid exchanges in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro: acetaldehyde not ethanol is mutagenic. Mutat Res 174:47–51PubMedCrossRef

22.

World Health Organization (1985) IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol 36. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp 101–132

23.

World Health Organization (1988) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, vol 44. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp 115

24.

Homann N, Jousimies-Somer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M (1997) High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenic implications. Carcinogenesis 18:1739–1743PubMedCrossRef

25.

Salaspuro V, Hietala J, Kaihovaara P, Pihlajarinne L, Marvola M, Salaspuro M (2002) Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow-release buccal tablet of l-cysteine. Int J Cancer 97:361–364PubMedCrossRef

26.

Fujinaga Y, Shimada M, Okazawa K, Fukushima M, Kato I, Fujinaga K (1991) Simultaneous detection and typing of genital human papillomavirus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol 72:1039–1044PubMedCrossRef

27.

O’Connell E, Brennan W, Cormican M, Glacken M, O’Donovan D, Vellinga A, Cahill N, Lysaght F, O’Donnell J (2009) Chlamydia trachomatis infection and sexual behaviour among female students attending higher education in the Republic of Ireland. BMC Pub Health 9:397–398CrossRef

28.

Colliers A, Verster A, Van Puyenbroeck K, Stalpaert M, Van Royen P, Verhoeven V (2009) Screening Belgian university students for Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a feasibility study. Int J Adolesc Med Health 21(3):343–346PubMedCrossRef

29.

Gram IT, Macaluso M, Stalsberg H (1998) Incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, and cancer of the cervix uteri following a negative Pap-smear in an opportunistic screening. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77(2):228–232PubMedCrossRef

30.

Ho GYF, Kadish AS, Burk RD, Basu J, Palan PR, Mikhail M, Romney SL (1998) HPV 16 and cigarette smoking as risk factors for high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 78:281–285PubMedCrossRef

31.

Cotton SC, Sharp L, Seth R, Masson LF, Little J, Cruickshank ME, Neal K, Waugh N (2007) Lifestyle and socio-demographic factors associated with high-risk HPV infection in UK women. Br J Cancer 97:133–139PubMedCrossRef

32.

Del Prete R, Di Taranto AM, Lipsi MR, Nirchio V, Antonetti R, Miragliotta G (2008) Prevalence and genotypes identification of human papillomavirus infection in a population of South Italy. J Clin Virol 42:211–214PubMedCrossRef

33.

Bardin A, Vaccarella S, Clifford GM, Lissowska J, Rekosz M, Bobkiewicz P, Kupryjańczyk J, Krynicki R, Jonska-Gmyrek J, Danska-Bidzinska A, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Zatonski W, Franceschi S (2008) Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Warsaw, Poland. Eur J Cancer 44:557–564PubMedCrossRef

34.

Bell MC, Schmidt-Grimminger D, Patrick S, Ryschon T, Linz L, Chauhan SC (2007) There is a high prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in American Indian women of the Northern Plains. Gynecol Oncol 107:236–241PubMedCrossRef

35.

Clarke MA, Gage JC, Ajenifuja KO, Wentzensen NA, Adepiti AC, Wacholder S, Burk RD, Schiffman M (2011) A population-based cross-sectional study of age-specific risk factors for high risk human papillomavirus prevalence in rural Nigeria. Infect Agents Cancer 6:12–19PubMedCrossRef

36.

Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm C, McGregor J, Bass DC, Sweet RL, Rice P (2002) Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 100:765–772PubMedCrossRef

37.

Russo JF, Coppola K, Furness G (1981) Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Corynebacterium genitalium recovered from the lower genital tracts of adolescent women. Int J Gynecol Obstet 19:461–466CrossRef

38.

van der Schee C, Sluiters HJF, van der Meijden WI, van Beek P, Peerbooms P, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A (2001) Host and pathogen interaction during vaginal infection by Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum. J Microbiol Meth 45:61–67CrossRef

39.

Pordeli HA (2008) Prevalence and detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in endocervical specimens from women with genitourinary tract diseases in Iran. Int J Infect Dis 12(Suppl 1):e179CrossRef

40.

Young H, Tuach S, Bain SSR (1981) Incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted disease. J Infect 3:258–265PubMedCrossRef

41.

Sobel JD (2007) Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet 369:1961–1971PubMedCrossRef

42.

Guijon F, Paraskevas M, Rand F, Heywood E, Brunham R, McNicol P (1992) Vaginal microbial flora as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 37:185–191CrossRef

43.

Takac I (1998) The frequency of bacterial and yeast infection in women with different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Rep Biol 80:231–234CrossRef

44.

Gregus P, Vlcková H, Buchta V, Kestranek J, Krivcíková L, Nováková L (2010) Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of quorum-sensing molecules of Candida albicans. J Pharm Biomed Anal 53(3):674–681PubMedCrossRef

45.

Chen H, Fink GR (2006) Feedback control of morphogenesis in fungi by aromatic alcohols. Genes Dev 20:1150–1161PubMedCrossRef

46.

Alem MA, Oteef MD, Flowers TH, Douglas LJ (2006) Production of tyrosol by Candida albicans biofilms and its role in quorum sensing and biofilm development. Eukaryot Cell 5:1770–1779PubMedCrossRef

47.

Chen HM, Feng FQ, Clardy J, Fink GR (2004) Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5048–5052PubMedCrossRef

48.

Martins M, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Rocha SM, Coimbra MA, Oliveira R (2007) Morphogenesis control in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis through signaling molecules produced by planktonic and biofilm cells. Eukaryot Cell 6(12):2429–2436PubMedCrossRef

Titel: The correlation of the lifestyle and medical conditions with the vaginal infections and production of 2-phenylethanol
verfasst von: Štefica Findri-Guštek
Maja Jelena Petek
Hrvoje Sarajlija
Gordan Mršić
Ana Mlinarić Džepina
Višnja Oreščanin
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2012
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0932-0067
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0711
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-012-2346-y

Neu im Fachgebiet Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Ambulantisierung: Erste Erfahrungen mit dem Hybrid-DRG

02.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Hybrid-DRG-Verordnung soll dazu führen, dass mehr chirurgische Eingriffe ambulant durchgeführt werden, wie es in anderen Ländern schon länger üblich ist. Die gleiche Vergütung im ambulanten und stationären Sektor hatten Niedergelassene schon lange gefordert. Aber die Umsetzung bereitet ihnen doch Kopfzerbrechen.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Harninkontinenz: Netz-Op. erfordert über lange Zeit intensive Nachsorge

30.04.2024 Harninkontinenz Nachrichten

Frauen mit Belastungsinkontinenz oder Organprolaps sind nach einer Netz-Operation keineswegs beschwerdefrei. Vielmehr scheint die Krankheitslast weiterhin hoch zu sein, sogar höher als von harninkontinenten Frauen, die sich nicht haben operieren lassen.

Welche Übungen helfen gegen Diastase recti abdominis?

30.04.2024 Schwangerenvorsorge Nachrichten

Die Autorinnen und Autoren einer aktuellen Studie aus Griechenland sind sich einig, dass Bewegungstherapie, einschließlich Übungen zur Stärkung der Bauchmuskulatur und zur Stabilisierung des Rumpfes, eine Diastase recti abdominis postpartum wirksam reduzieren kann. Doch vieles ist noch nicht eindeutig belegt.

Update Gynäkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

Unusual lower genital tract injury caused by bull’s horn: prolapse of small intestine through vagina—first case report in literature

Polymorphisms in genes HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 and uterine leiomyoma risk in Chinese women

Sister Mary Joseph’s nodule associated with rare endometrial squamous cell carcinoma

Intrauterine death of a child with Goldenhar syndrome: a case presentation and review of the literature