Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Participants and recruitment
Development of the ‘Movie Models’ intervention
Behavior | Video | Message | Week in which video was offered to parents |
---|---|---|---|
Water | Guideline | Video on the guideline for children to drink at least five big or six small glasses a day, why drinking water is important, … | 1 |
Tip 1 | Let your child drink water limitless, and make rules concerning soft drink consumption (e.g., always drink water at dinner, except in weekends) | 1 | |
Tip 2 | Motivate your child to drink water (e.g., fill your child’s favorite goblet with water, and give it to him/her when he/she plays outdoors) | 1 | |
Fruit | Guideline | Video on the guideline for children to eat at least two or three pieces of fruit a day, why eating fruit is important, … | 1 |
Tip 1 | Reinforce your child when he/she eats fruit (e.g., by giving a compliment) | 1 | |
Tip 2 | Make sure that healthy fruit snacks can be eaten easily (e.g., peel and cut the fruit into slice before giving it as a snack to school) | 1 | |
Vegetables | Guideline | Video on the guideline for children to eat at least five to twelve spoons of vegetables a day, why eating vegetables is important, … | 2 |
Tip 1 | Motivate your child each time to taste a vegetable he/she does not like (e.g., it can be necessary to present a vegetable more than 10 times to your child before he/she likes it). | 2 | |
Tip 2 | Make sure that healthy vegetable snacks can be eaten easily (e.g., peel and cut the vegetable into slice before giving it as a snack to school) | 2 | |
Breakfast | Tip 1 | Make sure breakfast is a peaceful and calm moment (e.g., the parent can make lunch the evening before so he/she can have breakfast together with the child.) | 2 |
Supermarket | Tip 1 | Involve your child in buying fruit and vegetables in the supermarket. | 2 |
Tip 2 | Limit buying unhealthy food as much as possible (e.g., enter into agreements concerning buying cookies before going to the supermarket). | 2 | |
PA | Guideline | Video on the guideline for children to be physically active for at least 1 h a day, why PA is important, … | 3 |
Tip 1 | Try to be active in as many ways as possible during the day (e.g., by accompanying your child by bike to school) | 3 | |
Tip 2 | Be a good model for your child by being physically active together with him/her (e.g., propose some activities you can do together). | 3 | |
Tip 3 | Motivate your child to be physically active (e.g., when he/she suddenly does not want to go to the youth movement anymore). | 3 | |
Tip 4 | Make physical activities pleasant for your child (e.g., let him/her choose to walk, roller-skate, ride a scooter…) | 3 | |
Screen-time | Guideline | Video on the guideline for children to limit screen time to 2 h a day, why sedentary behavior is unhealthy, … | 4 |
Tip 1 | Enter into agreements about screen-time, and be consistent (e.g., let your child play on his/her Nintendo for 30 min, and make sure he/she stops playing after half an hour). | 4 | |
Tip 2 | Do not use TV or computer as a mean to keep your child calm (e.g., when you want to do the housekeeping). | 4 | |
Tip 3 | Do pleasant activities together with your child instead of watching TV (e.g., on a sunny Sunday afternoon you can frisbee, cycle, go to the park,…) | 4 | |
General | Time-out | Video on using time-out when your child really misbehaves. | 4 |
Description of the ‘Movie Models’ intervention
Measures
Demographic variables
Child’s behavior
Specific parenting practices
Parental self-efficacy concerning the specific parenting practices
Data analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Characteristic | Completers (n = 110) | Non Completers (n = 97) | Group comparison |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group, n (%) | χ2 = 4.10 |
.04
| ||
Intervention | 48 (43.6) | 56 (57.7) | ||
Control | 62 (56.4) | 41 (42.3) | ||
Demographic variable | ||||
Gender parent, n (%) | χ2 = 0.02 | .90 | ||
Male | 13 (11.8) | 12 (12.4) | ||
Female | 97 (88.2) | 85 (87.6) | ||
Age parent, mean (SD) | 40.1 (4.3) | 40.3 (5.7) |
t = 0.28 | .78 |
BMI mother, mean (SD) | 23.8 (4.1) | 23.8 (4.4) |
t = −0.04 | .97 |
BMI father, mean (SD) | 25.0 (3.6) | 24.6 (3.0) |
t = −0.69 | .49 |
SES, n (%) | χ2 = 0.05 | .82 | ||
Low | 18 (16.4) | 17 (17.5) | ||
Medium-High | 92 (83.6) | 80 (82.5) | ||
Children’s PA level, mean minutes/day (SD) | 54.1 (29.7) | 48.5 (31.5) |
t = −1.31 | .19 |
Children’s screen-time, mean minutes/day (SD) | 128.1 (73.4) | 132.3 (78.3) |
t = 0.39 | .70 |
Characteristic | Intervention group (n = 104) | Control group (n = 103) | Group comparison |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic variable | ||||
Gender parent, n (%) | χ2 = 0.06 | .81 | ||
Male | 12 (11.5) | 13 (12.6) | ||
Female | 92 (88.5) | 90 (87.4) | ||
Gender child, n (%) | χ2 = 0.81 | .37 | ||
Male | 57 (54.8) | 50 (48.5) | ||
Female | 47 (45.2) | 53 (51.5) | ||
Age parent, mean (SD) | 40.5 (4.7) | 39.9 (5.3) |
t = −0.80 | .43 |
Age child, mean (SD) | 9.2 (1.5) | 9.6 (1.6) |
t = 1.94 |
.05
|
BMI mother, mean (SD) | 23.5 (4.2) | 24.1 (4.3) |
t = 1.01 | .31 |
BMI father, mean (SD) | 24.9 (3.2) | 24.7 (3.4) |
t = −0.50 | .62 |
SES, n (%) | χ2 = 0.05 | .83 | ||
Low | 17 (16.3) | 18 (17.5) | ||
Medium-High | 87 (83.7) | 85 (82.5) | ||
Number of children per family, mean (SD) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.7) |
t = 1.77 |
.08
|
Children’s PA level, mean minutes/day (SD) | 46.6 (27.0) | 55.3 (33.5) |
t = 1.81 |
.07
|
Children’s screen-time, mean minutes/day (SD) | 122.9 (66.0) | 137.1 (83.7) |
t = 1.32 | .19 |
Intervention effects on children’s behavior
Parenting practices from T0 to T1 | ||||||||||||
Univariate | n | T0 | T1 | Time x Group | Time x Group x Age | Time x Group x Gender | Time x Group x Parental SES | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
Involving in household chores | IG | 44 | 3.20 (0.77) | 3.30 (0.77) | 4.78 |
0.031
| 3.09 | 0.082 | 0.34 | 0.559 | 0.20 | 0.653 |
CG | 70 | 3.04 (0.84) | 2.87 (0.90) | |||||||||
Rules concerning TV | IG | 41 | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.00 | 0.971 | 2.02 | 0.159 | 0.49 | 0.486 | 6.48 |
0.012
|
CG | 66 | 0.80 (0.40) | 0.88 (0.33) | |||||||||
Rules concerning gaming | IG | 37 | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.86 (0.35) | 1.16 | 0.285 | 2.88 | 0.093 | 0.00 | 0.968 | 4.62 |
0.034
|
CG | 61 | 0.75 (0.43) | 0.92 (0.28) | |||||||||
Modeling concerning TV | IG | 45 | 4.00 (0.95) | 3.91 (0.97) | 1.79 | 0.183 | 3.24 | 0.075 | 1.18 | 0.280 | 5.50 |
0.021
|
CG | 69 | 3.43 (1.16) | 3.59 (1.05) | |||||||||
Modeling concerning gaming | IG | 45 | 3.89 (0.93) | 3.60 (0.96) | 2.42 | 0.123 | 0.01 | 0.905 | 0.70 | 0.403 | 7.80 |
0.006
|
CG | 69 | 3.35 (0.98) | 3.35 (0.94) | |||||||||
Permissiveness concerning water (how much) | IG | 50 | 4.32 (0.98) | 4.58 (0.70) | 3.56 | 0.062 | 0.09 | 0.764 | 1.44 | 0.233 | 4.32 |
0.040
|
CG | 69 | 4.62 (0.71) | 4.48 (0.87) | |||||||||
Being consistent concerning soft drinks | IG | 31 | 4.48 (0.51) | 4.45 (0.51) | 0.05 | 0.826 | 4.43 |
0.039
| 1.57 | 0.215 | 0.56 | 0.456 |
CG | 42 | 4.48 (0.51) | 4.40 (0.59) | |||||||||
Parenting practices from T0 to T2 | ||||||||||||
Univariate | n | T0 | T2 | Time x Group | Time x Group x Age | Time x Group x Gender | Time x Group x Parental SES | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
Modeling of PA | IG | 49 | 3.27 (1.13) | 3.27 (1.09) | 0.00 | 1.000 | 0.34 | 0.563 | 1.12 | 0.291 | 4.64 |
0.034
|
CG | 63 | 3.19 (1.19) | 3.19 (1.13) | |||||||||
Being consistent concerning TV | IG | 37 | 4.03 (0.55) | 1.19 (0.66) | 0.73 | 0.396 | 6.75 |
0.011
| 1.06 | 0.306 | 0.72 | 0.399 |
CG | 45 | 3.89 (0.57) | 3.93 (0.58) | |||||||||
Giving an explanation concerning TV | IG | 37 | 4.22 (0.85) | 4.24 (0.83) | 0.10 | 0.750 | 9.06 |
0.004
| 1.88 | 0.175 | 0.02 | 0.891 |
CG | 45 | 4.09 (0.85) | 4.18 (0.68) | |||||||||
Giving an explanation concerning gaming | IG | 28 | 4.43 (0.69) | 4.32 (0.82) | 0.29 | 0.591 | 6.65 |
0.012
| 0.59 | 0.444 | 0.29 | 0.593 |
CG | 40 | 4.08 (0.86) | 4.08 (0.73) | |||||||||
Monitoring gaming | IG | 40 | 3.40 (1.30) | 3.85 (0.92) | 1.84 | 0.178 | 2.63 | 0.108 | 2.40 | 0.125 | 5.10 |
0.026
|
CG | 54 | 3.57 (1.08) | 3.72 (1.00) | |||||||||
Modeling concerning TV | IG | 50 | 3.96 (0.97) | 4.16 (0.98) | 1.57 | 0.213 | 0.31 | 0.578 | 0.01 | 0.906 | 5.14 |
0.025
|
CG | 63 | 3.49 (1.20) | 3.46 (1.15) | |||||||||
Motivating concerning fruit | IG | 51 | 4.04 (1.26) | 4.47 (1.03) | 8.00 |
0.006
| 0.24 | 0.624 | 0.18 | 0.677 | 1.69 | 0.196 |
CG | 66 | 4.08 (1.13) | 3.79 (1.21) | |||||||||
Permissiveness concerning how much vegetables between meals | IG | 50 | 3.70 (1.22) | 3.94 (1.06) | 1.67 | 0.198 | 4.54 |
0.035
| 0.41 | 0.524 | 0.01 | 0.930 |
CG | 66 | 4.02 (1.10) | 4.00 (0.93) | |||||||||
Permissiveness concerning water (when) | IG | 50 | 4.70 (0.79) | 4.58 (0.79) | 0.10 | 0.749 | 6.86 |
0.010
| 0.01 | 0.914 | 3.57 | 0.061 |
CG | 66 | 4.79 (0.60) | 4.71 (0.58) | |||||||||
Choice concerning water | IG | 52 | 2.87 (1.52) | 2.83 (1.41) | 0.56 | 0.455 | 0.02 | 0.885 | 0.13 | 0.723 | 6.08 |
0.015
|
CG | 66 | 3.24 (1.55) | 3.36 (1.41) | |||||||||
Being consistent concerning soft drinks | IG | 34 | 4.38 (0.49) | 4.41 (0.61) | 0.00 | 0.950 | 0.09 | 0.761 | 1.75 | 0.189 | 8.43 |
0.005
|
CG | 47 | 4.45 (0.54) | 4.47 (0.58) | |||||||||
Giving an explanation concerning soft drinks | IG | 34 | 4.59 (0.70) | 4.29 (0.72) | 0.17 | 0.677 | 4.08 |
0.047
| 0.60 | 0.440 | 0.88 | 0.351 |
CG | 46 | 4.59 (0.65) | 4.22 (0.92) | |||||||||
Parental self-efficacy from T0 –toT1 | ||||||||||||
Univariate | n | T0 | T1 | Time x Group | Time x Group x Age | Time x Group x Gender | Time x Group x Parental SES | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
SE Modeling of PA | IG | 44 | 3.16 (1.38) | 3.64 (1.30) | 4.05 |
0.046
| 0.03 | 0.862 | 1.00 | 0.319 | 0.00 | 0.990 |
CG | 69 | 3.13 (1.40) | 3.25 (1.29) | |||||||||
SE Giving choice for PA | IG | 44 | 4.39 (0.75) | 4.25 (0.94) | 1.07 | 0.304 | 4.52 |
0.036
| 0.28 | 0.598 | 0.03 | 0.875 |
CG | 67 | 4.33 (0.88) | 4.36 (0.85) | |||||||||
SE Modeling concerning gaming | IG | 44 | 4.07 (1.00) | 4.05 (1.01) | 1.11 | 0.294 | 6.25 |
0.014
| 0.00 | 0.959 | 1.05 | 0.307 |
CG | 70 | 4.16 (0.96) | 3.93 (0.98) | |||||||||
SE Motivating concerning fruit | IG | 23 | 3.48 (1.27) | 3.57 (1.31) | 0.35 | 0.557 | 3.88 | 0.054 | 1.45 | 0.234 | 4.85 |
0.032
|
CG | 35 | 3.09 (1.44) | 3.46 (1.27) | |||||||||
SE Choice concerning fruit | IG | 46 | 4.20 (1.02) | 4.43 (0.83) | 1.12 | 0.292 | 10.06 |
0.002
| 0.11 | 0.738 | 0.98 | 0.325 |
CG | 67 | 4.46 (0.86) | 4.46 (0.64) | |||||||||
SE Availability of fruit | IG | 47 | 4.70 (0.69) | 4.79 (0.55) | 0.79 | 0.375 | 5.64 |
0.019
| 0.00 | 0.979 | 3.85 | 0.052 |
CG | 67 | 4.84 (0.41) | 4.81 (0.47) | |||||||||
SE Modeling concerning vegetables | IG | 46 | 4.87 (0.40) | 4.87 (0.40) | 0.87 | 0.353 | 0.28 | 0.599 | 5.69 |
0.019
| 0.20 | 0.658 |
CG | 68 | 4.88 (0.37) | 4.79 (0.48) | |||||||||
SE Availability of vegetables | IG | 47 | 4.72 (0.54) | 4.77 (0.56) | 0.01 | 0.932 | 9.63 |
0.002
| 0.21 | 0.650 | 1.26 | 0.264 |
CG | 67 | 4.73 (0.59) | 4.77 (0.56) | |||||||||
SE Giving an explanation concerning soft drinks | IG | 30 | 4.57 (0.63) | 4.63 (0.56) | 0.28 | 0.601 | 4.27 |
0.043
| 8.62 |
0.005
| 0.00 | 0.968 |
CG | 42 | 4.57 (0.74) | 4.50 (0.92) | |||||||||
Parental self-efficacy from T0 to T2 | ||||||||||||
Univariate | n | T0 | T2 | Time x Group | Time x Group x Age | Time x Group x Gender | Time x Group x Parental SES | |||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
SE Permission concerning gaming | IG | 50 | 4.30 (0.87) | 4.20 (1.09) | 0.78 | 0.380 | 4.25 |
0.042
| 1.06 | 0.306 | 0.44 | 0.509 |
CG | 65 | 4.35 (0.87) | 4.06 (1.03) | |||||||||
SE Involving concerning fruit | IG | 51 | 4.29 (0.88) | 4.45 (1.03) | 0.72 | 0.398 | 4.85 |
0.030
| 0.94 | 0.334 | 0.02 | 0.899 |
CG | 67 | 4.55 (0.82) | 4.54 (0.78) | |||||||||
SE Motivating concerning vegetables | IG | 41 | 3.05 (1.38) | 3.66 (1.22) | 4.95 |
0.029
| 0.27 | 0.608 | 0.32 | 0.576 | 2.25 | 0.137 |
CG | 51 | 3.41 (1.37) | 3.51 (1.25) | |||||||||
SE Availability of vegetables | IG | 51 | 4.78 (0.46) | 4.69 (0.58) | 4.79 |
0.031
| 0.08 | 0.785 | 0.05 | 0.823 | 0.02 | 0.903 |
CG | 66 | 4.68 (0.64) | 4.79 (0.51) | |||||||||
SE Involving concerning vegetables | IG | 51 | 4.08 (1.07) | 4.18 (1.18) | 1.30 | 0.257 | 6.00 |
0.016
| 1.91 | 0.169 | 2.20 | 0.141 |
CG | 66 | 4.48 (0.85) | 4.35 (0.95) | |||||||||
SE Permissiveness concerning water (when) | IG | 48 | 4.17 (1.33) | 4.56 (0.71) | 6.07 |
0.015
| 0.08 | 0.777 | 0.00 | 0.996 | 0.11 | 0.742 |
CG | 62 | 4.73 (0.58) | 4.63 (0.79) |