Background
Methods
Ethics statement
Study design
Participants
Outcome measures
Physical activity
Anthropometric and body fat measurements
Self-efficacy for physical activity and health-related quality of life
Aerobic fitness
Qualitative data
Data analysis
Results
Schools characteristics and participant recruitment
Schools | Pupils on roll 2011 | Index of multiple deprivation rank (1 = most deprived) | Free school meals eligibility (%) | Number of children recruited (number children invited) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention 1 | 1,060 | 5,376 | 21.8 | 87 (185) |
Intervention 2 | 375 | 5,376 | 48.0 | 20 (32) |
Intervention 3 | 792 | 1,464 | 52.8 | 95 (180) |
Intervention 4 | 1,174 | 20,324 | 51.6 | 37 (215) |
Intervention 5 | 685 | 1,540 | 29.6 | 41 (110) |
Mean (range) intervention schools | 817 (375 to 1,174) | 6,816 (1,464 to 20,324) | 40.8 (21.8 to 52.8) | |
Mean (range) eligible intervention schools not recruited | 1059 (330 to 1576) | 11,997 (30 to 31,728) | 26.6 (10.1 to 59.5) | |
Control 1 | 766 | 5,100 | 39.9 | 47 (60) |
Control 2 | 1,224 | 29,926 | 15.4 | 170 (230) |
Mean (range) control schools | 995 (766 to 1,224) | 17,513 (5,100 to 29,926) | 27.7 (15.4 to 39.9) | |
Mean (range) eligible control schools not recruited | 815 (476 to 1,208) | 7,110 (976 to 17,046) | 41.0 (11.2 to 58.8) |
Descriptive data
Intervention | Control | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline mean ± SD (n) | Follow-up mean ± SD (n) | Difference between follow-up and baseline | Baseline mean ± SD (n) | Follow-up mean ± SD (n) | Difference between follow-up and baseline | |
Sedentary time (min.d-1) | 502.3 ± 66.5 (152) | 512.7 ± 63.5 (32) | 28.7 ± 69.3 (28) | 601.3 ± 146.0 (141) | 622.2 ± 144.3 (41) | -12.2 ± 70.2 (41) |
Sedentary time (% of wear time) | 60.7 ± 6.3 (152) | 64.9 ± 7.0 (32) | 5.8 ± 6.0 (28) | 62.9 ± 6.2 (141) | 63.9 ± 6.4 (41) | 1.8 ± 4.9 (41) |
Light physical activity (min.d-1) | 236.7 ± 44.1 (152) | 211.2 ± 41.0 (32) | -46.3 ± 43.4 (28) | 240.3 ± 47.3 (141) | 232.4 ± 46.9 (41) | -13.9 ± 39.0 (41) |
Light physical activity (% of wear time) | 31.2 ± 5.0 (152) | 27.8 ± 5.1 (32) | -4.8 ± 5.2 (28) | 30.1 ± 4.9 (141) | 28.9 ± 5.0 (41) | -1.6 ± 4.4 (41) |
Moderate to vigorous physical activity (min.d-1) | 61.3 ± 23.8 (152) | 55.9 ± 24.9 (32) | -9.3 ± 17.3 (28) | 55.7 ± 22.0 (141) | 57.8 ± 22.2 (41) | -3.4 ± 16.5 (41) |
Moderate to vigorous physical activity (% of wear time) | 8.1 ± 3.2 (152) | 7.3 ± 2.9 (32) | -1.0 ± 2.1 (28) | 6.9 ± 2.8 (141) | 7.2 ± 2.7 (41) | 0.2 ± 2.1 (41) |
VA total activity (counts min-1) (% of wear time) | 528.5 ± 171.2 (152) | 475.5 ± 147.6 (32) | -89.4 ± 110.6 (28) | 483.5 ± 143.5 (141) | 493.5 ± 200.2 (41) | -23.7 ± 129.0 (41) |
VM total activity (counts min-1) (%) | 1074.6 ± 267.8 (152) | 942.1 ± 261.3 (32) | -186.1 ± 218.7 (28) | 990.6 ± 237.5 (141) | 976.7 ± 267.3 (41) | -72.5 ± 175.5 (41) |
Weight (kg) | 45.0 ± 11.8 (186) | 52.7 ± 13.4 (117) | 7.0 ± 4.5 (117) | 43.4 ± 9.1 (92) | 52.5 ± 10.4 (72) | 8.7 ± 3.9 (72) |
Body mass index (kg.m -2) | 20.4 ± 4.2 (186) | 21.5 ± 4.4 (117) | 0.9 ± 1.5 (117) | 19.5 ± 3.3 (92) | 21.3 ± 3.7 (72) | 1.8 ± 1.4 (72) |
Percentage body fat | 23.2 ± 10.3 (186) | 23.5 ± 10.9 (117) | 0.1 ± 7.1 (117) | 21.3 ± 8.7 (92) | 23.7 ± 9.8 (72) | 2.8 ± 6.5 (72) |
Self- efficacy for physical activity | 24.3 ± 4.5 (214) | 22.8 ± 4.9 (143) | -1.1 ± 5.8 (143) | 25.5 ± 4.5 (191) | 22.5 ± 5.9 (139) | -3.1 ± 6.0 (139) |
Physical well-being | 49.3 ± 9.3 (210) | 48.1 ± 8.7 (132) | -1.2 ± 10.0 (132) | 51.8 ± 10.8 (186) | 46.8 ± 8.2 (130) | -4.9 ± 11.7 (130) |
Psychological well-being | 50.9 ± 10.9 (226) | 50.4 ± 10.7 (148) | 0.6 ± 12.7 (148) | 52.9 ± 9.1 (179) | 48.8 ± 9.3 (131) | -4.1 ± 11.0 (131) |
Autonomy and parent relation | 52.9 ± 11.8 (220) | 54.6 ± 13.2 (144) | 3.4 ± 14.3 (144) | 54.8 ± 11.1 (180) | 52.0 ± 10.9 (122) | -2.5 ± 11.7 (122) |
Peers and social support | 56.2 ± 10.6 (234) | 52.8 ± 11.5 (157) | -2.2 ± 12.4 (157) | 54.7 ± 10.6 (188) | 51.4 ± 11.0 (137) | -2.5 ± 11.6 (137) |
School environment | 56.1 ± 11.1 (234) | 50.3 ± 10.1 (136) | -6.2 ± 13.0 (156) | 55.8 ± 9.8 (189) | 48.0 ± 10.1 (156) | -7.6 ± 11.3 (136) |
20-m shuttle run test (km.h-1) | 10.0 ± 0.9 (226) | 10.1 ± 0.9 (132) | -0.1 ± 12.9 (132) | 10.3 ± 1.0 (142) | 10.3 ± 1.1 (98) | -0.3 ± 10.8 (98) |
Number of shuttles completed | 28.7 ± 16.8 (226) | 30.2 ± 16.2 (132) | -0.03 ± 0.7 (132) | 34.0 ± 18.0 (142) | 34.7 ± 19.8 (98) | -0.04 ± 0.6 (98) |
School attendance (%) | 95.6 ± 8.0 (248) | 94.8 ± 6.3 (242) | -0.8 ± 8.2 (242) | 94.2 ± 5.9 (208) | 93.9 ± 7.2 (203) | -0.2 ± 6.5 (203) |
Use of the dance mats - qualitative data
School | Use of dance mats |
---|---|
Intervention 1 | Incorporated into 8 week ‘blocks’ of physical education lessons during the winter months and occasional use in PE classes at other times if inclement weather. Also used during lunch times for a ‘dance club’ but with teachers noting ‘drop off’ in interest over time. |
Intervention 2 | Used in PE lessons between February and March 2011. Teachers reported early interest with drop off in engagement after ‘a few weeks’. |
Available at lunch and morning break time throughout the year | |
Intervention 3 | Incorporated in PE lessons for fitness classes in 6 week ‘blocks’. |
Provided during enrichment lessons after school. | |
Occasionally available at lunch time. | |
Intervention 4 | Not used consistently during curriculum time, however two teachers reported use in fitness programme at the beginning of the programme for several weeks. Available at lunch time, during inclement weather for sports classes, and for an organised lunch time ‘dance mat club’ |
Intervention 5 | Intermittently used during PE lessons if suitable space available (e.g. during exam period). |
Analysis of change over time
Intervention | Control | Mean difference (intervention minus control) (95% CI) | p value | Effect size (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedentary time (min.d-1) | 503.9 ± 64.2 | 507.2 ± 63.4 | -3.3 (-35.3 to 28.6) | 0.83 | -0.05 (-0.53 to 0.43) |
Sedentary time (% of wear time) | 66.5 ± 5.2 | 63.1 ± 5.2 | 3.3 (0.7 to 5.9) | 0.01* | 0.54 (0.05 to 1.03) |
Light physical activity (min.d-1) | 205.6 ± 36.0 | 234.3 ± 36.4 | -28.7 (-46.5 to -10.8) | 0.02* | -0.68 (-1.17 to -0.18) |
Light physical activity (% of wear time) | 27.0 ± 4.4 | 29.3 ± 4.3 | -2.3 (-4.5 to 0.2) | 0.03* | -0.46 (-0.94 to 0.03) |
MVPA (min.d-1) | 52.2 ± 16.4 | 58.2 ± 16.0 | -5.6 (-13.6 to 2.3) | 0.16 | -0.26 (-0.74 to 0.22) |
MVPA (% of wear time) | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 2.1 | -0.6 (-1.6 to 0.4) | 0.21 | -0.03 (-0.51 to 0.45) |
VA total activity (counts min-1) | 442.1 ± 123.3 | 507.5 ± 122.9 | -65.4 (-126.0 to -4.7) | 0.03* | -0.37 (-0.85 to 0.12) |
VM total activity (counts min-1) | 892.5 ± 187.2 | 993.0 ± 230.7 | -100.5 (-193.3 to -7.6) | 0.03* | -0.39 (-0.89 to 0.09) |
Weight (kg) | 52.0 ± 4.3 | 53.7 ± 4.3 | -1.7 (-2.9 to -0.4) | 0.01* | -0.14 (-0.43 to 0.16) |
Body mass index (kg.m -2) | 21.1 ± 1.5 | 21.9 ± 1.5 | - 0.9 (-1.3 to -0.4) | 0.0001* | -0.21 (-0.51 to 0.082) |
Percentage body fat | 22.8 ± 6.7 | 25.0 ± 6.7 | -2.2 (-4.2 to -0.2) | 0.03* | -0.20 (-0.49 to 0.09) |
Self-efficacy for physical activity | 23.1 ± 5.2 | 22.2 ± 5.2 | 0.9 (-0.3 to 2.2) | 0.13 | 0.17 (-0.06 to 0.41) |
Physical well-being | 48.4 ± 8.2 | 46.5 ± 8.2 | 1.9 (0.2 to 4.8) | 0.06 | 0.23 (-0.02 to 0.47) |
Psychological well-being | 50.8 ± 9.7 | 48.3 ± 9.7 | 2.5 (0.1 to 4.8) | 0.03* | 0.25 (0.01 to 0.48) |
Autonomy and parent relation | 55.5 ± 11.4 | 51.3 ± 11.4 | 4.2 (1.4 to 7.0) | 0.003* | 0.34 (0.10 to 0.59) |
Peers and social support | 52.6 ± 10.3 | 51.7 ± 10.3 | 0.9 (-1.5 to 3.3) | 0.45 | 0.08 (-0.15 to 0.31) |
School environment | 50.2 ± 9.9 | 48.2 ± 9.9 | 2.0 (-0.2 to 4.3) | 0.09 | 0.19 (-0.04 to 0.42) |
20 m shuttle run test (km.h-1) | 10.2 ± 0.7 | 10.2 ± 0.7 | 0.0 (-0.2 to 0.1) | 0.72 | -0.03 (-0.29 to 0.23) |
Number of shuttles completed | 31.8 ± 11.6 | 32.6 ± 11.6 | -0.8 (-3.8 to 2.3) | 0.61 | -0.04 (-0.30 to 0.21) |
School attendance (%) | 94.6 ± 6.2 | 94.2 ± 6.2 | 0.3 (-0.8 to 1.4) | 0.57 | 0.05 (-0.14 to 0.24) |