Background
Methods
Study design
Sample size calculation
Participants
Control group
Yoga intervention group
Outcome measurements
Range of motion of shoulder
Strength of shoulder and pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and serratus anterior
Grip strength
Spinal mobility
Abbreviation | Action | Definition |
---|---|---|
Lateral Flexion | ||
β1 | Pelvic obliquity at rest | Angle at rest between the pelvic axis (the vector LPSI-RPSI) and the horizontal plane. |
β2 | Lumbar lateral flexion range | Angle between S1-L1 vector and the vertical pelvic axis through full range of lateral flexion. |
β3 | Thoracic lateral flexion range | Angle between the T1-L1 vector and S1-L1 vector through full range of lateral flexion. |
β4 | Shoulder range | Angle between the vector connecting both shoulders with the horizontal plane through full range of lateral flexion. |
βdc | Thoracic distal curvature range | Angle between vectors S1-L3 and L3-T6 through full range of lateral flexion. |
βpc | Thoracic proximal curvature range | Angle between vectors L3-T6 and T6-T1 through full range of lateral flexion. |
βlti | Full lateral trunk inclination range | Angle between the S1-T1 vector and the vertical axis through full range of lateral flexion. |
Flexion-Extension/Rotation | ||
αkrest | Angle of thoracic kyphosis at rest | Angle at rest between the vectors L3 –T6 and T6-T1. |
α3 | Thoracic range | Angle between the vector T1-L1 and the vector S1-L1 through the full range of flexion/extension. |
αfti | Full trunk flexion/extension range | Angle between the S1-T1 vector and the vertical axis in flexion/extension. |
Tr | Thoracic spinal rotation range | Angle between the vector from the line of the shoulders (LACR – RACR) and the vector defined by the line of the hips (LPSI - RPSI) throughout the full range of thoracic spinal rotation. |
Data analysis
Results
Compliance with the intervention
Characteristics of the group
Characteristic | Intervention (n = 12) | Control (n = 11) |
P valuea
|
---|---|---|---|
Age (years; Mean ± SD) | 55.1 ± 2.5 | 60.5 ± 3.6 | 0.230 |
Range | 36–65 | 34–80 | |
Number nodes removed (Mean ± SD) | 14.3 ± 2.6 | 11.2 ± 2.7 | 0.429 |
Range | 5–30 | 2–25 | |
How long lymphoedema (years; Mean ± SD) | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 0.900 |
Range | 6 months–20 years | 1 month–23 years | |
How long post-surgery (years; Mean ± SD) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 0.822 |
Range | 1 month–5 years | 1 month–8 years | |
n % | n % |
P valueb
| |
Occupation | |||
Home, retired | 5 (42) | 8 (73) | 0.280 |
Employed | 7 (58) | 3 (27) | |
Fitness (self-scored) | |||
Low | 2 (17) | 1 (9) | |
Medium | 8 (67) | 8 (73) | 0.913 |
High | 2 (17) | 2 (18) | |
Most significant exercise | |||
Walking | 8 (67) | 8 (73) | 0.890 |
Gardening | 7 (58) | 7 (64) | 0.867 |
Gym - organised exercise | 1 (8) | 8 (73) | 0.006 |
Type of surgery | |||
Lumpectomy | 5 (42) | 3 (27) | |
Mastectomy | 7 (58) | 8 (73) | 0.882 |
Type of lymph dissection | |||
Sentinel node | 0 | 1 (9) | |
Axillary clearance | 12 (75) | 10 (73) | 0.980 |
Stage of breast cancer | |||
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | 0 | 1 (9) | |
1 | 3 (25) | 4 (36) | |
2 | 6 (50) | 5 (45) | 0.976 |
3 | 3 (25) | 1 (9) | |
Treatment | |||
Chemotherapy | 8 (66) | 6 (54) | 0.867 |
Radiotherapy | 9 (75) | 7 (64) | 0.890 |
Most common area of radiotherapy | |||
Chest | 7 (58) | 7 (64) | |
Axilla | 2 (17) | 2 (18) | 0.909 |
Axilla and chest | 3 (25) | 2 (18) | |
Lymphoedema dominant/non-dominant | |||
Dominant | 7 (58) | 7 (64) | 0.867 |
Non-dominant | 5 (42) | 4 (36) |
Outcomes
BMI
Shoulder ROM
Within group changes b-8 | Between group changes b-8 | Within group changes 8b-12 | Between group changes 8b-12 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VariableGp (n) | Week 0 m ± SD | Week 8 m ± SD | P (0–8) | ∆int-∆con 0–8 Md; (95 % CI) | P (0–8) | VariableGp (n) | Week 8b m ± SD | Week 12 m ± SD | P (8b) | ∆int-∆con 8b-12 Md; (95 % CI) | P (8b-12) |
Abduction affected | |||||||||||
Con(11) | 91.82 ± 19.46 | 105.00 ± 14.01 | 0.008 | −5.43;(−18.95 to 8.08) | 0.431 | Con(10) | 104.40 ± 14.62 | 108.30 ± 16.49 | 0.344 | −4.90; (−16.64 to 6.84) | 0.413 |
Int(12) | 88.17 ± 16.45 | 95.92 ± 15.70 | 0.104 | Int(9) | 92.56 ± 16.48 | 91.56 ± 10.25 | 0.818 | ||||
Abduction non-affected | |||||||||||
Con(10) | 100.00 ± 18.45 | 110.70 ± 14.36 | 0.052 | −14.70;(−29.30 to −0.10) | 0.049 | Con(9) | 109.44 ± 14.64 | 114.22 ± 12.37 | 0.305 | −3.00; (−15.92 to 9.92) | 0.649 |
Int(12) | 101.58 ± 17.75 | 97.58 ± 16.19 | 0.426 | Int(9) | 93.00 ± 16.17 | 94.78 ± 8.03 | 0.703 | ||||
Flexion affected | |||||||||||
Con(11) | 101.82 ± 17.31 | 121.18 ± 16.89 | 0.001 | −7.45;(−19.45 to 4.65) | 0.228 | Con(10) | 119.80 ± 17.14 | 122.50 ± 16.96 | 0.530 | −1.37; (13.61 to 10.87) | 0.827 |
Int(12) | 103.75 ± 12.47 | 115.67 ± 12.49 | 0.005 | Int(9) | 112.22 ± 12.62 | 113.56 ± 13.87 | 0.769 | ||||
Flexion non-affected | |||||||||||
Con(10) | 106.10 ± 13.80 | 126.60 ± 13.37 | 0.001 | −19.00;(−33.65 to −4.36) | 0.011 | Con(9) | 125.33 ± 13.53 | 126.44 ± 16.68 | 0.847 | 4.89; (−11.12 to 20.89) | 0.549 |
Int(12) | 110.08 ± 10.23 | 111.58 ± 15.66 | 0.766 | Int(9) | 106.89 ± 15.26 | 112.89 ± 15.50 | 0.299 | ||||
Internal rotation affected | |||||||||||
Con(11) | 47.18 ± 20.24 | 52.82 ± 18.76 | 0.526a
| 6.86;(7.20 to 20.92) | 0.448a
| Con(10) | 52.70 ± 19.77 | 57.00 ± 19.43 | 0.056 | −10.97;(−17.37 to −4.56) | 0.001 |
Int(12) | 45.83 ± 14.53 | 58.33 ± 11.51 | 0.050a
| Int(9) | 58.78 ± 11.44 | 52.11 ± 13.08 | 0.005 | ||||
Internal rotation non-affected | |||||||||||
Con(10) | 47.40 ± 10.43 | 59.30 ± 13.12 | 0.031 | −6.15;(−20.80 to 8.52) | 0.411 | Con(9) | 59.22 ± 13.91 | 55.11 ± 15.07 | 0.316 | 1.67; (−9.71 to 13.04) | 0.774 |
Int(12) | 53.00 ± 17.49 | 58.75 ± 14.72 | 0.255 | Int(9) | 59.00 ± 15.98 | 56.56 ± 11.78 | 0.551 | ||||
Extension affected | |||||||||||
Con(11) | 38.36 ± 9.29 | 48.27 ± 8.92 | 0.030 | −0.41;(−9.41 to 8.59) | 0.929 | Con(10) | 48.20 ± 9.40 | 51.60 ± 7.81 | 0.147 | −5.96; (−12.64 to 0.73) | 0.081 |
Int(12) | 35.42 ± 11.45 | 44.92 ± 11.65 | 0.003 | Int(9) | 42.33 ± 12.21 | 39.78 ± 10.65 | 0.302 | ||||
Extension non-affected | |||||||||||
Con(10) | 39.50 ± 9.25 | 48.30 ± 4.45 | 0.005a
| 3.03;(−6.12 to 12.18) | 0.768a
| Con(9) | 47.89 ± 4.51 | 51.78 ± 7.26 | 0.120 | −6.33; (−13.27 to 0.60) | 0.073 |
Int (12) | 37.42 ± 12.10 | 49.25 ± 11.69 | 0.021a
| Int(9) | 48.89 ± 13.37 | 46.44 ± 11.22 | 0.328 | ||||
External rotation affected | |||||||||||
Con(11) | 65.54 ± 11.89 | 71.00 ± 6.29 | 0.041a
| −2.20;(−12.34 to 7.95) | 0.360a
| Con(10) | 70.30 ± 6.17 | 72.50 ± 6.65 | 0.282 | −4.20; (−10.02 to 1.62) | 0.157 |
Int(12) | 63.33 ± 20.28 | 66.50 ± 11.12 | 0.945a
| Int(9) | 64.56 ± 12.20 | 62.56 ± 9.83 | 0.353 | ||||
External rotation non-affected | |||||||||||
Con(10) | 70.50 ± 14.30 | 71.60 ± 14.20 | 0.702 | −2.35;(−9.98 to 5.28) | 0.546 | Con(9) | 70.89 ± 14.87 | 72.44 ± 13.69 | 0.353 | 0.89; (−3.76 to 5.53) | 0.708 |
Int(12) | 69.08 ± 12.32 | 67.83 ± 12.10 | 0.634 | Int(9) | 63.67 ± 10.28 | 66.11 ± 11.25 | 0.145 |
Shoulder strength
Within group changes b-8 | Between group changes b-8 | Within group changes 8b-12 | Between group changes 8b-12 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable Gp (n) | Week 0 m ± SD | Week 8 m ± SD | P (0–8) | P(0) | ∆int-∆con 0–8 Md; (95 % CI) | P(0–8) | Variable Gp (n) | Week 8b m ± SD | Week 12 m ± SD | P (8b-12) | ∆int-∆con 8b-12 Md; (95 % CI) | P(8b-12) |
SHOULDER STRENGTH | ||||||||||||
Abduction affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 66.69 ± 27.75 | 71.11 ± 22.16 | 0.365 | 0.327 | 5.08; (−8.16 to 18.33) | 0.452 | Con(10) | 71.18 ± 23.36 | 64.42 ± 21.17 | 0.074 | 2.89; (−7.88 to 13.67) | 0.599 |
Int(12) | 56.83 ± 23.26 | 66.33 ± 22.82 | 0.042 | Int(9) | 64.49 ± 23.54 | 60.62 ± 31.69 | 0.332 | |||||
Abduction non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(10) | 71.82 ± 28.95 | 75.24 ± 21.77 | 0.573 | 0.246 | 8.16; (−8.26 to 24.58) | 0.330 | Con(9) | 75.29 ± 23.09 | 70.09 ± 19.62 | 0.220 | −1.20; (13.28 to 10.88) | 0.846 |
Int(11) | 59.18 ± 23.76 | 70.76 ± 26.07 | 0.045 | Int(9) | 68.75 ± 26.45 | 61.02 ± 22.61 | 0.153 | |||||
Flexion affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 73.13 ± 24.33 | 78.51 ± 29.09 | 0.298 | 0.777 | −2.83; (−16.86 to 11.20) | 0.692 | Con(10) | 79.10 ± 30.60 | 76.04 ± 30.64 | 0.506 | −0.56; (−13.67 to 12.54) | 0.933 |
Int(12) | 70.17 ± 24.20 | 72.72 ± 24.34 | 0.606 | Int(9) | 71.53 ± 26.62 | 67.91 ± 27.82 | 0.455 | |||||
Flexion non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(10) | 69.04 ± 24.44 | 79.78 ± 28.66 | 0.071 | 0.964 | −5.54; (−21.63 to 10.55) | 0.500 | Con(9) | 81.07 ± 30.09 | 83.91 ± 30.38 | 0.525 | −8.53; (−21.31 to 4.25) | 0.191 |
Int(11) | 68.53 ± 30.45 | 73.73 ± 25.17 | 0.359 | Int(9) | 74.98 ± 26.73 | 69.84 ± 31.86 | 0.230 | |||||
Extension affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 93.44 ± 18.33 | 82.51 ± 31.07 | 0.098 | 0.293 | −0.59; (−18.53 to 17.35) | 0.949 | Con(10) | 83.06 ± 32.69 | 79.52 ± 26.76 | 0.504 | −3.82; (−18.89 to 11.26) | 0.620 |
Int(12) | 81.85 ± 30.26 | 70.33 ± 29.12 | 0.069 | Int(9) | 64.51 ± 27.04 | 57.16 ± 25.52 | 0.187 | |||||
Extension non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con (10) | 88.72 ± 20.82 | 87.84 ± 29.56 | 0.902 | 0.329 | −8.94; (−28.25 to 10.37) | 0.364 | Con(9) | 86.60 ± 31.08 | 87.64 ± 32.16 | 0.833 | −3.90; (−18.03 to 10.23) | 0.588 |
Int (11) | 78.58 ± 26.33 | 68.76 ± 20.62 | 0.149 | Int(9) | 67.33 ± 20.67 | 65.69 ± 28.97 | 0.585 | |||||
Horizontal adduction affected | ||||||||||||
Con (11) | 58.00 ± 19.86 | 60.80 ± 15.41 | 0.485 | 0.744 | −1.88; (−12.77 to 9.00) | 0.734 | Con(10) | 60.06 ± 16.04 | 58.52 ± 20.06 | 0.644 | −4.82; (−14.32 to 4.69) | 0.321 |
Int(12) | 55.73 ± 18.56 | 56.65 ± 13.60 | 0.811 | Int(9) | 54.02 ± 13.21 | 47.67 ± 8.23 | 0.071 | |||||
Horizontal adduction non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(10) | 59.60 ± 21.42 | 63.80 ± 13.44 | 0.356 | 0.851 | −7.40; (−19.72 to 4.92) | 0.239 | Con(9) | 63.56 ± 14.23 | 66.47 ± 18.32 | 0.376 | −8.54; (−17.90 to 0.84) | 0.074 |
Int(11) | 58.20 ± 19.24 | 55.00 ± 14.82 | 0.461 | Int(9) | 53.90 ± 13.04 | 47.91 ± 9.12 | 0.105 | |||||
SEPARATE MUSCLES | ||||||||||||
Pectoralis major affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 53.99 ± 18.91 | 53.40 ± 14.36 | 0.891 | 0.918 | −2.16; (−13.82 to 9.50) | 0.717 | Con(10) | 52.80 ± 14.99 | 50.38 ± 11.52 | 0.327 | −0.02; (−7.05 to 7.00) | 0.995 |
Int(12) | 54.82 ± 21.97 | 52.07 ± 17.05 | 0.504 | Int(9) | 50.60 ± 16.24 | 48.16 ± 13.85 | 0.347 | |||||
Pectoralis major non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(10) | 55.00 ± 18.26 | 57.20 ± 14.67 | 0.549 | 0.679 | −4.60; (−14.52 to 5.33) | 0.364 | Con(9) | 54.76 ± 13.22 | 58.67 ± 15.12 | 0.133 | −11.80; (−19.21 to −4.38) | 0.002 |
Int(11) | 58.40 ± 21.63 | 56.00 ± 19.04 | 0.493 | Int(9) | 54.45 ± 18.70 | 47.18 ± 15.01 | 0.004 | |||||
Pectoralis minor affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 25.80 ± 6.89 | 28.80 ± 4.77 | 0.101 | 0.611 | −0.98; (−5.95 to 3.98) | 0.698 | Con(10) | 29.48 ± 4.42 | 22.44 ± 2.27 | 0.001 | 0.44; (−2.73 to 3.61) | 0.786 |
Int(12) | 26.95 ± 5.79 | 28.97 ± 4.48 | 0.250 | Int(9) | 29.33 ± 3.97 | 22.73 ± 4.92 | 0.001 | |||||
Pectoralis minor non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 27.40 ± 8.93 | 29.20 ± 6.82 | 0.495 | 0.898 | −0.80; (−8.11 to 6.51) | 0.830 | Con(10) | 29.26 ± 7.19 | 22.22 ± 5.33 | 0.002 | 1.46; (−5.11 to 8.03) | 0.663 |
Int(11) | 27.00 ± 8.81 | 28.00 ± 7.24 | 0.705 | Int(9) | 28.60 ± 7.98 | 22.98 ± 4.68 | 0.024 | |||||
Serratus Anterior affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 37.77 ± 7.02 | 46.00 ± 15.16 | 0.059 | 0.657 | 1.09; (−9.93 to 12.10) | 0.847 | Con(10) | 45.32 ± 15.80 | 46.20 ± 16.17 | 0.168a
| −3.32; (−13.91 to 7.26) | 0.264a
|
Int(12) | 35.86 ± 13.88 | 44.18 ± 12.18 | 0.008 | Int(9) | 47.44 ± 10.58 | 44.00 ± 10.08 | 0.593a
| |||||
Serratus Anterior non-affected | ||||||||||||
Con(10) | 33.00 ± 7.89 | 49.94 ± 13.24 | 0.001 | 0.981 | −4.28; (−11.46 to 2.90) | 0.243 | Con(9) | 50.36 ± 13.98 | 45.78 ± 15.59 | 0.190 | 1.35; (−8.58 to 11.29) | 0.789 |
Int(11) | 37.18 ± 12.29 | 45.80 ± 10.68 | 0.001 | Int(9) | 45.93 ± 9.14 | 43.27 ± 7.04 | 0.379 | |||||
Handgrip affected | ||||||||||||
Con(11) | 24.6 ± 5.9 | 25.5 ± 3.9 | 0.439 | 0.866 | −0.905 (−3.935 to 2.125) | 0.558 | Con(10) | 24.8 ± 3.47 | 21.55 ± 3.72 | 0.002 | 3.58; (1.50 to 5.67) | 0.01a
|
Int (12) | 25.1 ± 8.9 | 25.0 ± 7.4 | 0.969 | Int(9) | 24.39 ± 7.70 | 24.72 ± 8.72 | 0.525a
| |||||
Handgrip non affected | ||||||||||||
Con (11) | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 25.3 ± 3.9 | 0.768 | 0.481 | 1.583 (−0.666 to 3.833) | 0.168 | Con(9) | 24.39 ± 2.95 | 24.06 ± 2.18 | 0.672 | 0.83; (−1.35 to 3.02) | 0.455 |
Int (12) | 23.8 ± 7.1 | 25.1 ± 6.9 | 0.085 | Int(9) | 23.22 ± 6.36 | 23.72 ± 7.04 | 0.526 |
Strength of pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and serratus anterior
Grip strength
Spinal mobility
Within group changes b-8 | Between group changes b-8 | Within group changes 8b-12 | Between group changes 8b-12 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VariableGp (n) | Week 0 m ± SD | Week 8 m ± SD | P (0–8) | P (0) | ∆int-∆con 0–8 Md; (95 % CI) | P (0–8) | Variable Gp (n) | Week 8b m ± SD | Week 12 m ± SD | P (8b-12) | ∆int-∆con 8b-12 Md; (95 % CI) | P (8b-12) |
LATERAL FLEXION | ||||||||||||
Pelvic Obliquity β1 | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 15.40 ± 6.23 | 13.83 ± 6.09 | 0.585 | 0.007 | −8.39; (−15.64 to −1.13) | 0.023 | Con(6) | 13.83 ± 6.09 | 13.72 ± 8.79 | 0.972 | 0.52; (−8.29 to 9.33) | 0.908 |
Int(9) | 25.37 ± 6.90 | 15.41 ± 7.94 | 0.001 | Int(7) | 13.44 ± 5.58 | 13.84 ± 7.22 | 0.896 | |||||
Lumbar range β2 | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 24.82 ± 15.37 | 17.27 ± 9.12 | 0.016 | 0.521 | 6.48; (−1.43 to 14.40) | 0.109 | Con(6) | 17.27 ± 9.12 | 19.33 ± 6.11 | 0.512 | −5.54; (−13.96 to 2.88) | 0.197 |
Int(9) | 21.18 ± 10.35 | 20.11 ± 8.34 | 0.676 | Int(7) | 20.56 ± 9.12 | 17.09 ± 4.53 | 0.234 | |||||
Thoracic range β3 | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 48.80 ± 11.71 | 51.90 ± 3.14 | 0.286 | 0.543 | 0.72; (−6.63 to 8.08) | 0.847 | Con(6) | 51.90 ± 3.14 | 55.63 ± 6.16 | 0.103 | −2.91; (−9.02 to 3.21) | 0.352 |
Int(9) | 45.18 ± 14.55 | 49.00 ± 10.52 | 0.107 | Int(7) | 48.86 ± 9.31 | 49.69 ± 13.22 | 0.696 | |||||
Shoulder range β4 | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 92.08 ± 17.91 | 86.55 ± 11.96 | 0.151 | 0.962 | 3.21; (−6.55 to 12.97) | 0.519 | Con(6) | 86.55 ± 11.96 | 87.77 ± 13.56 | 0.730 | −2.06; (−11.47 to 7.35) | 0.668 |
Int(9) | 92.64 ± 25.78 | 90.32 ± 26.22 | 0.461 | Int(7) | 86.24 ± 26.01 | 85.40 ± 23.43 | 0.796 | |||||
Thoracic distal curvature range βdc | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 47.83 ± 12.60 | 48.40 ± 6.16 | 0.920 | 0.518 | 6.50; (−7.70 to 20.70) | 0.370 | Con(6) | 48.40 ± 6.16 | 43.42 ± 8.16 | 0.102 | 4.44; (−3.70 to 12.58) | 0.285 |
Int(9) | 43.72 ± 11.78 | 50.79 ± 14.59 | 0.123 | Int(7) | 50.99 ± 16.75 | 50.44 ± 17.53 | 0.847 | |||||
Thoracic proximal curvature range βpc | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 29.62 ± 14.55 | 31.65 ± 9.83 | 0.663 | 0.898 | −5.52; (−17.34 to 6.30) | 0.360 | Con(6) | 31.65 ± 9.83 | 34.35 ± 13.48 | 0.408 | −0.54; (−9.26 to 8.18) | 0.903 |
Int(9) | 30.66 ± 20.07 | 27.17 ± 13.23 | 0.360 | Int(7) | 26.20 ± 11.47 | 28.36 ± 10.77 | 0.475 | |||||
Full lateral trunk inclination range βlti | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 60.12 ± 13.61 | 52.70 ± 7.60 | 0.024 | 0.505 | −0.87; (−9.19 to 7.45) | 0.837 | Con(6) | 52.70 ± 7.60 | 55.22 ± 10.16 | 0.406 | −2.87; (−10.97 to 5.22) | 0.486 |
Int(9) | 65.07 ± 16.45 | 56.78 ± 14.88 | 0.002 | Int(7) | 55.47 ± 15.58 | 55.11 ± 12.13 | 0.899 | |||||
FLEXION EXTENSION/ROTATION | ||||||||||||
Angle of thoracic kyphosis at rest αkrest | ||||||||||||
Con (6) | 23.47 ± 8.68 | 25.80 ± 5.72 | 0.160 | 0.053 | −3.88; (−8.08 to 0.32) | 0.070 | Con(6) | 25.80 ± 5.72 | 21.57 ± 9.18 | 0.039 | 2.48; (−3.01 to 7.96) | 0.376 |
Int (9) | 31.60 ± 10.45 | 30.06 ± 7.86 | 0.254 | Int(7) | 30.69 ± 8.68 | 28.93 ± 10.85 | 0.355 | |||||
Thoracic range α3 | ||||||||||||
Con (6) | 58.58 ± 10.03 | 58.63 ± 10.06 | 0.995 | 0.053 | 5.34; (−15.22 to 25.90) | 0.611 | Con(6) | 58.63 ± 10.06 | 57.52 ± 14.28 | 0.873 | 3.95; (−14.73 to 22.62) | 0.679 |
Int(9) | 43.40 ± 16.90 | 48.79 ± 17.12 | 0.417 | Int(7) | 54.57 ± 14.38 | 57.40 ± 13.00 | 0.662 | |||||
Full trunk flexion/extension range αfti | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 163.78 ± 20.43 | 175.02 ± 1.88 | 0.016a
| .098a
| 7.48; (−31.00 to 45.95) | 0.684a
| Con(6) | 175.02 ± 1.88 | 166.88 ± 19.33 | 0.168 | 7.08; (−8.66 to 22.82) | 0.378 |
Int(9) | 135.93 ± 38.86 | 154.64 ± 30.64 | 0.125a
| Int(7) | 151.56 ± 34.21 | 150.50 ± 39.95 | 0.846 | |||||
Thoracic spinal rotation range Tr | ||||||||||||
Con(6) | 84.23 ± 28.98 | 87.00 ± 20.01 | 0.764 | 0.171 | 8.28; (−15.05 to 31.60) | 0.487 | Con(6) | 87.00 ± 20.01 | 93.62 ± 22.60 | 0.141 | −7.79; (−19.79 to 4.21) | 0.203 |
Int(9) | 66.22 ± 28.33 | 77.27 ± 21.07 | 0.142 | Int(7) | 77.06 ± 13.80 | 75.88 ± 16.14 | 0.778 |