Background
Function | Reference |
---|---|
Forms the interface between the vessel wall and the bloodstream | Reitsma et al. 2007 [5] |
Alphonsus and Rodseth 2014 [10] | |
Maintains the colloid osmotic gradient of the vascular barrier | Rehm et al. 2007 [12] |
Acts as a barrier to: | |
vascular exchange of water and solutes | Reitsma et al. 2007 [5] |
leukocyte–endothelium adhesion | Henry and Duling 1999 [13] |
Lipowsky et al. 2011 [14] | |
Constantinescu et al. 2003 [15] | |
Becker et al. 2015 [19] | |
Acts as a sieve for plasma proteins | Vink and Duling 2000 [16] |
Lipowsky et al. 2011 [14] | |
Provides binding sites for everal molecules, including: | |
antithrombin III | Alphonsus and Rodseth 2014 [10] |
tissue factor pathway inhibitors | Reitsma et al. 2007 [5] |
lipoprotein lipase | Kolářová et al. 2014 [18] |
vascular endothelial growth factor | |
fibroblast growth factor | |
extracellular superoxide dismutase | |
hyaluronic acid molecules | |
Acts as a shear stress sensor and regulator of mechanotransduction | Reitsma et al. 2007 [5] |
Florian et al. 2003 [17] | |
Yen et al. 2014 [20] | |
Becker et al. 2015 [19] |
Literature review
Damage to the glycocalyx
In vitro and isolated organ models
Animal models
Clinical studies
Protection and regeneration of the glycocalyx
Treatment | Reference |
---|---|
Hydrocortisone | |
Antithrombin | |
Protein C | Marechal et al. 2008 [50] |
Nitric oxide | Bruegger et al. 2008 [45] |
Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate | Henry and Duling 1999 [13] |
Sulodexide | Broekhuizen et al. 2010 [54] |
Lidoflazine | Flameng et al. 1983 [55] |
Albumin | |
Hydroxethyl starch | |
N-acetylcysteine | Nieuwdorp et al. 2006 [9] |
Metformin | Eskens et al. 2013 [51] |