Introduction
Materials and methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Assessment protocol
Evaluation of morphological and functional signs
Results
A. General patient characteristics | Median (interquartile range) |
Age (years) | 63 (13) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (3.8) |
International prostate symptom score, IPSS | 15 (11) |
Quality of life score on IPSS | 3 (2) |
Serum creatinine level (μmol/l) | 87 (22) |
Serum prostate specific antigen concentration (μg/l) | 2.1 (3.7) |
Prostate volume on transrectal ultrasound (ml) | 40 (29) |
Maximum flow rate (ml/sec)a
| 12.6 (8.2) |
Post-void residual urine (ml)a
| 50 (122) |
Bladder capacity on urodynamic investigation (ml) | 345 (279) |
B. Specific signs on intravenous urography | Number of affected mend (%) |
Urinary tract calcifications (stones) | 17 (8.5) |
Urinary tract dilatation (hydronephrosis) | 16 (5.5) |
Complete filling of the ureter with contrast media | 64 (31.7) |
Fish-hook configuration of distal ureter(s), total | 72 (36.0) |
Unilateral | 43 (21.5) |
Bilateral | 29 (14.5) |
Delayed unilateral renal excretion of contrast media | 11 (5.4) |
Delayed emptying of ureter(s) | 6 (3.0) |
Bladder base elevation | 112 (55.7) |
Bladder diverticula and/or trabeculation | 49 (24.5) |
C. Specific signs at computer-urodynamic investigation | Number of affected mend (%) |
Low bladder compliance (≤25 ml/cm H2O) | 28 (14.2) |
Detrusor overactivityb
| 118 (59.3) |
Detrusor overactivity incontinence | 21 (10.7) |
Weak/very weak detrusor work (DAMPF) | 11 (5.4) |
Benign prostatic obstruction (Schäfer nomogram)c
| 83 (40.9) |
-
presence of stones was significantly associated with low bladder compliance (OR 3.84, 95% CI: 1.29–11.43; P = 0.016),
-
elevation of the bladder base was significantly associated with BPO (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.14–3.54; P = 0.016),
-
“fish-hooked” configuration of the distal ureter(s) was significantly associated with BPO (OR 3.59, 95% CI: 1.96–6.57; P < 0.001).
Variables | Regression coefficient | Standard error | Odds ratio | 95% Confidence intervals | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.014 | 0.024 | 0.986 | 0.941–1.034 | 0.565 |
Prostate volume (ml) | −0.003 | 0.006 | 0.997 | 0.985–1.009 | 0.616 |
Post-void residual urine(ml) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.998–1.003 | 0.835 |
Bladder capacity (ml) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 1.001 | 0.999–1.003 | 0.221 |
Benign prostatic obstruction (Schäfer nomogram)a
| 1.291 | 0.391 | 3.638 | 1.691–7.827 |
0.001
|
Constant (b0) | −0.070 | 1.660 | 0.933 | 0.966 | |
Hosmer and lemeshow test: P = 0.329 |
Fish-hook ureter(s) | Benign prostatic obstruction | |
---|---|---|
Presentb
| Absentc
| |
Presenta
| 44 | 28 |
Absent | 39 | 89 |
Parameter | Patients with “fish-hook” ureter(s) | Patients without “fish-hook” ureter(s) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.5 (12.0) | 62.0 (13.0) | 0.410 |
Body mass index(kg/m2) | 25.2 (3.3) | 25.5 (4.3) | 0.952 |
Serum creatinine level (μmol/l) | 84 (21) | 88 (21) | 0.234 |
International Prostate Symptom Score, IPSS 1–7 | 15 (11) | 14 (10) | 0.828 |
Quality of life score, IPSS 8 | 3 (3) | 4 (2) | 0.305 |
Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/ml) | 2.8 (5.9) | 1.8 (2.8) |
0.028
|
Prostate volume on transrectal ultrasound (ml) | 44 (37) | 36 (22) |
0.035
|
Post-void residual urine (ml) | 49 (100) | 48 (116) | 0.997 |
Maximum urinary flow rate (ml/sec) | 12.0 (4.7) | 13.0 (9.4) | 0.086 |
Bladder capacity on urodynamic investigation (ml) | 349 (302) | 343 (223) | 0.538 |