Background
RE-LY [5] | ROCKET-AF [6] | ARISTOTLE [136] | ENGAGE-AF TIMI [4] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dabigatran 150 mg (n = 6076) | Dabigatran 110 mg (n = 6015) | Warfarin (n = 6022) | Rivaroxaban (n = 7111) | Warfarin (n = 7125) | Apixaban (n = 9088) | Warfarin (n = 9052) | Edoxaban 60 mg (n = 7012) | Edoxaban 30 mg (n = 7002) | Warfarin (n = 7012) | |
Major bleeding rate (%) per year | 3.11 | 2.71 | 3.36 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.13 | 3.09 | 2.75 | 1.61 | 3.43 |
Hazard ratio vs warfarin | 0.93 (0.81–1.07); p = 0.31 | 0.80 (0.69–0.93); p = 0.003 | / | 1.04 (0.90–1.20); p = 0.58 | / | 0.69 (0.60–0.80); p < 0.001 | / | 0.80 (0.71–0.91); p < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.41–0.55); p < 0.001 | / |
Clinical relevance of laboratory assays
Traditional coagulation assays
Thrombin generation assays
Viscoelastic tests
Clinical relevance of laboratory assays: Summary
Overview of recent data (2013–2017)
Preclinical data
Animal studies
In vitro and ex vivo human studies
Healthy volunteers
Study | Design | N | DOAC | PCC | Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laboratory parameters tested | Reversal of DOAC effects with PCC | Bleeding | |||||
Barco et al. [58] | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover | 6 | Rivaroxaban (15 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Cofact® 25 or 37.5 IU/kg) | PT | (+) with both doses of 4F-PCC | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
ETP | (+) with 4F-PCC 37.5 IU/kg | ||||||
Brown et al. [60] | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover | 24 | Edoxaban (60 or 120 mg) | 3F-PCC (Bebulin® 25 or 50 IU/kg) | PT | (−) | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
ETP | (+) | ||||||
Cheung et al. [61] | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover | 6 | Apixaban (10 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Cofact® 25 or 37.5 IU/kg) | PT | (+) | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
ETP | Partial | ||||||
Eerenberg et al. [9] | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover | 12 | Dabigatran (150 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Cofact® 50 IU/kg) | TGA lag time, aPTT, ECT, TT | (−) | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
Rivaroxaban (20 mg BID) | PT, ETP | (+) | |||||
Levi et al. [57] | Randomised, open-label, parallel-group | 35 | Rivaroxaban (20 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Beriplex® 50 IU/kg) and 3F-PCC (Profilnine® 50 IU/kg) | PT | (+) 4F-PCC > 3F-PCC | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
TGA | |||||||
ETP | (+) 3F-PCC > 4F-PCC | ||||||
Peak TG | (+) with 3F-PCC only | ||||||
Time to peak | (+) | ||||||
Lag time | (-) | ||||||
aPTT | (-) | ||||||
Levy et al. [59] | Randomised, double-blind, parallel-group | 147 | Rivaroxaban (20 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Kcentra® 50 IU/kg) | PT | Partial | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported; no difference from saline control in reversal of effects on bleeding duration and volume after administration of 4F-PCC or TXA |
TGA | |||||||
ETP | (+) | ||||||
Nagalla et al. [63] | Randomised, two-period crossover, assessor-blinded | 12 | Apixaban (5 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Kcentra®/Beriplex® 25 IU/kg) | PT | (+) | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
TGA parameters (peak, lag time, ETP) | (+) (significan\ce dependent on reagents used) | ||||||
TGA parameters (time to peak, maximum velocity) | (-) | ||||||
aPTT | (-) | ||||||
Song et al. [62] | Open-label, randomised, placebo-controlled, 3-period crossover | 15 | Apixaban (10 mg BID) | 4F-PCC (Beriplex® or Cofact® 50 IU/kg) | TGA | (+) | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported |
ETP | (+) | ||||||
Peak height | (-) | ||||||
Lag time | (-) | ||||||
Time to peak | (-) | ||||||
Velocity index | (+) | ||||||
PT | |||||||
Zahir et al. [30] | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-sequence, two-period, crossover | 93 | Edoxaban (60 mg) | 4F-PCC (Beriplex® 10, 25 or 50 IU/kg) | PT | Partial with 4F-PCC 50 IU/kg | No deaths, SAEs or TEEs reported; reversal of effects on bleeding duration and volume (with 50 IU/kg; partial reversal with 25 IU/kg) |
ETP | (+) with 50?IU/kg (partial with 25?IU/kg) |
Laboratory parameters
Bleeding
Clinical trials in healthy volunteers: summary
Clinical data from DOAC-treated patients
Registries and observational studies
Case studies/series
Study citation | Study setting | Cases (N) | DOAC | PCC used | Outcomes following PCC administration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients presenting with major bleeding | |||||
Denetclaw et al. [96] | Gluteal arterial extravasation | 1 | Apixaban | 3F-PCC (Profilnine®) | • Clinical examination suggested the haematoma had not expanded since PCC administration • The patient was discharged in a stable condition on Day 7 • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Diaz et al. [97] | GI bleeding | 5 | Dabigatran | 4F-PCC (Octaplex®) | • Cessation of bleeding in 4/5 patients • No TEEs or VTEs reported during 6 months of follow-up |
Dibu et al. [86] | ICH | 5 | Rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • None of the patients had ICH expansion • No TEEs, VTEs or haemorrhagic complications reported |
Durie et al. [101] | Life-threatening bleed due to trauma | 1 | Apixaban | 4F-PCC (Kcentra®/Beriplex®) | • Despite aggressive treatment, and PCC administered at the maximum dose, haemostasis was not achieved and the patient died |
Faust et al. [102] | Subdural haematoma | 3 | Rivaroxaban | 3F-PCC (Profilnine®) | • Haematoma volume remained stable in all patients • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Faust et al. [107] | Subdural haematoma | 2 | Apixaban | 3F-PCC (Profilnine®) | • Minimal or no progression in haematoma volume • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Faust and Peterson [87] | Intracerebral haemorrhage | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • Coagulation parameters were not normalised • Despite initial increase in haematoma, the patient avoided surgical intervention and remained stable • After approximately 2 weeks, the patient developed a new ischemic stroke and was discharged to a hospice |
Jones et al. [104] | GI bleeding and haemorrhagic shock | 1 | Dabigatran | 4F-PCC (Kcentra®/Beriplex®) | • Rapid correction of coagulation parameters and achievement of haemostasis • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Kauffmann et al. [98] | Subdural haematoma | 1 | Rivaroxaban | 4F-PCC (Kanokad®) | • Improvement in TGA parameters lasting at least 18 h (normalisation of lag time, elevated peak height and ETP) • Favourable clinical outcome • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Masotti et al. [27] | GI bleeding | 8 | Dabigatran | 4F-PCC (Confidex®/Beriplex®) | • Cessation of bleeding, despite uncorrected coagulation parameters (aPTT, PT/INR) • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
McGovern et al. [99] | GI bleeding | 1 | Dabigatran | 4F-PCC (unspecified) | • Normalisation of coagulation profile (PT, INR, aPTT) • No active sites of bleeding identified, and no further blood transfusions required • Patient discharged 4 days later, without experiencing any further morbidity related to his condition • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Means et al. [103] | Rectal bleeding | 1 | Rivaroxaban | 3F-PCC (Profilnine®) | • PCC administration helped control bleeding • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Rinehart et al. [88] | Subdural haematoma | 1 | Apixaban | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • PT and INR normalised within 24 h • Slight improvement in subdural haematoma on Day 2 • Patient remained stable, with further improvement in the subdural haematoma before discharge on Day 7 • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Schulman et al. [100] | Subdural haematoma | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • Normalisation of thrombin time at Day 3 • Patient underwent an uneventful haematoma drainage procedure and was discharged a day later • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Intra-axial haemorrhage | 1 | • Mild increase in haematoma size after 3 days; no further progression of symptoms • No TEEs or VTEs reported | |||
Pericardial bleeding | 1 | • Cessation of bleeding • No TEEs or VTEs reported | |||
Upper GI bleeding | 1 | • Stabilisation of clinical condition • No TEEs or VTEs reported | |||
Smith et al. [106] | Left frontal lobe parenchymal haemorrhage | 1 | Rivaroxaban | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • After aPCC administration, the patient was admitted to the trauma in-patient unit; neurological exam remained normal for 24 h and the patient was discharged • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Patients requiring urgent/emergent surgery | |||||
Beynon et al. [89] | Emergency neurosurgery | 2 | Apixaban | 4F-PCC (Beriplex®) | • No bleeding complications occurred during surgery • No symptoms suggestive of thromboembolic events |
Chic Acevedo et al. [90] | Urgent surgery due to an abdominal haematoma | 1 | Rivaroxaban | 4F-PCC (Octaplex®) | • PT normalisation • No complications reported during or after surgery |
Dager et al. [95] | Ablation procedure | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • Normalisation of INR and aPTT, but not thrombin time • Bleeding slowed 5 min into the infusion and had stopped by the end of the 15-min infusion • No evidence of thrombosis observed |
Liu et al. [105] | Coronary artery bypass graft | 1 | Rivaroxaban | 4F-PCC (Kcentra®/Beriplex®) | • Patient lost 650 mL blood during the procedure, necessitating the transfusion of 2 units each of PRBCs and platelets • Patient was discharged with no sequalae on postoperative day 9 • Follow-up visit at 1 month did not reveal any new significant events • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Maurice-Szamburski et al. [91] | Subdural haematoma requiring neurosurgical intervention | 1 | Rivaroxaban | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • No abnormal bleeding during surgery • Good surgical result with no rebleeding • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Neyens et al. [92] | Subdural haematoma requiring neurosurgical intervention | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • Therapeutic impact uncertain • Coagulation parameters (aPTT and TT) remained prolonged, delaying surgical intervention; thromboelastography may be more appropriate for monitoring dabigatran anticoagulation • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Puttick et al. [93] | Emergency surgery for an incarcerated femoral hernia | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • Surgery was successful, with no complications • The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged the next day • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Wong and Keeling [94] | Urgent percutaneous transhepatic drainage of a gall bladder empyema | 1 | Dabigatran | aPCC (FEIBA®) | • No bleeding complications occurred during surgery and the clinical state of the patient improved • No TEEs or VTEs reported |
Clinical practice guidelines
Society/group (citation) | Need for DOAC reversal | Guidelines or proposals regarding the use of PCCs |
---|---|---|
Thrombosis and Hemostasis Summit of North America [113] | Critical bleeding or emergent surgery | • Use of PCCs seems to be a reasonable approach in dire clinical situations • Consensus was not reached because two authors believed that PCC could not be recommended due to absence of data at the time |
Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma [117] | Life-threatening bleeding | • PCC (25–50 IU/kg) suggested for reversal of FXa inhibitors • Not suggested for patients treated with dabigatran |
Life-threatening bleeding | • Administration of PCC (25 IU/kg, repeated if clinically indicated) or aPCC (50 IU/kg) can be considered | |
European Society of Anaesthesiology [114] | Life-threatening bleeding or ICH | • PCC or aPCC suggested |
Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis [118] | Life- or limb-threatening bleeding | • Reasonable to consider the use of PCCs; risk and benefit of these agents should be assessed in each individual patient |
Groupe d’Intérêt en Hémostase Périopératoire (GIHP; working group on perioperative haemostasis) [115] | ICH, or haemorrhage in a critical organ | • Use of aPCC (30–50 IU/kg) or PCC (50 IU/kg) warranted, possibly re-administered once after an 8-h interval |
Emergent surgery | • PCCs should not be used for prophylactic reversal of anticoagulation, but PCC (25–50 IU/kg) or aPCC (30–50 IU/kg) should be considered to control perioperative bleeding events | |
Groupe d’Intérêt en Hémostase Périopératoire (GIHP; working group on perioperative haemostasis) [109] | Major intraoperative bleeding | • Multimodal approach, including 4F-PCC (25–50 IU/kg) or aPCC (30–50 IU/kg) administration |
American Heart Association; American Stroke Association [78] | ICH | • aPCC or PCC may be considered on an individual basis |
Neurocritical Care Society; Society of Critical Care Medicine [110] | ICH | • 4F-PCC (50 IU/kg) or aPCC (50 IU/kg) is suggested for FXa inhibitor-associated ICH • aPCC (50 IU/kg) or 4F-PCC (50 IU/kg) is suggested for dabigatran-associated ICH (if idarucizumab is not available) |
Anticoagulation Forum [108] | Severe haemorrhage | • 4F-PCC (50 IU/kg) or aPCC (80 IU/kg) may be considered for reversal of direct FXa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors, respectively |
American Heart Association [116] | Serious bleeding or ICH | • 4F-PCC (50 IU/kg) is suggested for the treatment of patients receiving FXa inhibitors until more specific antidotes bcome available |