Introduction
Methods
Study design
Study population
Biomedical information available from health checkup
Diagnostic criteria of glucose tolerance status
Status | Definition |
---|---|
Diabetes mellitus (DM) | FBG ≥ 126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or hospital visit for DM or usage of diabetic medication |
Borderline DM | 126 mg/dL > FBG ≥ 110 mg/dL or 6.5% > HbA1c ≥ 6.0%, and without hospital visit, and without diabetic medication |
Normoglycemic | FBG < 110 mg/dL and HbA1c < 6.0%, and without hospital visit, and without diabetic medication |
Health status or lifestyle information available from health checkup
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of the cohorts
Kawauchi village (with evacuation) | Ono town (without evacuation) | *p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 339 | 598 | |
Demographic/anthropometric variables | |||
Age (years) | 68.5 (9.8) | 66.3 (9.1) | 0.001 |
Sex (male/female) | 160/179 | 285/313 | < 0.001 |
Body weight (kg) | 56.2 (9.9) | 56.2 (9.3) | 0.997 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.2 (2.9) | 0.012 |
Systolic blood pressure | 134.4 (17.4) | 125.7 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 75.8 (10.5) | 78.1 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
Biochemical variables | |||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 92.8 (9.3) | 95.9 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.47 (0.31) | 5.45 (0.31) | 0.408 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 89.8 (41.6) | 104.5 (80.4) | 0.002 |
HDL-cholesterol | 59.6 (14.4) | 58.8 (13.8) | 0.397 |
LDL-cholesterol | 114.1 (25.6) | 120.4 (28.3) | 0.001 |
γ-GTP (IU/L) | 28.6 (29.9) | 30.8 (34.6) | 0.329 |
Uric acid | 5.0 (1.4) | ||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7 (1.4) | 13.4 (1.2) | 0.071 |
Lifestyle variables | |||
Keeping body weight gain > 10 kg compared with weight at 20 years old (%) | 33.5% | 30.1% | 0.344 |
Keeping body weight gain or loss within 3 kg compared with weight in the last year (%) | 25.2% | 20.4% | 0.130 |
Currently smoking (%) | 11.8% | 13.9% | 0.362 |
Drinking everyday (%) | 24.2% | 27.9% | < 0.001 |
Regular exercise: ≥ 30 min/time and ≥ 2 times/week for 1 year or more (%) | 37.9% | 35.2% | 0.473 |
Walking at least 1 h/day (%) | 48.4% | 40.5% | 0.036 |
Restful sleep: getting enough rest by sleep (%) | 71.9% | 77.5% | 0.089 |
Late-night dinners: ≥ 3 times/week (%) | 21.8% | 27.4% | 0.094 |
Lifestyle change score (n = 216 for Kawauchi village and n = 456 for Ono village) | 0.21 (1.34) | −0.04 (1.27) | 0.016 |
Difference of BMI | 0.68 (1.42) | 0.21 (0.79) | < 0.001 |
Survival analysis
Correlates | Total | Normoglycemic | Borderline diabetes |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 667) | (n = 589) | (n = 78) | |
Evacuation (Yes = 1; No = 0) | 2.39 [1.28–4.50] | 5.09 [2.03–14.5] | 2.94 [0.89–10.1] |
Age | 1.02 [0.97–1.07] | 0.98 [0.92–1.03] | 0.96 [0.88–1.05] |
Gender | 1.91 [0.95–3.82] | 2.93 [1.07–8.23] | 1.21 [0.40–3.51] |
BMI | 1.19 [1.08–1.30] | 1.22 [1.06–1.40] | 1.18 [1.03–1.37] |
dBMI | 0.98 [0.79–1.22] | 0.96 [0.72–1.29] | 1.54 [0.86–2.80] |
Keeping body weight gain > 10 kg compared with weight at 20 years old (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 1.20 [0.58–2.49] | 2.72 [0.89–8.32] | 0.80 [0.29–2.31] |
Keeping body weight gain or loss ≥ 3 kg compared with weight in the last year (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 0.85 [0.42–1.70] | 0.84 [0.32–2.25] | 0.84 [0.30–2.49] |
Currently smoking (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 0.75 [0.34–1.65] | 0.82 [0.28–2.42] | 0.44 [0.09–2.12] |
Drinking everyday (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 1.05 [0.51–2.15] | 1.07 [0.40–2.87] | 1.05 [0.29–3.79] |
Regular exercise: ≥ 30 min/time and ≥ 2 times/week for 1 year or more (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 1.53 [0.75–3.10] | 1.43 [0.54–3.77] | 2.26 [0.64–7.92] |
Walking at least 1 h/day (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 0.67 [0.32–1.38] | 1.20 [0.46–3.13] | 0.57 [0.15–2.09] |
Restful sleep: getting enough rest by sleep (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 0.65 [0.35–1.24] | 0.77 [0.32–1.84] | 0.30 [0.09–1.08] |
Late-night dinners: ≥ 3 times/week (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 2.90 [1.14–7.38] | 5.05 [1.04–24.5] | 0.78 [0.21–3.26] |
Lifestyle change score | 1.03 [0.80–1.33] | 1.28 [0.90–1.81] | 0.79 [0.50–1.26] |
Correlates | Kawauchi Village | Ono Town |
---|---|---|
(n = 210) | (n = 457) | |
Age | 1.04 [0.98–1.11] | 1.00 [0.93–1.07] |
Gender | 1.89 [0.75–4.70] | 2.85 [0.88–9.71] |
BMI | 1.21 [1.06–1.37] | 1.29 [1.10–1.51] |
dBMI | 0.92 [0.72–1.20] | 1.72 [1.03–2.86] |
Keeping body weight gain > 10 kg compared with weight at 20 years old (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 1.70 [0.67–4.71] | 1.03 [0.31–3.42] |
Keeping body weight gain or loss ≥ 3 kg compared with weight in the last year (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 1.09 [0.44–3.05] | 0.37 [0.14–1.00] |
Currently smoking (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 0.94 [0.31–3.26] | 0.45 [0.15–1.40] |
Drinking everyday (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 1.15 [0.45–3.38] | 1.01 [0.33–3.10] |
Regular exercise: ≥ 30 min/time and ≥ 2 times/week for 1 year or more (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 1.00 [0.39–2.48] | 5.04 [1.48–17.2] |
Walking at least 1 h/day (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 0.66 [0.26–1.61] | 0.42 [0.12–1.40] |
Restful sleep: getting enough rest by sleep (%) (Yes = 0, No = 1) | 0.89 [0.40–2.21] | 0.32 [0.12–0.90] |
Late-night dinners: ≥ 3 times/week (%) (Yes = 1, No = 0) | 4.86 [1.26–33.4] | 1.79 [0.53–6.03] |
Lifestyle change score | 1.02 [0.74–1.41] | 0.99 [0.65–1.50] |