Background
Methods
Study design and sample selection
Data collection instruments
Ethical approval
Data analysis
Results
Baseline sample characteristics
Variable | STKUd(n = 42) N (%) or Mean ± SD | Daily cigarette smoker chewers (n = 91) N (%) or Mean ± SDa
| Khat chewers only (n = 71) N (%) or Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
Age
| 38.12 ± 14.05 | 40.36 ± 17.84 | 53.55 (21.85) |
Marital status
| |||
Married | 34 (81.0) | 62 (68.1) | 61 (85.9) |
In other status | 8 (19.0) | 29 (31.9) | 10 (14.1) |
Employment
| |||
Employed | 19 (45) | 32 (35.2) | 21 (26.9) |
Unemployed | 23 (55) | 59 (64.8) | 50 (70.4) |
Education
| |||
High level | 20 (48) | 32 (35.2) | 18 (25.4) |
Low level | 22 (52) | 59 (64.8) | 53 (74.6) |
Social participation
| 42 ± 18.90 | 40.00 ± 21 | 42.34 ± 17.93 |
Daily time of chewing khat
| |||
1-3 PM | 19 (45.2) | 37 (40.7) | 36 (50.7) |
After 3 PM | 23 (54.8) | 54 (59.3) | 35 (49.3) |
Former daily tobacco use
| |||
No | 11 (26) | ------------------ | ------------------ |
Yes | 31 (74) | ||
Initiator of tobacco smoking
| |||
Social (e.g. friends) | 23 (54.76) | 81 (89.01) | ------------------ |
Environmental (khat setting) | 19 (45.24) | 10 (10.99) | |
Ever tried quitting khat chewing
| |||
No | 19 (45.2) | 47 (51.6) | 30 (42.3) |
Yes | 23 (54.8) | 44 (48.4) | 41 (57.7) |
Ever tried quitting TS
b
when chewing
| |||
No | 12 (28.6) | ------------------ | ------------------ |
Yes | 30 (71.4) | ||
Age starting khat chewing
| 19.50 ± 5.48 | 18 ± 6.00 | 19.36 ± 7.11 |
Days chewing per week
| 2.67 ± 1.79 | 3.30 ± 2.08 | 2.72 ± 1.90 |
Hours chewing per session
| 6.08 ± 1.95 | 6.00 ± 2.09 | 5.52 ± 1.81 |
Khat amount per session in bundle
| 1.85 ± 1.05 | 1.51 ± 0.50 | 1.37 ± 0.50 |
Cigarettes smoked per session
| 15.07 ± 10.33e
| 21.04 ± 13.36 | ----------------- |
Own waterpipe smoked per session
| 2.89 ± 1.96 | ----------------------- | ---------------- |
Attempts to quit TS
b
when chewing
| 2.77 ± 1.94 | ----------------------- | ---------------- |
Attempts to quit khat chewing
| 3.13 ± 2.07 | 4.20 ± 4.44 | 3.63 ± 2.92 |
CO PPM scores
| 16 ± 15.66 | 20.53 ± 12.12 | ----------------- |
SDS-khat scores
| 5.36 ± 4.38 | 5.08 ± 3.57 | 6.16 ± 4.35 |
DSM-IV scores
| 1.42 ± 1.87 | 1.60 ± 1.84 | 1.92 ± 2.10 |
Chewing even ill
| |||
No | 29 (69.0) | 50 (54.9) | 46 (64.8) |
Yes | 13 (31.0) | 41 (45.1) | 25 (35.2) |
Smoke more in the first hours of chewing
| |||
No | 25 (59.5) | 55 (60.4) | ---------------- |
Yes | 17 (40.5) | 36 (39.6) | |
Chew more in the first two hours
| |||
No | 31 (73.8) | 65 (71.4) | 31 (43.7) |
Yes | 11 (26.2) | 26 (28.6) | 40 (56.3) |
Easy/difficult not chewing the whole week
| |||
Easy | 30 (71.4) | 53 (58.2) | 37 (52.1) |
Difficult | 12 (28.6) | 38 (41.8) | 34 (47.9) |
Want to quit chewing
| |||
No | 19 (45.2) | 47 (51.6) | 44 (62.0) |
Yes | 23 (54.8) | 44 (48. 4) | 27 (38.0) |
Health conditions
c
| |||
No | 30 (71.4) | 62 (68.1) | 35 (49.3) |
Yes | 12 (28.6) | 29 (31.9) | 36 (50.7) |
Factors associated with patterns of tobacco use among STKU
Variable | N |
eM ± SD, Mdn | Mean rank | Sum of ranks | P-value | Effect size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDS-khat
| ||||||
aGroup 1 | 24 | 3.25 ± 3.67, 2.00 | 15.90 | 381.50 | 0.001 | 0.53 |
bGroup 2 | 18 | 8.17 ± 3.68, 8.00 | 28.97 | 521.50 | ||
DSM-IV
| ||||||
Group 1 | 24 | 0.83 ± 1.37,0.00 | 17.77 | 426.50 | 0.015 | 0.35 |
Group 2 | 18 | 2.22 ± 2.18, 2.00 | 26.47 | 476.50 | ||
c
Amount of khat chewed during typical khat session
| ||||||
Group 1 | 24 | 1.44 ± 0.90, 1.00 | 16.56 | 397.50 | 0.002 | 0.48 |
Group 2 | 18 | 2.39 ± 1.01, 2.50 | 28.08 | 505.50 | ||
c
Number of cigarettes smoked when chewing
| ||||||
Group 1 | 15 | 13.00 ± 5.59,14.00 | 14.20 | 213.00 | 0.856e
| 0.032 |
Group 2 | 13 | 17.46 ± 13.85,10.00 | 14.85 | 193.00 | ||
c
Khat chewing session hours last
| ||||||
Group 1 | 24 | 6.30 ± 1.66,6.00 | 23.19 | 556.50 | 0.270 | 0.17 |
Group 2 | 18 | 5.78 ± 2.29,6.00 | 19.25 | 346.50 | ||
Age starting chewing khat
| ||||||
Group 1 | 24 | 20.00 ± 5.87,20.00 | 23.25 | 558.00 | 0.282 | 0.17 |
Group 2 | 18 | 18.06 ± 4.86,19.00 | 19.17 | 345.00 |
Variable |
aGroup 1 N = 24 N (%) |
bGroup 2 N = 18 N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
c
Chewing more khat during the first two hours of khat session
| ||||
Yes | 3 (12.5) | 8 (44.4) | 5.60 (1.22, 25.75) | 0.033 |
c
Chewing even ill
| ||||
Yes | 3 (12.5) | 10 (55.6) | 8.75 (1.90,40.24) | 0.006 |
c
Want to quit chewing
| ||||
Yes | 10 (41.7) | 13 (72.2) | 3.64 (1.00, 13.52) | 0.049 |
c
Attempted to quit chewing
| ||||
Yes | 11 (45.8) | 8 (44.4) | 0.95 (0.28,3.23) | 0.929 |
c
Whole week not chewing
| ||||
Difficult | 2 (7.3) | 10 (55.6) | 13.75 (2.46,76.82) | 0.001 |
Health conditions
| ||||
Yes | 4 (16.7) | 8 (44.4) | 4.00 (1.00,16.55) | 0.049 |