Background
Methods
Physical functioning
Appraisal and coping
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Gender: male, n (%) | 153 (37.6) |
Age, mean (SD) | 76.8 (6.3) |
Living arrangement: living together, n (%) | 242 (59.5) |
Highest education: n (%) | |
Primary | 121 (29.7) |
Secondary | 199 (48.9) |
College/university | 87 (21.4) |
Number of chronic diseases: ≥3, n (%) | 197 (48.4) |
Chronic diseases: top 3, n (%) | |
Chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure | 254 (62.4) |
Diabetes mellitus | 152 (37.3) |
Chronic respiratory disease | 113 (27.8) |
Number of joint pain sites, (1–8), mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.9) |
Worst pain site: top 3, n (%) | |
Back | 109 (27.2) |
Knee | 73 (18.2) |
Hand/wrist | 61 (15.2) |
Score range | Baseline (n = 407) | 6 months (n = 364) | 12 months (n = 337) | 18 months (n = 319) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome
| |||||
Physical functioninga | 0–100 | 48.7 (25.8) | 50.1 (27.4) | 49.8 (27.5) | 49.5 (27.4) |
Cognitive appraisals
| |||||
Consequences | 0–10 | 5.3 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.7) | 4.8 (2.7) |
Concerns | 0–10 | 5.1 (3.7) | 5.5 (3.0) | 5.2 (3.1) | 5.2 (3.0) |
Emotional representations | 0–10 | 4.2 (3.0) | 4.3 (2.9) | 3.9 (3.0) | 4.0 (3.0) |
Self-efficacya | 6–60 | 33.8 (12.5) | 34.2 (13.5) | 35.3 (13.1) | 35.6 (12.8) |
Catastrophizing | 0–6 | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.5) |
Cognitive coping
| |||||
Ignoring paina | 0–6 | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.4) |
Positive self-statementa | 0–6 | 3.5 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.7) |
Behavioural coping
| |||||
Increasing activity levelsa | 0–6 | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.6) |
Activity avoidance | 5–20 | 12.2 (3.5) | 12.1 (3.6) | 12.2 (3.6) | 12.0 (3.6) |
Time-dependent covariates
| |||||
Pain intensity | 0–100 | 64.4 (17.3) | 65.0 (18.5) | 61.6 (19.8) | 62.7 (19.4) |
Anxiety symptoms | 0–21 | 5.1 (3.7) | 5.4 (3.7) | 4.9 (3.8) | 4.9 (3.6) |
Depression symptoms | 0–21 | 5.4 (3.5) | 5.3 (3.6) | 4.9 (3.5) | 5.3 (3.9) |
Range | Auto-regressive model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | Model 1b | P-value | Model 2c | P-value | |
Cognitive appraisals
| |||||
Consequences | 0–10 | −0.62 (-1.03; -0.20) | 0.003 | −0.54 (-1.02; -0.06) | 0.027 |
Concerns | 0–10 | −0.30 (-0.59; -0.01) | 0.045 | −0.21 (-0.54; 0.11) | 0.195 |
Emotional representations | 0–10 | −0.05 (-0.33; 0.23) | 0.717 | 0.10 (-0.25; 0.45) | 0.570 |
Self-efficacya | 6–60 | 0.26 (0.17; 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.12; 0.31) | <0.001 |
Catastrophizing | 0–6 | −0.87 (-1.41; -0.33) | 0.002 | −0.67 (-1.26; -0.07) | 0.028 |
Cognitive coping
| |||||
Ignoring paina | 0–6 | −0.02 (-0.53; 0.50) | 0.953 | −0.02 (-0.54; 0.49) | 0.929 |
Positive self-statementa | 0–6 | 0.10 (-0.32; 0.53) | 0.632 | −0.01 (-0.44; 0.42) | 0.956 |
Behavioural coping
| |||||
Increasing activity levelsa | 0–6 | 0.06 (-0.43; 0.54) | 0.823 | 0.05 (-0.44; 0.54) | 0.839 |
Activity avoidance | 5–20 | −0.37 (-0.62; -0.12) | 0.004 | −0.32 (-0.57; -0.08) | 0.008 |