The necessity of abdominal drainage for patients with complicated appendicitis undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy: a retrospective cohort study

Acute complicated appendicitis is a common disease that usually requires emergency surgery. The necessity of abdominal drainage is considered for monitoring and preventing postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) formation, especially for perforated appendicitis with general peritonitis. Although many primary studies and subsequent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have investigated this field of research in the past, and at least three Cochrane Reviews have been published showing that "there is no evidence for any clinical improvement with the use of abdominal drainage in patients undergoing open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis", quality of evidence is still low and deserves further research [1‐9]. Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has recently become the mainstay of surgical method for treating acute appendicitis. Several retrospective studies have questioned abdominal drainage for the prevention of IAA after LA [5, 6, 9‐11]. However, there is no consensus regarding the necessity of abdominal drainage after LA [12].

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade for acute appendicitis has been widely adopted for predicting complications, recovery, and hospital costs [13, 14]. Complicated appendicitis is defined based on the severity of inflammation as follows: grade II (gangrenous appendix), III (perforated appendix with focal contamination), IV (perforation appendix with abscess formation), and V (perforated appendix with generalized peritonitis). For simplicity, most studies defined the severity of appendicitis by dichotomizing it into simple vs. complicated appendicitis[8‐10, 15] or using descriptive terms such as gangrenous, perforated, or peritonitis [6, 11]. One study used the AAST grading system to evaluate the association between abdominal drainage and postoperative IAA after LA [7].

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the necessity of abdominal drainage after LA by analyzing patients with complicated appendicitis, who were classified according to AAST grade.

A total of 1241 patients who underwent LA between January 2014 and December 2018 were included in our study. The clinical presentations on arrival at the emergency department are shown in Table 1. 

In the simple appendicitis group, patients with drainage had a significantly higher Clavien–Dindo classification, longer time to resume a soft diet, longer postoperative LOH, and higher readmission rate than patients without drainage (Table 2).

In the complicated appendicitis group (AAST grade ≥ II), patient with drainage were significantly older, had a longer pain duration, and a higher American Society of Anesthesia score (Table 1). In addition, patients with drainage had a longer time to resume a soft diet and longer postoperative LOHs than patients without drainage. Moreover, patients with drainage did not have a lower rate of IAA formation compared to patients without drainage (Table 2).

Multivariate logistic regression analysis for complications showed that abdominal drainage was an independent factor for increased overall complications, wound infection, and ileus. The AAST grade was also an independent factor for increased overall complications, IAA, and ileus (Table 3).

Multivariate linear regression analysis for recovery showed that abdominal drainage was associated with a longer time to resume a soft diet and postoperative LOH. Moreover, a higher AAST grade was associated with a longer time to resume a soft diet and longer postoperative LOH (Table 4).

The influence of drainage on complications was compared for each AAST grade ≥ III (Table 5). The drainage group was not associated with fewer IAA formation, but it was associated with higher overall complications and ileus in AAST grade IV + V and AAST grade IV + IV + V, than the non-drainage group (Table 5).

The two key findings of this study are the following. First, patients with complicated appendicitis were not candidates for abdominal drainage. A higher AAST grade (≥ III) was not an indication for abdominal drainage, and abdominal drainage did not decrease the risks of overall complications or specific complications, such as IAA formation. Longer time to resume a soft diet and postoperative LOH were observed in patients with abdominal drainage. Therefore, abdominal drainage should be performed sparingly. Second, the algorithm developed in this study could validate the severity of acute appendicitis in terms of the likelihood of complications and postoperative convalescence. We believe that the algorithm can serve as a tool for determining the AAST grade of patients with appendicitis in a future retrospective study.

A literature review revealed that most retrospective studies did not detail how they determined a patient’s AAST grade [13, 17]. During the process of classifying the AAST grade of each patient in our study, ambiguity in the descriptions of surgical findings in operation notes was encountered and became one particular challenge. For example, the description “Ascites was turbid.” might refer to infectious or reactive ascites. In addition, the location and distribution of infectious ascites may influence the severity of appendicitis. All of these confounded the determination of AAST grades III–V. Therefore, throughout the algorithm, we explicitly detailed the allocation of AAST grades. According to the algorithm in our study, the key determinant of AAST grades III–V largely depended on the presence of ascites on CT. If the presence of ascites is more than two 5-mm slices in the helical CT, the possibility of AAST grade V was relatively high, and vice versa.

Our study showed that the AAST grade using our algorithm accurately predicted the incidence of overall complications and the length of postoperative convalescence, including the LOH and time to resume a soft diet. We thus believe that our algorithm is reliable and can be employed to define the AAST grade for our patients. Additionally, this allocation process enabled us to evaluate the necessity of abdominal drainage.

Our results confirmed that complicated appendicitis was associated with a high risk of IAA formation; however, complicated appendicitis was not an absolute indication for abdominal drainage. This finding seems paradoxical, but it makes sense when considered in light of the notion that the universal and prophylactic use of abdominal drainage would have a negative rather than positive effect. The results of this study discouraged the universal use of abdominal drainage for adult patients with complicated appendicitis undergoing appendectomy, even for patients with AAST V. Our results were in accordance with the recommendations of guidelines proposed by large surgical societies worldwide [12, 18]. Several explanations for this have been proposed. For example, kinking or obstruction of the drain may lead to drainage dysfunction, and the tip of the abdominal drain may fail to drain the space where the abscess is formed [6].

In our study, the frequency of IAA formation in complicated appendicitis (2.9%) was lower than that reported in previous studies[7, 8] and comparable to that reported in one study [17]. Most IAAs could be controlled with intravenous antibiotics and did not require postoperative surgical drainage for the IAA. In our previous study of 40 consecutive patients with complicated appendicitis who underwent single-incision LA without routine drainage, only one patient required postoperative CT-guided drainage [19].

Our study further indicated that patients with increased disease severity, as reflected by a higher AAST grade, would not benefit from abdominal drainage (Table 5). Furthermore, in the drainage group, increased complications such as wound infection and postoperative ileus, were evident when compared with the nondrainage group—this is consistent with the findings of a previous study [1, 7].

Drainage placement was an independent factor associated with delayed resumption of an oral soft diet and a longer LOH (Table 4). A possible reason for this could be that the surgeon may treat patients with drainage more conservatively; drainage tended to be performed in patients with a higher grade of acute appendicitis. Surgeons also may delay giving permission for oral intake until a patient’s abdominal condition improved, and therefore, abdominal drainage delays discharge because of the additional waiting time until the abdominal drain can be removed.

Complicated appendicitis is a risk factor for IAA formation; however, it is not an absolute indication for abdominal drainage in patients undergoing LA. Abdominal drainage is not a mandatory procedure because it fails to prevent overall complications and specific complications such as IAA formation. Moreover, it is associated with prolonged gastrointestinal recovery and postoperative LOH. Our results indicate that the routine use of abdominal drainage should be discouraged and suggest that abdominal drainage should be performed sparingly.