Background
Methods
Scope of the review
Epidemics
Search strategy
Screening and data extraction
Evaluations
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria
Screening and data extraction
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Formative evaluation: Evaluation which assesses whether a program or program activity is feasible, appropriate and acceptable before it is fully implemented
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Process evaluation: Evaluation which determines whether program activities have been implemented as intended
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Output evaluation: Evaluation which assesses progress in short-term outputs resulting from program implementation
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Outcome/performance evaluation: Evaluation which assesses program effects in the target population by measuring the progress in the outcomes or outcome objectives that the program is meant to achieve
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Impact evaluation: An evaluation that considers ‘positive and negative, primary and secondary long-term effects produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended.’ [25]
Analysis
Role of the funding source
Results
Epidemics
Disease | Number of epidemics by WHO regional office | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFROa | EMROb | EUROc | PAHOd | SEAROe | Total | |
Anthrax | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 14 |
Brucellosis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
CCHF | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Chikungunya | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Cholera | 145 | 36 | 3 | 10 | 14 | 208 |
Dengue | 6 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 31 |
Diphtheria | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
Ebola | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 |
Hepatitis E | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Japanese Encephalitis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
Lassa Fever | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
Leishmaniasis | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Malaria | 10 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
Marburg | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Measles | 20 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 27 |
Meningitis | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Meningococcal disease | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
Plague | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Polio | 12 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 26 |
Rift Valley Fever | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Typhoid | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Yellow fever | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
Grand Total | 283 | 88 | 9 | 18 | 31 | 429 |
Evaluations
Evaluation characteristics
Type of evaluation | Number of evaluations |
---|---|
Formative | 4 (3.0%) |
Process | 27 (20.5%) |
Output | 14 (10.6%) |
Outcome | 74 (56.0%) |
Impact | 9 (6.8%) |
Mixed | 4 (3.0%) |
Total | 132 (100%) |
Quality findings
Evaluation coverage
Disease | Country | Year | Evaluations | During epidemic | Post epidemic | Average quality score | Average publication delay (years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholera | Benin | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 42.3 | 2.0 |
Cholera | Chad | 2010 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 69.2 | 1.0 |
Cholera | DRC | 2012 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 61.5 | 2.0 |
Cholera | Guinea | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 73.1 | 1.0 |
Cholera | Haiti | 2010 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 77.4 | 2.8 |
Cholera | Haiti | 2012 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 92.3 | 3.5 |
Cholera | Haiti | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 88.5 | 4.0 |
Cholera | Malawi | 2015 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 88.5 | 1.0 |
Cholera | Nigeria | 2010 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 69.2 | 2.0 |
Cholera | Nigeria | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 96.2 | 0.0 |
Cholera | Sierra Leone | 2012 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 76.9 | 1.0 |
Cholera | Somalia | 2016 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 84.6 | 2.0 |
Cholera | Somalia | 2017 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 92.3 | 2.0 |
Cholera | South Sudan | 2014 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 92.3 | 0.0 |
Cholera | South Sudan | 2015 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 96.2 | 1.0 |
Cholera | Uganda | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46.2 | 1.0 |
Cholera | Yemen | 2016 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 76.9 | 2.3 |
Cholera | Yemen | 2017 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 96.2 | 1.0 |
Ebola | DRC | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 73.1 | 5.0 |
Ebola | DRC | 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 88.5 | 1.0 |
Ebola | Guinea | 2014 | 23 | 10 | 13 | 76.7 | 2.6 |
Ebola | Liberia | 2014 | 36 | 13 | 23 | 73.2 | 2.2 |
Ebola | Mali | 2014 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 34.6 | 2.0 |
Ebola | Nigeria | 2014 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 51.3 | 1.4 |
Ebola | Sierra Leone | 2014 | 47 | 24 | 23 | 77.2 | 2.1 |
Ebola | Uganda | 2012 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 69.2 | 1.0 |
Ebola | Uganda | 2012 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 53.9 | 2.0 |
Lassa Fever | Nigeria | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 65.4 | 1.0 |
Measles | Ethiopia | 2011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 92.3 | 3.0 |
Measles | Madagascar | 2018 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 92.3 | 1.0 |
Plague | Madagascar | 2017 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 65.4 | 1.0 |
Polio | Chad | 2011 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84.6 | 3.0 |
Polio | Ethiopia | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 88.5 | 5.0 |
Polio | Nigeria | 2010 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 92.3 | 4.0 |
Polio | Nigeria | 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 65.4 | 1.0 |
Polio | Somalia | 2013 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 65.4 | 2.5 |
Polio | Ukraine | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 80.8 | 2.0 |
Yellow fever | DRC | 2016 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84.6 | 1.0 |
Yellow fever | Uganda | 2010 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 84.6 | 3.0 |