Background
Study 1
Material and method
Participants
Recruitment
Measures
Data analysis
Ethics approval
Results
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Factor 1: was composed by items 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 16, 26, 36 and 33. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.882 (good). Based on the meaning of these items, the first factor was labelled Motivation for health promotion and prevention (MHPP).
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Factor 2: Health esteem (HES).It was composed by items: 4, 14, 44, 9, 19, 10 and 20. In this factor were embedded items from Health esteem and confidence, Health expectation and Health status subscales The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.838 (good).
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Factor 3: Health Image Concern (HIC).It was composed by items: 2, 12, 22, 32 and 42. This factor reproduced the original subscale named the Health Image Concern. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.832 (good).
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Factor 4: Personal health consciousness (PHC).It was composed by items: 11, 21, 31 and 41. This factor substantially reproduced the original subscale named Personal Health Consciousness. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.822 (good).
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Factor 5: Health locus of control (HLC).It was composed by items: 17, 37, 47, 38 and 48. In this factor were embedded items from the Health Internal Control and the Health External Control subscales. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.77 (acceptable).
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Factor 6: Health anxiety (HA).It was composed by items: 3, 13, 23 and 43. This factor reproduced the original subscale named Health Anxiety without item 33. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.797 (acceptable).
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Factor 7: Health Expectations (HEX).It was composed by items 39 and 49. This factor reproduced the original subscale named Health expectation, without items 9, 19 and 29. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.716 (acceptable).
Item HOS | MHPP Factor 1 | HES Factor 2 | HIC Factor 3 | PHC Factor 4 | HLC Factor 5 | HA Factor 6 | HEX Factor 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5. EN: I do things that keep me from becoming physically unhealthy.IT: “Faccio cose che mi preservano dalle malattie fisiche”. | 0.47 | 0.16 | -0.05 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.04 | -0.05 |
15.I am motivated to keep myself from becoming physically unhealthy.IT: Sono molto motivato ad evitare di ammalarmi fisicamente. | 0.56 | 0.10 | -0.09 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.06 |
25. EN: I try to avoid engaging in behaviors that undermine my physical health.IT: Cerco di evitare di assumere comportamenti che possano compromettere la mia salute fisica. | 0.63 | 0.06 | -0.20 | 0.02 | -0.02 | 0.09 | -0.03 |
35. EN: I really want to prevent myself from getting out of shape.IT: Desidero molto evitare di essere fuori forma. | 0.78 | -0.11 | 0.13 | -0.12 | 0.06 | -0.12 | -0.02 |
45.EN: I am motivated to avoid being in terrible physical shape.IT: Sono molto motivato ad evitare di essere in pessima forma fisica. | 0.52 | 0.13 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.10 | -0.10 |
16.EN:I am strongly motivated to devote time and effort to my physical health.IT: Sono fortemente motivato a dedicare tempo e sforzi alla mia salute fisica. | 0.74 | -0.06 | -0.05 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 | -0.15 |
26.EN: I have a strong desire to keep myself physically healthy.IT: Ho un forte desiderio di mantenere la mia salute fisica. | 0.82 | 0.05 | -0.12 | -0.04 | -0.14 | 0.09 | -0.00 |
36.EN: It's really important to me that I keep myself in proper physical health.IT: E’ molto importante per me mantenermi in buona salute fisica. | 0.81 | -0.02 | 0.12 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.11 | -0.06 |
33. EN: I usually worry about whether I am in good health.IT: Di solito mi preoccupo di essere o meno in buona salute. | 0.44 | -0.10 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.04 |
4. EN: I feel confident about the status of my health.IT: Mi sento sicuro di essere in salute. | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.06 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.26 | 0.07 |
14. EN: I rarely become discouraged about my health.IT: Difficilmente mi scoraggio pensando alla mia salute. | 0.12 | 0.46 | -0.05 | 0.13 | 0.09 | -0.17 | 0.15 |
44. EN: I feel that I have handled my health very well.IT: Sento di aver preservato molto bene la mia salute. | 0.15 | 0.60 | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
9. EN: I expect that my health will be excellent in the future.IT: Mi aspetto che la mia salute sarà eccellente nel futuro. | -0.08 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.17 | -0.19 |
19. EN: I believe that the future status of my physical health will be positive.IT: Credo che la mia saluta fisica sarà buona in futuro. | -0.15 | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.05 | -0.12 |
10.EN: I am in good physical health.IT: Sono in buona salute fisica. | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.03 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.15 | 0.15 |
20.EN: My body is in good physical shape.IT: Il mio corpo è in buona forma fisica. | 0.29 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.00 | -0.15 | -0.123 | 0.07 |
2. EN: I sometimes wonder what others think of my physical health.IT: Qualche volta mi chiedo cosa gli altri pensino della mia salute fisica. | -0.04 | -0.02 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | -0.07 |
12. EN: I’m very concerned with how others evaluate my physical health.IT: Sono molto preoccupato di come gli altri giudicano il mio stato di salute fisica. | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.85 | 0.10 | -0.09 | 0.03 | -0.09 |
22. EN: I'm very aware of what others think of my physical health.IT: Sono molto consapevole di cosa gli altri pensino del mio stato di salute fisica. | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 | -0.14 |
32. EN: I'm concerned about how my physical health appears to others.IT: Sono preoccupato di come la mia salute fisica appare agli altri. | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.84 | -0.09 | -0.05 | 0.05 | -0.01 |
42. EN: I'm concerned about what other people think of my physical health.IT: Sono molto preoccupato di cosa le altre persone pensano della mia salute fisica. | -0.13 | 0.13 | 0.73 | -0.05 | -0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 |
11. EN: I notice immediately when my body doesn't feel healthy.IT: Mi accorgo subito quando il mio corpo non si sente in buona salute. | -0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.03 | -0.10 | -0.03 |
21. EN: I'm sensitive to internal bodily cues about my health.IT: Sono sensibile ai segnali interni del mio corpo come indici di salute. | 0.21 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.57 | -0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
31.EN: I know immediately when I'm not feeling in great health.IT: Mi accorgo immediatamente quando non sono in buona salute. | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.74 | -0.03 | 0.03 | -0.05 |
41. EN: I'm very aware of changes in my physical health.IT: Sono molto consapevole dei cambiamenti nella mia salute fisica. | -0.06 | -0.03 | 0.10 | 0.80 | -0.00 | -0.07 | 0.10 |
17. EN: My health is something that I alone am responsible for.IT: La mia salute è qualcosa di cui solo io sono responsabile. | -0.02 | 0.16 | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.56 | 0.14 | -0.10 |
37..EN: What happens to my physical health is my own doing.IT: Ciò che capita alla mia salute fisica è la conseguenza del mio agire. | 0.09 | -0.01 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.59 | -0.13 | 0.14 |
47. EN: Being in good physical health is a matter of my own ability and effort.IT: Il mio essere in buona salute fisica dipende dalla mia abilità e dal mio sforzo. | 0.22 | -0.01 | 0.07 | -0.10 | 0.72 | -0.15 | 0.13 |
38. EN: Being in excellent physical shape has little or nothing to do with luckIT: Godere di un’eccellente forma fisica ha poco o per nulla a che fare con la fortuna. | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.08 | 0.01 | 0.58 | -0.03 | 0.01 |
48. EN: I don't believe that chance or luck play any role in the status of my physical health.IT: Non credo che il caso o la fortuna influenzino il mio stato di salute fisica. | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.17 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.12 | -0.10 |
3. EN: I feel anxious when I think about my health.IT: Mi sento ansioso quando penso alla mia salute. | 0.12 | -0.11 | -0.00 | 0.06 | -0.05 | 0.64 | 0.11 |
13. EN: I'm worried about how healthy my body is.IT: Sono preoccupato del mio stato di salute fisica. | 0.15 | -0.15 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.06 |
23. EN: Thinking about my health leaves me with an uneasy feeling.IT: Pensare alla mia salute mi lascia con una sensazione di disagio. | 0.06 | -0.06 | 0.11 | -0.11 | 0.000 | 0.59 | 0.22 |
43.EN: I feel nervous when I think about the status of my physical health.IT: Mi sento nervoso quando penso al mio stato di salute fisica. | -0.04 | 0.06 | 0.18 | -0.14 | 0.041 | 0.72 | 0.10 |
39. EN: I will probably experience a number of health problems in the future.IT: Probabilmente avrò alcuni problemi di salute in futuro. | -0.13 | 0.08 | -0.09 | 0.02 | -0.00 | 0.28 | 0.65 |
49. EN: I anticipate that my physical health will deteriorate in the future.IT: Prevedo che la mia salute fisica peggiorerà in futuro. | -0.11 | -0.01 | -0.11 | 0.08 | 0.013 | 0.16 | 0.67 |
Italian adaptation HOS | MHPP | HES | HIC | PHC | HLC | HA | HEX |
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MHPP | . | ||||||
HES | .509** | . | |||||
HIC | .006 | −.020 | . | ||||
PHC | .506** | .328** | −.014 | . | |||
HLC | .307** | .251** | .178** | .148* | . | ||
HA | .090 | −.257** | .465** | .103 | .826 | . | |
HEX | .069 | .271** | −.110 | −.162** | −.015 | −.379** | . |
Study 2
Material and method
Participants
Recruitment
Ethics approval
Measures
Results
Item HOS | MHPP Factor 1 | HES Factor 2 | HIC Factor 3 | PHC Factor 4 | HLC Factor 5 | HA Factor 6 | HEX Factor 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5.I do things that keep me from becoming physically unhealthy. | .710 (.042)*** | ||||||
15.I am motivated to keep myself from becoming physically unhealthy. | .799 (.029)*** | ||||||
25.I try to avoid engaging in behaviors that undermine my physical health. | .759 (.032)*** | ||||||
35.I really want to prevent myself from getting out of shape. | .718 (.041)*** | ||||||
45. I am motivated to avoid being in terrible physical shape. | .715 (.042)*** | ||||||
16. I am strongly motivated to devote time and effort to my physical health. | .810 (.030)*** | ||||||
26. I have a strong desire to keep myself physically healthy. | .760 (.037)*** | ||||||
36. It's really important to me that I keep myself in proper physical health. | .724 (.045)*** | ||||||
33.I usually worry about whether I am in good health. | .565 (.057)*** | ||||||
4.I feel confident about the status of my health. | .728 (.050)*** | ||||||
14.I rarely become discouraged about my health. | .567 (.054)*** | ||||||
44.I feel that I have handled my health very well. | .737 (.041)*** | ||||||
9.I expect that my health will be excellent in the future. | .734 (.037)*** | ||||||
19.I believe that the future status of my physical health will be positive. | .757 (.049)*** | ||||||
10. I am in good physical health. | .805 (.030)*** | ||||||
20. My body is in good physical shape. | .786 (.041)*** | ||||||
2.I sometimes wonder what others think of my physical health. | 685 (.055)*** | ||||||
12.I’m very concerned with how others evaluate my physical health. | .877 (.025)*** | ||||||
22.I'm very aware of what others think of my physical health. | .597 (.059)*** | ||||||
32.I'm concerned about how my physical health appears to others. | .871 (.027)*** | ||||||
42.I'm concerned about what other people think of my physical health. | .830 (.035)*** | ||||||
11.I notice immediately when my body doesn't feel healthy. | .824 (.029)*** | ||||||
21.I'm sensitive to internal bodily cues about my health. | .738 (.047)*** | ||||||
31.I know immediately when I'm not feeling in great health | .761 (.047)*** | ||||||
41.I'm very aware of changes in my physical health | .782 (.043)*** | ||||||
17. My health is something that I alone am responsible for | 646 (.052)*** | ||||||
37.What happens to my physical health is my own doing | .798 (.035)*** | ||||||
47.Being in good physical health is a matter of my own ability and effort | .849 (.033)*** | ||||||
38.Being in excellent physical shape has little or nothing to do with luck | .531 (.072)*** | ||||||
48.I don't believe that chance or luck play any role in the status of my physical health | .533 (.069)*** | ||||||
3.I feel anxious when I think about my health | .755 (.036)*** | ||||||
13.I'm worried about how healthy my body is | .667 (.050)*** | ||||||
23.Thinking about my health leaves me with an uneasy feeling | .733 (.047)*** | ||||||
43. I feel nervous when I think about the status of my physical health | .749 (.049)*** | ||||||
39.I will probably experience a number of health problems in the future | .736 (.060)*** | ||||||
49.I anticipate that my physical health will deteriorate in the future | .829 (.041)*** |
Italian adaptation HOS | Cronbach’s alpha | MHPP | HES | HIC | PHC | HLC | HA | HEX |
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MHPP | .911 | . | ||||||
HES | .888 | .737*** | ||||||
HIC | .876 | .390*** | .383*** | |||||
PHC | .857 | .686*** | .614*** | .346*** | ||||
HLC | .815 | .656*** | .584*** | .398*** | .619*** | |||
HA | .818 | .401*** | .180 | .705*** | .4327** | .363*** | ||
HEX | .756 | .248*** | .148 | .428*** | .483*** | .434*** | .723*** |
Factors | M | SD. | T | |
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Factor 1- MHPP | Smokers | 25.14 | 8.01 | t(208) = −2.739 ** |
Nonsmokers | 28.03 | 7.1 | ||
Factor 2 - HES | Smokers | 17.63 | 5.31 | t(209) = −3.387** |
Nonsmokers | 20.11 | 5.17 | ||
Factor 3 - HIC | Smokers | 7.21 | 3.92 | t(213) = −2.468** |
Nonsmokers | 8.64 | 4.29 | ||
Factor 4 - PHC | Smokers | 12.78 | 3.60 | t(210) = .477 |
Nonsmokers | 12.56 | 2.95 | ||
Factor 5 - HLC | Smokers | 13.42 | 3.70 | t(207) = −1.466 |
Nonsmokers | 14.12 | 3.14 | ||
Factor 6 - HA | Smokers | 7.37 | 3.37 | t(211) = −1.419 |
Nonsmokers | 8.06 | 3.56 | ||
Factor 7 - HEX | Smokers | 5.62 | 1.92 | t(217) = −3.451 ** |
Nonsmokers | 6.55 | 1.95 |