Background
Methods
Patients
Laboratory methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Characteristic | No HIV-1 infection (n = 224) | HIV-1 infection (n = 115) | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean weight, kg (SD) | 56.98 | 56.89 | 0.95 |
Number of women, N (%) | 98 (43.8) | 72 (62.6) | 0.001 |
Mean age, years (SD) | 24.7 (9.1) | 29.5 (7.6) | <0.001 |
Mean white blood cell count, *109/L (SD)† | 5.3 (1.9) | 5.1 (1.7) | 0.26 |
Mean hemoglobin, g/L (SD) | 140 (20) | 124 (25) | <0.001 |
Mean Log Viral load HIV-1 RNA copies/μL (SD) | 4.87 (0.64) | ||
Mean (geometric) parasite density/μL (range)† | 9,715 (378-153,120) | 9,566 (390-158,894) | 0.92 |
Mean (geometric) CD4 count baseline/μL (95%CI)‡ | 458 (427-492) | 259 (242-277) | <0.001 |
Mean (geometric) CD4 count day45/μL (95%CI) § | 839 (769-915) | 379 (317-454) | <0.001 |
Low responders to Combined merozoite antigens, N(%) | 42 (18.8) | 35 (30.4) | 0.02 |
Low responders to Combined Variant Surface Antigens¶, N (%) | 68 (30.4) | 33 (28.7) | 0.75 |
Antibody levels to merozoite antigens
Merozoite Blood Stage Antigen | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor | AMA -1 | MSP2 3D7 | MSP2 FC27 | Low Responders | ||||||||||||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
Slope |
P
|
Slope
|
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| OR |
P
| OR |
P
| |
CD4 count day 0
(log
10
/μL)
|
0.68
|
0.03
|
0.9
|
0.003
| 0.04 | 0.86 | -0.02 | 0.92 | 0.21 | 0.38 | - | - | 0.71 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.31 |
Parasite load
(log
10
/μL)
| -0.21 | 0.13 | - | - |
-0.22
|
0.03
|
-0.25
|
0.02
| -0.19 | 0.08 | - | - | 1.59 | 0.05 | - | - |
White Blood cell Count
(*10
9
/L)
| -0.02 | 0.63 | -0.02 | 0.58 | -0.05 | 0.14 | - | - | -0.03 | 0.64 | - | - | 1.03 | 0.21 | 1.03 | 0.82 |
Hemoglobin day 0
(g/L)
|
-0.06
|
0.07
|
-0.1
|
0.01
| -0.05 | 0.03 | - | - | -0.03 | 0.33 | - | - |
1.14
|
0.83
|
0.39
|
0.03
|
Viral load
(log
10
RNA copies/μL)†
| -0.11 | 0.48 | - | - | 0.02 | 0.82 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.45 | - | - | 0.95 | 0.95 | - | - |
Age
(years)
| -0.01 | 0.53 | - | - | 0.003 | 0.74 | - | - | 0.01 | 0.43 | - | - | 1 | 0.9 | - | - |
Gender
| -0.01 | 0.96 | - | - | 0.11 | 0.4 | - | - | 0.12 | 0.4 | - | - | 1.17 | 0.7 | - | - |
Weight
(Kg)
| -0.003 | 0.65 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.09 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.02 | - | - | 1.02 | 0.12 | - | - |
Antibody levels to variant surface antigens
Variant Surface Antigen | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor | VSA E8B | VSA A4 | VSA HCD6 | Low responders | ||||||||||||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||||
Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| Slope |
P
| OR |
P
| OR |
P
| |
CD4 count day 0 (log
10
/μL)
| -0.44 | 0.19 | - | - | -0.41 | 0.23 | - | - | -0.05 | 0.71 | - | - | 1.66 | 0.52 | - | - |
Parasite load (log
10
/μL)*
|
-0.29
|
0.05
|
-0.72
|
0.003
|
-0.3
|
0.04
|
-0.72
|
0.002
|
-0.11
|
0.07
|
-0.24
|
0.005
|
1.78
|
0.12
|
2.17
|
0.05
|
White Blood cell Count
(*10
9
/L)
| 0.07 | 0.21 | - | - | 0.04 | 0.46 | - | - | 0.03 | 0.12 | - | - | 0.83 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 0.07 |
Hemoglobin day 0 (g/L)
| 0.01 | 0.83 | - | - | -0.02 | 0.65 | - | - | 0.001 | 0.97 | - | - | 0.81 | 0.62 | - | - |
Viral load
(log
10
RNA copies/μL)†
| 0.13 | 0.49 | - | -0.05 | 0.77 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.62 | - | - | |||
Age
(years)
| -0.01 | 0.3 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.14 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.14 | - | - | 1.03 | 0.34 | - | - |
Gender
| 0.22 | 0.22 | - | - | 0.17 | 0.36 | - | - | 0.01 | 0.92 | - | - | 0.65 | 0.32 | - | - |
Weight
(Kg)
| -0.01 | 0.12 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.05 | - | - | -0.01 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.19 | 1.02 | 0.16 | - | - |
Malaria humeral immunity and malaria treatment failure
Parasite Isolate/Antigen | Odds Ratio* | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|
VSA E8B
|
0.68
|
0.50-0.94
|
0.02
|
VSA A4
|
0.61
|
0.40-0.92
|
0.02
|
VSA HCD6
|
0.28
|
0.08-0.96
|
0.04
|
AMA-1
| 1 | 0.58-1.75 | 0.98 |
MSP2 type 3D7
| 1.08 | 0.57-2.07 | 0.81 |
MSP2 type FC27
| 1.08 | 0.57-2.07 | 0.81 |