Background
Methods
ISTAPS study
Study population
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
Total | Men (%) | Women (%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size (n) | 2827 | 1413 (50) | 1414 (50) | |
group | ||||
control | 1345 | 699 (47.3) | 676 (47.8) | |
intervention | 1482 | 744 (52.7) | 738 (52.2) | 0.806 |
age (years), mean (SD) | 42.8 (13.6) | 45.9 (14.5) | 39.7 (11.8) |
<0.001
|
social class | ||||
I-II | 491 | 236 (17.4) | 255 (20.1) | |
III-V | 2131 | 1120 (82.6) | 1011 (79.9) | 0.073 |
alcohol intake*, mean (SD) | 6.0 (10.3) | 9.2 (12.7) | 2.8 (5.9) |
<0.001
|
physical exercise | ||||
never | 1569 | 760 (54.3) | 809 (57.9) | |
≥ 1 per week | 1228 | 639 (45.7) | 589 (42.1) | 0.059 |
age at smoking initation, mean (SD) | 16.7 (4.5) | 16.0 (3.9) | 17.5 (5.0) |
<0.001
|
n° cig/day, mean (SD) | 20.4 (10.8) | 22.1 (11.5) | 18.7 (9.8) |
<0.001
|
Fagerström test scores, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.5) | 4.3 (2.5) |
0.002
|
Richmond test scores, mean (SD) | 6.3 (2.7) | 6.3 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.7) | 0.191 |
smoker partner | ||||
yes | 1183 | 499 (41.2) | 684 (59.6) | |
no | 1174 | 711 (58.8) | 463 (40.4) |
<0.001
|
smoker friends | ||||
yes | 2477 | 1242 (89.7) | 1235 (89.4) | |
no | 288 | 142 (10.3) | 146 (10.6) | 0.788 |
stage | ||||
pre-contemplation | 643 | 326 (23.4) | 317 (22.9) | |
contemplation | 1455 | 688 (49.5) | 767 (55.4) | |
preparation | 554 | 302 (21.7) | 252 (18.2) | |
action | 123 | 75 (5.4) | 48 (3.5) |
0.002
|
No. of previous attempts to quit lasting ≥ 24 hrs | ||||
0 | 812 | 356 (25.6) | 456 (32.8) | |
1 | 511 | 254 (18.2) | 257 (18.5) | |
2 | 403 | 186 (13.4) | 217 (15.6) | |
3 | 298 | 153 (11.0) | 145 (10.4) | |
4 | 170 | 87 (6.3) | 83 (6.0) | |
5 | 588 | 356 (25.5) | 232 (16.7) |
<0.001
|
reduction no. cig over last month | ||||
yes | 1453 | 722 (52.2) | 731 (53.2) | |
no | 1303 | 660 (47.8) | 643 (46.8) | 0.614 |
importance of quitting smoking (rank 0-10), mean (SD) | 7.8 (2.6) | 7.8 (2.6) | 7.9 (2.5) | 0.169 |
confidence in quitting smoking (rank 0-10), mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.1) | 5.1 (3.1) | 4.6 (3.2) |
<0.001
|
readiness to quit smoking (rank 0-10), mean (SD) | 5.1 (3.1) | 5.4 (3.1) | 4.8 (3.1) |
<0.001
|
tobacco-related disease | ||||
yes | 1171 | 692 (52.0) | 479 (36.2) | |
no | 1481 | 638 (48.0) | 843 (63.8) |
<0.001
|
Baseline (restricted to individuals from whom information is available at one year) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control n (%) = 703 (48.2) | Intervention n (%) = 754 (51.8) | |||||||
total
|
men
|
women
|
p-value
|
total
|
men
|
women
|
p-value
| |
no. cig/day, mean (SD) | 20.2 (10.6) | 22.1 (11.6) | 18.7 (9.4) |
<0.001
| 20.7 (10.5) | 22.1 (10.9) | 19.5 (10.0) |
0.001
|
Fagerström test scores, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.5) | 4.8 (2.6) | 4.3 (2.5) |
0.004
| 4.7 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.5) | 4.7 (2.5) | 0.609 |
Richmond test scores, mean (SD) | 6.0 (2.7) | 6.1 (2.7) | 5.9 (2.8) | 0.198 | 6.2 (2.8) | 6.2 (2.8) | 6.3 (2.7) | 0.755 |
stage | ||||||||
pre-contemplation | 176 | 73 (3.3) | 103 (27.3) | 178 | 92 (27.6) | 86 (21.0) | ||
contemplation | 376 | 166 (53.0) | 210 (55.7) | 397 | 156 (46.8) | 241 (58.9) | ||
preparation | 121 | 64 (20.4) | 57 (15.1) | 139 | 69 (0.7) | 70 (17.1) | ||
action | 17 | 10 (3.2) | 7 (1.9) | 0.151 | 28 | 16 (4.8) | 12 (2.9) |
0.010
|
reduction no. cig over last month | ||||||||
yes | 365 | 174 (55.1) | 191 (50.1) | 370 | 153 (47.2) | 217 (53.8) | ||
no | 332 | 142 (44.9) | 190 (49.9) | 0.194 | 357 | 171 (52.8) | 186 (46.2) | 0.076 |
importance of quitting smoking, mean (SD) | 7.7 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.8 (2.6) | 0.181 | 7.7 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.8) | 7.9 (2.5) | 0.195 |
confidence in quitting smoking, mean (SD) | 4.4 (3.1) | 4.5 (3.0) | 4.3 (3.1) | 0.474 | 4.8 (3.1) | 5.2 (3.0) | 4.4 (3.1) |
<0.001
|
readiness to quit smoking, mean (SD) | 4.6 (3.0) | 4.8 (2.9) | 4.5 (3.1) | 0.146 | 4.9 (3.1) | 5.2 (3.2) | 4.7 (3.0) |
0.048
|
One-year follow-up
| ||||||||
Control n (%) = 703 (48.2)
|
Intervention n (%) = 754 (51.8)
| |||||||
total
|
men
|
women
|
p-value
|
total
|
men
|
women
|
p-value
| |
no. cig/day, mean (SD) | 16.9 (9.9) | 18.3 (11.2) | 15.8 (8.5) |
0.009
| 15.9 (9.5) | 17.0 (10.5) | 15.1 (8.6) |
0.013
|
Fagerström test scores, mean (SD) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
Richmond test scores, mean (SD) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
stage | ||||||||
pre-contemplation | 226 | 97 (30.7) | 129 (33.8) | 219 | 97 (28.8) | 122 (29.3) | ||
contemplation | 252 | 112 835.4) | 140 (36.6) | 307 | 129 (38.3) | 178 (42.8) | ||
preparation | 220 | 107 (33.9) | 113 (29.6) | 0.454 | 227 | 111 (32.9) | 116 (27.9) | 0.283 |
reduction no. cig over last month | ||||||||
yes | 348 | 157 (49.7) | 191 (50.5) | 382 | 168 (50.3) | 214 (51.8) | ||
no | 346 | 159 (50.3) | 187 (49.5) | 0.824 | 365 | 166 (49.7) | 199 (48.2) | 0.680 |
importance of quitting smoking, mean (SD) | 8.0 (2.5) | 8.0 (2.4) | 8.1 (2.5) | 0.524 | 8.0 (2.4) | 7.9 (2.4) | 8.0 (2.4) | 0.749 |
confidence in quitting smoking, mean (SD) | 4.3 (3.1) | 4.5 (3.0) | 4.1 (3.1) |
0.044
| 4.2 (2.9) | 4.4 (2.9) | 4.1 (2.9) | 0.206 |
readiness to quit smoking, mean (SD) | 4.3 (2.9) | 4.7 (2.9) | 4.0 (3.0) |
0.002
| 4.4 (2.9) | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.1 (2.8) |
0.001
|
Men one-year follow-up | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
N°cig/day | importance of quitting | Confidence in quitting | Readiness to quit | |
Coefficient (robust SE†) | Coefficient (robust SE†) | Coefficient (robust SE†) | Coefficient (robust SE†) | |
no. cig/day | 0.5 (0.05)*** | |||
Fagerström test scores | 0.7 (0.19)*** | -0.3 (0.05)*** | -0.2 (0.05)** | |
Richmond test scores | 0.2 (0.05)*** | |||
importance of quitting | 0.2 (0.04)*** | |||
confidence in quitting | 0.3 (0.04)*** | 0.2 (0.05)** | ||
readiness to quit | -0.4 (0.12)*** | -0.1 (0.04)* | 0.1 (0.05)** | |
Women
one-year follow-up
| ||||
N°cig/day
‡
|
Importance of quitting
|
Confidence in quitting
|
Readiness to quit
| |
Coefficient
(SE)
|
Coefficient
(robust SE
†
)
|
Coefficient
(robust SE
†
)
|
Coefficient
(robust SE
†
)
| |
physical exercise > = 1 per week [ref.never] | -1.8 (0.49)*** | |||
no. cig/day | 0.4 (0.03)*** | |||
Fagerström test scores | 0.4 (0.13)*** | -0.2 (0.04)*** | -0.2 (0.04)*** | |
Richmond test scores | 0.1 (0.04)*** | |||
Importance of quitting | 0.3 (0.04)*** | |||
confidence in quitting | -0.2 (0.10)* | -0.1 (0.03)*** | 0.3 (0.04)*** | |
readiness to quit | -0.2 (0.10)* | 0.2 (0.04)*** |
Unadjusted OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects
| |||
gender | |||
men | 1 | 1 | |
women | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.696 |
group | |||
control |
1
|
1
| |
intervention |
1.9 (1.4-2.6)
|
1.7 (1.2-2.4)
|
0.001
|
age (years) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) |
0.011
|
alcohol intake | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) |
0.003
|
no. cig/day | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) |
0.003
|
Fagerström test scores | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) |
0.9 (0.8-0.9)
|
<0.001
|
Richmond test scores |
1.2 (1.1-1.2)
| 1.1 (1.0-1.2) |
0.002
|
confidence in quitting smoking |
1.1 (1.1-1.2)
| 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 0.091 |
readiness to quit smoking |
1.2 (1.1-1.2)
| 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 0.207 |
Random effects parameter
|
Estimate (95%CI)
| ||
Variance (BCU) (2 level) |
0.2 (0.1-0.7)
|