Background
Methods
Study population
Sample size
Selection and randomization of study groups
Oral health education intervention and follow up
Data collection methods
Data organization and analyses
Results
School | Gender | DLa | TLb | PLc | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public | Male | 81 (35.07) | 69 (29.87) | 81 (35.07) | 231 (48.33) |
Female | 73 (29.55) | 85 (34.41) | 89 (36.03) | 247 (51.67) | |
Total | 154 (32.22) | 154 (32.22) | 170 (35.56) | 478 (51.12) | |
Private | Male | 70 (32.11) | 76 (34.86) | 72 (33.03) | 218 (47.70) |
Female | 79 (33.05) | 77 (32.22) | 83 (34.73) | 239 (52.30) | |
Total | 149 (32.60) | 153 (33.48) | 155 (33.92) | 457 (48.88) | |
Grand Total | 303 (32.41) | 307 (32.83) | 325 (34.76) | 935 (100.0) |
Comparability of the study groups at baseline
The pertinent findings of the study
Oral Health Education Strategy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domain or Composite Index | Cumulative (n = 935) | Dentist-led (n = 303) | Teacher-led (n = 307) | Peer-led (n = 325) | |
K-Dent (Score: 3) | BL | 1.28 (1.16–1.37) | 1.25 (1.08–1.43) | 1.35 (1.17–1.52) | 1.23 (1.05–1.40) |
I | 1.63 (1.50–1.71) | 1.56 (1.37–1.74) | 1.50 (1.31–1.68) | 1.82 (1.64–2.00) | |
II | 1.46 (1.37–1.55) | 1.42 (1.24–1.59) | 1.40 (1.22–1.58) | 1.55 (1.44–1.65) | |
III | 2.69 (2.57–2.79) | 2.82 (2.63–3.00) | 2.68 (2.50–2.80) | 2.57 (2.41–2.73) | |
IV | 2.14 (2.03–2.25) | 1.95 (1.74–2.16) | 2.34 (2.13–2.49) | 2.12 (1.90–2.33) | |
K-Caries (Score: 4) | BL | 0.49 (0.41–0.56) | 0.42 (0.32–0.52) | 0.57 (0.47–0.67) | 0.49 (0.40–0.59) |
I | 0.73 (0.65–0.80) | 0.68 (0.58–0.77) | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | |
II | 0.66 (0.60–0.75) | 0.57 (0.50–0.64) | 0.68 (0.61–0.76) | 0.73 (0.65–0.80) | |
III | 1.45 (1.37–1.51) | 1.42 (1.25–1.59) | 1.38 (1.21–1.55) | 1.55 (1.38–1.72) | |
IV | 1.20 (1.14–1.28) | 1.13 (1.01–1.24) | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) | |
K-Gingivitis (Score: 2) | BL | 0.39 (0.33–0.45) | 0.42 (0.36–0.48) | 0.39 (0.33–0.45) | 0.37 (0.31–0.43) |
I | 0.62 (0.55–0.67) | 0.69 (0.59–0.80) | 0.48 (0.38–0.59) | 0.68 (0.57–0.78) | |
II | 0.52 (0.46–0.58) | 0.57 (0.48–0.65) | 0.44 (0.35–0.53) | 0.56 (0.48–0.65) | |
III | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.16 (0.99–1.32) | |
IV | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 1.05 (0.93–1.17) | |
K-Cancer (Score: 3) | BL | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) | 0.21 (0.15–0.26) | 0.29 (0.24–0.35) | 0.24 (0.19–0.29) |
I | 0.60 (0.52–0.67) | 0.73 (0.59–0.86) | 0.45 (0.32–0.58) | 0.61 (0.48–0.75) | |
II | 0.37 (0.29–0.44) | 0.35 (0.24–0.46) | 0.37 (0.30–0.43) | 0.38 (0.31–0.46) | |
III | 1.15 (1.11–1.26) | 1.29 (1.09–1.49) | 0.94 (0.74–1.13) | 1.23 (1.03–1.42) | |
IV | 1.07 (0.98–1.14) | 1.21 (1.04–1.39) | 0.82 (0.65–0.99) | 1.17 (1.00–1.34) | |
OHK-Composite (Score: 12) | BL | 2.41 (2.15–2.66) | 2.29 (2.05–2.54) | 2.59 (2.32–2.86) | 2.36 (2.12–2.60) |
I | 3.57 (3.28–3.86) | 3.66 (3.43–3.89) | 3.16 (2.84–3.48) | 3.90 (3.61–4.19) | |
II | 3.01 (2.73–3.30) | 2.91 (2.64–3.18) | 2.89 (2.66–3.12) | 3.22 (2.98–3.46) | |
III | 6.42 (6.16–6.68) | 6.69 (6.37–7.02) | 6.01 (5.68–6.35) | 6.55 (6.25–6.86) | |
IV | 5.41 (5.14–5.62) | 5.33 (4.80–5.87) | 5.32 (4.79–5.85) | 5.58 (5.05–6.11) | |
Attitudes (Score: 2) | BL | 1.92 (1.90–1.93) | 1.95 (1.91–1.98) | 1.92 (1.89–1.95) | 1.88 (1.85–1.91) |
I | 1.95 (1.94–1.97) | 1.96 (1.94–1.99) | 1.94 (1.92–1.97) | 1.95 (1.92–1.97) | |
II | 1.95 (1.93–1.96) | 1.95 (1.92–1.98) | 1.96 (1.93–1.98) | 1.93 (1.90–1.96) | |
III | 1.97 (1.96–1.99) | 1.97 (1.95–1.99) | 1.97 (1.95–1.99) | 1.98 (1.96–2.00) | |
IV | 1.96 (1.94–1.97) | 1.97 (1.95–1.99) | 1.95 (1.92–1.97) | 1.95 (1.93–1.98) | |
OHB-Gingivitis (Score: 6) | BL | 1.64 (1.50–1.79) | 1.56 (1.37–1.74) | 1.75 (1.57–1.94) | 1.62 (1.44–1.80) |
I | 2.25 (2.13–2.41) | 2.25 (2.07–2.42) | 2.14 (1.97–2.31) | 2.37 (2.20–2.54) | |
II | 2.08 (1.95–2.23) | 2.01 (1.92–2.13) | 2.04 (1.86–2.22) | 2.20 (2.11–2.29) | |
III | 3.88 (3.73–4.02) | 3.76 (3.58–3.94) | 3.71 (3.45–3.97) | 4.18 (4.01–4.36) | |
IV | 3.83 (3.69–3.97) | 3.65 (3.48–3.83) | 3.73 (3.55–3.92) | 4.10 (3.96–4.25) | |
OHB-Cancer (Score: 6) | BL | 1.81 (1.64–1.97) | 1.84 (1.62–2.05) | 1.80 (1.62–1.98) | 1.78 (1.57–2.00) |
I | 2.04 (1.94–2.18) | 2.12 (2.02–2.23) | 2.00 (1.89–2.11) | 1.99 (1.84–2.14) | |
II | 1.95 (1.88–2.22) | 2.03 (1.67–2.17) | 1.92 (1.75–2.26) | 1.90 (1.91–2.42) | |
III | 3.77 (3.61–3.93) | 3.88 (3.60–4.26) | 3.50 (3.12–3.79) | 3.94 (3.59–4.26) | |
IV | 3.61 (3.42–3.77) | 3.66 (3.42–3.87) | 3.39 (3.18–3.63) | 3.79 (3.59–4.04) | |
OHB-Composite (Score: 12) | BL | 3.42 (3.18–3.72) | 3.39 (3.09–3.69) | 3.59 (3.29–3.89) | 3.42 (3.12–3.71) |
I | 4.29 (4.00–4.58) | 4.37 (4.09–4.65) | 4.14 (3.81–4.46) | 4.36 (4.09–4.63) | |
II | 4.03 (3.74–4.32) | 4.04 (3.83–4.26) | 3.96 (3.73–4.20) | 4.10 (3.92–4.28) | |
III | 7.66 (7.36–7.95) | 7.64 (7.35–7.99) | 7.21 (6.89–7.53) | 8.12 (7.86–8.38) | |
IV | 7.44 (7.15–7.72) | 7.30 (6.97–7.47) | 7.14 (6.82–7.47) | 7.92 (7.60–8.24) | |
DMFT-Composite | BL | 0.16 (0.11–0.21) | 0.13 (0.07–0.19) | 0.19 (0.13–0.26) | 0.17 (0.11–0.23) |
I | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | 0.13 (0.07–0.20) | 0.19 (0.13–0.26) | 0.17 (0.11–0.23) | |
II | 0.20 (0.15–0.24) | 0.17 (0.10–0.24) | 0.22 (0.15–0.28) | 0.20 (0.14–0.27) | |
III | 0.28 (0.23–0.33) | 0.25 (0.17–0.33) | 0.30 (0.22–0.38) | 0.29 (0.21–0.36) | |
IV | 0.30 (0.25–0.35) | 0.31 (0.26–0.36) | 0.31 (0.26–0.36) | 0.29 (0.21–0.36) | |
OHS-Composite | BL | 3.64 (3.06–4.22) | 4.20 (3.52–4.88) | 3.49 (2.81–4.16) | 3.46 (2.79–4.13) |
I | 3.12 (2.55–3.68) | 3.59 (3.02–4.16) | 3.12 (2.55–3.68) | 3.06 (2.47–3.65) | |
II | 2.63 (2.08–3.19) | 3.09 (2.68–3.50) | 2.77 (2.36–3.18) | 2.56 (2.16–2.96) | |
III | 4.44 (3.86–5.02) | 4.60 (4.15–5.06) | 4.56 (4.11–5.01) | 4.68 (4.23–5.12) | |
IV | 4.85 (4.29–5.41) | 5.20 (4.66–5.74) | 4.86 (4.32–5.39) | 5.00 (4.47–5.53) |
Cumulative score | DLa | TLb | PLc | Statistical Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 935) | (n = 303) | (n = 307) | (n = 325) | |||
K-Dent (Score: 3) | I vs BL | 11.66* | 10.33* | 5.00 | 19.66** | I > BL |
I vs II | 5.66 | 4.66 | 3.33 | 9.00* | I > II | |
III vs II | 41.00** | 46.66** | 42.66** | 34.00** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 18.33** | 29.00** | 11.33* | 15.00** | III > IV | |
K-Caries (Score: 4) | I vs BL | 6.00 | 6.50 | 4.00 | 7.50* | I > BL |
I vs II | 1.75 | 2.75 | 1.25 | 1.50 | NS | |
III vs II | 19.75** | 21.25** | 17.50** | 20.50** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 6.25 | 7.25* | 3.50 | 8.25* | III > IV | |
K-Gingivitis (Score: 2) | I vs BL | 11.50* | 13.50* | 4.50 | 15.50** | I > BL |
I vs II | 5.00 | 6.00 | 2.00 | 6.00 | NS | |
III vs II | 30.00** | 31.50** | 28.50** | 30.00** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 8.00* | 11.50* | 8.00* | 5.50 | III > IV | |
K-Cancer (Score: 3) | I vs BL | 11.66* | 17.33** | 5.33 | 12.33* | I > BL |
I vs II | 7.66* | 12.66* | 2.66 | 7.66* | I > II | |
III vs II | 26.00** | 31.33** | 19.00** | 28.33** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 2.66 | 2.66 | 4.00 | 2.00 | NS | |
OHK-Composite (Score: 12) | I vs BL | 9.66* | 11.42* | 4.75 | 12.83* | I > BL |
I vs II | 4.66 | 6.25 | 2.25 | 5.66 | I > II | |
III vs II | 28.42** | 31.50** | 26.00** | 27.75** | III > II | |
III vs V | 8.42* | 11.33* | 5.75 | 8.08* | III > IV | |
OHB-Gingivitis (Score: 6) | I vs BL | 10.17* | 11.50* | 6.50 | 12.50* | I > BL |
I vs II | 2.83 | 4.00 | 1.67 | 2.83 | NS | |
III vs II | 30.00** | 29.17** | 27.83** | 33.00** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 0.83 | 1.83 | −0.33 | 1.33 | NS | |
OHB-Cancer (Score: 6) | I vs BL | 3.83 | 4.67 | 3.33 | 3.50 | NS |
I vs II | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.33 | 1.50 | NS | |
III vs II | 30.33** | 30.83** | 26.33** | 34.00** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 2.67 | 3.67 | 1.83 | 2.50 | NS | |
OHB-Composite (Score: 12) | I vs BL | 7.25* | 8.17* | 4.58 | 7.83* | I > BL |
I vs II | 2.17 | 2.75 | 1.50 | 2.17 | NS | |
III vs II | 30.25** | 30.00** | 27.08** | 33.50** | III > II | |
III vs IV | 1.83 | 2.83 | 0.58 | 1.67 | NS | |
OHS-Composite (Score: 12) | I vs BL | 4.33 | 5.08 | 3.08 | 3.33 | NS |
I vs II | 4.08 | 4.17 | 2.92 | 4.17 | NS | |
III vs II | 15.08** | 12.58** | 14.92** | 17.67** | III > II | |
IV vs III | 3.42 | 5.00 | 2.50 | 2.67 | NS |
Effect Size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (CI)a | ||||
Evaluation I | Evaluation II | Evaluation III | Evaluation IV | |
K-Dent | 1.27 | 1.10 | 2.12 | 1.69 |
(1.18–1.37) | (1.04–1.18) | (2.01–2.24) | (1.60–1.79) | |
K-Caries | 1.50 | 1.38 | 2.96 | 2.49 |
(1.33–1.68) | (1.23–1.55) | (2.80–3.15) | (2.21–2.81) | |
K- Gingivitis | 1.57 | 1.33 | 2.86 | 2.44 |
(1.36–1.80) | (1.15–1.54) | (2.64–3.10) | (2.25–2.63) | |
K-Cancer | 2.53 | 1.56 | 4.79 | 4.51 |
(2.07–3.06) | (1.18–2.05) | (3.58–6.40) | (3.37–6.02) | |
OHK-Composite | 1.49 | 1.24 | 2.68 | 2.26 |
(1.35–1.67) | (1.12–1.36) | (2.48–2.90) | (2.09–2.44) | |
OHB-Gingivitis | 1.38 | 1.27 | 2.36 | 2.33 |
(1.29–1.48) | (1.18–1.36) | (2.19–2.53) | (2.17–2.50) | |
OHB Cancer | 1.14 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 2.00 |
(1.05–1.24) | (1.01–1.20) | (1.93–2.26) | (1.85–2.17) | |
OHB-Composite | 1.26 | 1.18 | 2.22 | 2.17 |
(1.18–1.33) | (1.11–1.25) | (2.08–2.37) | (2.03–2.31) | |
OHS-Composite | 0.87 | 0.75 | 1.37 | 1.49 |
(0.79–0.97) | (0.66–0.85) | (1.25–1.51) | (1.38-1.60) |