Introduction
Health implications of work-related exposure to ICT
Social implications of work-related exposure to ICT
The role of socioeconomic position
The role of age
Developing models for ICT exposure and health
Methods
Study sample
Measures
ICT exposure: ICT use and digital work intensification
Physical and mental health
Work ability
Education
Stratification by socioeconomic position
Job requirement level | Normally required vocational qualification | |
---|---|---|
1 | Unskilled or semi-skilled activities | No vocational qualification, or regular one-year vocational training, required |
2 | Specialist activities | At least two years of vocational training, also graduation from vocational school |
3 | Complex specialist activities | Qualification as master craftsman or technician or equivalent technical school or college graduation, also graduation from a professional academy or university bachelor's degree |
4 | Highly complex activities | Completed university studies of at least four years |
Control variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptives
Characteristics of participants
Total study sample n = 3180 | Unskilled and semi-skilled n = 224 (7.1%b) | Specialist n = 1728 (55.2%) | Complex specialist n = 593 (18.9%) | Highly complex n = 588 (18.8%) | p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
1959 | 1406 (44.3) | 122 (54.5) | 748 (43.4) | 266 (44.9) | 246 (41.8) | |
1965 | 1770 (55.7) | 102 (45.5) | 977 (56.6) | 326 (55.1) | 342 (58.2) | |
Sex n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Men | 1438 (45.2) | 56 (25.0) | 702 (40.6) | 305 (51.4) | 350 (59.5) | |
Women | 1742 (54.8) | 168 (75.0) | 1026 (59.4) | 288 (48.6) | 238 (40.5) | |
Education n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 664 (21.0) | 121 (54.8) | 452 (26.4) | 61 (10.4) | 15 (2.6) | |
Medium | 1777 (56.3) | 85 (38.5) | 1146 (66.8) | 392 (66.6) | 132 (22.5) | |
High | 718 (22.7) | 15 (6.8) | 117 (6.8) | 136 (23.1) | 440 (75.0) | |
Digital affinity n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Low (0–2) | 1883 (59.2) | 171 (76.3) | 1108 (64.1) | 285 (48.1) | 294 (50.0) | |
High (3–4) | 1297 (40.8) | 53 (23.7) | 620 (35.9) | 308 (51.9) | 294 (50.0) |
ICT exposure in the total sample and different job requirement levels
Total study sample n = 3180 (103.6%) n = 3133 (100.0%) | Unskilled/semi-skilled n = 259 (7.5%) | Specialist n = 1907 (55.2%) | Complex specialist n = 653 (18.9%) | Highly complex n = 637 (18.4%) | F | p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICT EXPOSURE | |||||||
ICT use (range 0–4) mean (SD) | 1.53 (0.92) | 0.39 (0.58) | 1.29 (0.81) | 1.96 (0.77) | 2.25 (0.68) | 315.56 | < 0.001 |
Digital work intensification (range 1–5) mean (SD) | 2.58 (1.20) | 1.69 (1.05) | 2.50 (1.21) | 2.74 (1.15) | 2.82 (1.13) | 37.77 | < 0.001 |
Outcomes | |||||||
Physical health (range 0–100) mean (SD) | 48.16 (9.12) | 44.13 (9.37) | 46.96 (8.98) | 49.76 (8.97) | 51.52 (8.37) | 49.16 | < 0.001 |
Mental health (range 0–100) mean (SD) | 51.68 (9.85) | 50.69 (11.41) | 51.65 (9.74) | 52.22 (9.99) | 51.61 (9.34) | 0.64 | n.s |
Work ability (range 2–10) mean (SD) | 7.78 (1.54) | 7.25 (1.70) | 7.66 (1.53) | 8.03 (1.47) | 8.05 (1.51) | 18.31 | < 0.001 |
Outcomes
Correlations
ICT use
Physical health | Mental health | Work ability | |
---|---|---|---|
Unskilled/semi-skilled | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Specialist | 0.11** | 0.00 | 0.09** |
Complex specialist | 0.10* | − 0.04 | 0.08 |
Highly complex | 0.09* | − 0.02 | 0.07 |
Total study sample | 0.21** | 0.02 | 0.14** |
Digital work intensification
Physical health | Mental health | Work ability | |
---|---|---|---|
Unskilled/semi-skilled | 0.04 | − 0.20** | − 0.13 |
Specialist | 0.02 | − 0.18** | − 0.21** |
Complex specialist | − 0.04 | − 0.22** | − 0.27** |
Highly complex | − 0.01 | − 0.26** | − 0.27** |
Total study sample | 0.04* | − 0.20** | − 0.21** |
Multiple regression analyses
Job requirement level | Physical health | Mental health | Work ability | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | β | B | 95% CI | β | B | 95% CI | β | |
Unskilled/semi-skilled | |||||||||
ICT use | 1.16 | [− 2.22, 4.55] | 0.08 | 1.33 | [− 2.61, 5.26] | 0.07 | 0.35 | [− 0.20, 0.89] | 0.14 |
Digital work intensification | 0.25 | [− 1.68, 2.17] | 0.03 | − 2.82** | [− 5.06, − 0.59] | − 0.26 | − 0.35* | [− 0.66, − 0.04] | − 0.23 |
∆ R2 = 0.01 | ∆ R2 = 0.05 | ∆ R2 = 0.04 | |||||||
n = 138 | n = 138 | n = 139 | |||||||
Specialist | |||||||||
ICT use | 1.46*** | [0.80, 2.12] | 0.12 | 1.19*** | [0.49, 1.89] | 0.09 | 0.40*** | [0.29, 0.50] | 0.20 |
Digital work intensification | − 0.26 | [− 0.66, 0.14] | − 0.04 | − 1.71*** | [− 2.13, − 1.28] | − 0.21 | − 0.38*** | [− 0.44, − 0.32] | − 0.30 |
∆ R2 = 0.01 | ∆ R2 = 0.04 | ∆ R2 = 0.08 | |||||||
n = 1661 | n = 1661 | n = 1664 | |||||||
Complex specialist | |||||||||
ICT use | 0.69 | [− 0.34, 1.71] | 0.06 | 0.79 | [− 0.33, 1.91] | 0.06 | 0.21** | [0.05, 0.38] | 0.11 |
Digital work intensification | − 0.52 | [− 1.16, 0.12] | − 0.07 | − 2.09*** | [− 2.78, − 1.39] | − 0.24 | − 0.40*** | [− 0.50, − 0.29] | − 0.31 |
∆ R2 = 0.01 | ∆ R2 = 0.06 | ∆ R2 = 0.09 | |||||||
n = 612 | n = 612 | n = 612 | |||||||
Highly complex | |||||||||
ICT use | 1.01 | [− 0.07, 2.09] | 0.08 | 0.02 | [− 1.14, 1.19] | 0.00 | 0.19* | [0.01, 0.38] | 0.09 |
Digital work intensification | − 0.20 | [− 0.82, 0.41] | − 0.03 | − 2.26*** | [− 2.92, − 1.59] | − 0.27 | − 0.39*** | [− 0.50, − 0.28] | − 0.29 |
∆ R2 = 0.01 | ∆ R2 = 0.07 | ∆ R2 = 0.08 | |||||||
n = 620 | n = 620 | n = 619 | |||||||
Total study sample | |||||||||
ICT use | 0.99*** | [0.79, 1.19] | 0.19 | 0.47*** | [0,25, 0.68] | 0.08 | 0.19*** | [0,16, 0.23] | 0.22 |
Digital work intensification | − 0.17 | [− 0.45, 0.11] | − 0.02 | − 1.82*** | [− 2,12, − 1,51] | − 0.22 | − 0.35*** | [− 0,40, − 0.31] | − 0.28 |
∆ R2 = 0.03 | ∆ R2 = 0.05 | ∆ R2 = 0.09 | |||||||
n = 3078 | n = 3078 | n = 3081 |