The aim of the study was to assess the rate of neoangiogenesis in extraction wound healing following exposure to biostimulating laser therapy and to analyze the correlation between parameters of neoangiogenesis as reflected by the number and surface area of newly formed blood vessels and clinical parameters such as gender, position of a tooth in the oral cavity, and CD4 lymphocyte count. Twenty-seven patients with confirmed HIV infection were enrolled in the study (6 women, 21 men). Eighty-nine teeth were extracted; 45 sockets were exposed to 6 J laser radiation (laser parameters were set as follows: wavelength, 820 nm; output, 200 mW; dose, 6 J/cm2; spot size, 38 mm2; continuous radiation) for five consecutive days following tooth extraction, and the remaining extraction wounds were left to heal spontaneously without laser irradiation. Antigen CD34 was assessed by immunohistochemistry as a marker of angiogenesis, and its expression was examined by computer-assisted histomorphometric image analysis. As a result, we report that biostimulating laser therapy in HIV-infected patients of varying degrees of immunodeficiency greatly accelerated post-extraction neoangiogenesis, regardless of the patient's gender, tooth position, number of roots, or number of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood. Application of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of tooth extraction wounds in HIV(+) patients greatly enhanced the formation of new blood vessels, which in turn promoted wound healing.
Introduction
An estimated 33 million people worldwide live with HIV, with almost 97 % of them living in developing countries [1]. HIV infection remains asymptomatic for a long period of time, and clinical manifestation is subtle and nonspecific. However, the virus systematically destroys the immune system, including the CD4+ T lymphocytes of the infected individual [2].
Oral lesions are one of the first symptoms reported by people living with HIV/AIDS, and apart from the symptoms of acute HIV infection, they are often the first clinical manifestation of the disease [3, 4].
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The likelihood of rendering care to HIV-infected people at a dental clinic is high even though very few people declare their HIV-positive status. The oral cavity should be routinely examined for HIV-related oral lesions and signs of the full-blown AIDS which most often involve oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and several types of periodontal diseases [5‐7]. HIV-infected patients also face more serious health issues that require professional dental intervention and care.
Laser biostimulation is a proven and safe form of therapy [8]. One of the main advantages of biostimulating laser is increase in the activity and number of T lymphocytes that produce cytokines uniquely responsible for tissue regeneration. Increase in lymphocyte activity stimulates phagocytic activity of macrophages [9], which is of primary importance for wound healing in the oral cavity inhabited by a large number of potential pathogens [10, 11]. Laser radiation also promotes fibroblast activity and stimulates collagen synthesis, which accelerates connective tissue wound healing and ensures better properties of newly formed collagen. Acceleration of tissue regeneration induced by laser biostimulation is associated with neoangiogenesis activation and the resulting increase in tissue oxygen partial pressure, which in turn enhances mitosis [12].
The aim of the present study was to assess neoangiogenesis process following extraction of a tooth in HIV-positive patients. Sockets were selected at random and subjected to low-level laser radiation so that some of them were healed after exposure to laser radiation and others healed spontaneously. Tissue specimens were collected from the patient's oral mucosa 5 days following dental surgery. Correlations between post-extraction neoangiogenesis reflected by surface area and the number of newly formed blood vessels and clinical parameters such as gender, position of a tooth in the mouth, sector in the oral cavity, and the number of CD4 lymphocytes were analyzed.
Materials and methods
Patients
Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in the study, including 6 women and 21 men with confirmed HIV infection. Due to varied dental reasons (advanced decay, strong tooth loosening caused by inflammation of periodontal tissues), 89 teeth were extracted—22 teeth from the maxilla and 67 from the mandible. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. HIV-infected patients were grouped according to the 1993 CDC Classification System [13]: seven patients with CD4 lymphocyte count >500/ml, eight patients with CD4 lymphocyte count in the range of 200 to 499/ml, and seven patients with CD4 lymphocyte count <200/ml. Due to clot formation in blood specimens, in five patients the number of CD4 lymphocytes was impossible to determine.
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Procedure
The device used in the study was Doris CTL 1106MX (diode laser; output, 5–250 mW; wavelength, 820 nm) by Laser Instruments (Warsaw, Poland). Laser parameters were set as follows: wavelength, 820 nm; output, 200 mW; dose, 6 J/cm2; and spot size, 38 mm2. Forty-five sockets were exposed to laser radiation, and the remaining 44 post-extraction wounds healed spontaneously with no additional perioperative or postoperative treatment. All except two of the patients' sockets were subjected to both low-level laser therapy and left to heal spontaneously. The adjacent sites were not treated with laser. No additional topical treatment was applied in the perioperative or postoperative period. None of the wounds was surgically closed. No pharmacological protocol was introduced after the extractions.
The procedure adopted in the study involved the following: (1) tooth extraction preceded by clinical examination and identification of reasons for extraction, (2) continuous radiation with a biostimulating laser prober for five consecutive days following tooth extraction at a dose of 6 J/cm2/day and 200 mW/day, and (3) sampling the oral mucosa (by fine-needle aspiration biopsy) of the healing socket for immunohistochemical examination on the sixth day following extraction.
Immunohistochemistry
Specimens sampled from the studied patients were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. In every case, hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined by two pathologists.
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was freshly cut (4 μm). For the detection of CD34, a monoclonal mouse antibody (Clone PC10, Novocastra, UK) was diluted 1:100 in Antibody Diluent with Background Reducing Components (DakoCytomation, Poland). Tested sections were incubated with antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Subsequent incubations involved biotinylated antibodies (15 min, room temperature) and streptavidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (15 min, room temperature) (LSAB+, HRP, DakoCytomation, Poland). NovaRed (Vector Laboratories, UK) was used as a chromogen (10 min, at room temperature). All the sections were counterstained with Meyer's hematoxylin. In each case, control reactions were included, in which a specific antibody was substituted by the Primary Mouse Negative Control (DakoCytomation, Poland).
Angiogenesis intensity
Angiogenesis was assessed by CD34 antigen immunohistochemical expression using an optical microscope. The microscopic image was analyzed using MultiScaneBase. A semiquantitative analysis was used to assess CD34 antigen expression. The microscopic image obtained from a specimen was magnified 400× and transferred to a computer program, and all vessels stained positive were counted automatically for five randomly selected fields of view with the highest microvessel density. Every single endothelial cell or a cluster of cells was considered a “hot point” and counted as an individual microvessel. For each specimen (five fields), the number of vessels (N) and vessel surface area (SA) were calculated.
Statistical analysis
To estimate the differences in the mean values of the examined features in the two groups, Student's t test was used for independent samples of unequal or similar variations. The variance differences for two samples were determined by F test. P value below which variables are statistically significant was 0.05. To estimate the differences in the mean values of the examined features for more than two independent groups, one-way analysis of variance was used. To examine the influence of two factors on the examined features, two-way analysis of variance was used.
Results
Correlations between immunohistochemical parameters of angiogenesis and patients' sex and dental status
The experimental group was predominantly men (84 %). The average number of sockets subjected to treatment was almost three times higher in men than in women. Most sockets were examined in sector 4, followed by sector 3.
No statistically significant difference was found in comparing the vessel surface area (SA1–SA5) and the number of blood vessels (N1–N5) in the group of HIV-infected women and men that underwent dental surgery (P > 0.05). Moreover, no significant correlations were observed between vessel surface area and the number of blood vessels, and the tooth sector (P > 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1
Patient characteristics and correlation between tooth sector in the oral cavity and parameters of angiogenesis
Characteristics of patients
Vessel surface area (SA1–SA5), μm2
Number of blood vessels (N1–N5)
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
SA5
P valuea
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
P valuea
Men
7.83
8.15
6.71
6.66
7.38
NS
5.35
6.03
5.35
5.49
5.45
NS
Women
6.45
7.29
6.64
5.73
5.03
5.50
6.71
6.36
5.36
5.57
Sector (number)
NS
NS
1 (8)
10.19
10.34
7.76
7.45
9.00
7.13
7.25
6.88
5.75
6.00
2 (14)
5.79
8.62
5.68
6.67
7.71
4.36
5.57
5.50
5.36
5.00
3 (32)
6.30
7.24
6.96
5.74
5.71
4.78
5.69
4.78
5.09
5.34
4 (34)
8.98
7.95
6.62
6.96
7.48
5.94
6.53
5.88
5.79
5.65
NS nonsignificant
aValue of Student's t test
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Correlations between angiogenesis intensity and applied laser therapy
In each of the five randomly selected fields, vessel surface area was significantly higher in patients exposed to radiation. The differences were statistically significant for all fields (P = 0.0002) (Table 2).
Table 2
Correlation between immunoangiogenic parameters and biostimulating laser therapy
Immunoangiogenic parameters
Low-level laser therapy
P valuea
Yes
No
Total number of sockets
45
44
Vessel surface area (SA)b
9.868
4.708
0.0002
Number of blood vessels (N)b
6.887
4.416
0.0003
aP value of Shapiro–Wilk test
bAverage values
Moreover, we demonstrated that the number of vessels is much higher in areas exposed to radiation than in those not subjected to low-level laser therapy. In all areas, the observed increase in the number of vessels was statistically significant (P = 0.0003) (Table 2, Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
CD34 immunoreactivity in tissue specimens from oral cavity mucosa before (a) and after (b) low-level laser therapy
×
Analysis of correlations between laser therapy, angiogenesis intensity, and selected clinical and dental features
Statistical analysis of the correlation between the mean values and standard deviations of vessel surface area and the number of vessels in the three groups formed based on the number of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood (over 500/ml, 499–200/ml, and below 200/ml) showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.5). It is likely that the effect of radiation is not dependent on the number of CD4 lymphocytes, which have been shown to not accelerate neoangiogenesis, as reflected by the vessel surface area and the number of vessels (Fig. 2a, b).
Moreover, analysis of variance examining the influence of radiation and position of the tooth in the maxilla or mandible on the socket healing process showed that only exposure to radiation significantly enhances the neoangiogenesis process (Fig. 2c, d).
Fig. 2
Comparison of influence of laser therapy and selected clinical and dental features on angiogenesis parameters. a, b The mean values of vessel surface area and number of vessels in three groups formed based on the number of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood (over 500/ml, 499–200/ml, and below 200/ml) showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05): the effect of radiation is not dependent on the number of CD4 lymphocytes, which have been shown to not accelerate neoangiogenesis, as reflected by the vessel surface area and number of vessels. c, d Position of the tooth in the maxilla or mandible on the socket healing process showed that only exposure to radiation significantly enhances the neoangiogenesis process. e, f Exposure to radiation was the only factor of significance, while the number of roots had no effect on the rate of neoangiogenesis parameters (P > 0.05)
×
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Another aspect that was analyzed was the correlation between the rate of post-extraction neoangiogenesis and exposure to radiation and the number of tooth roots (multi-rooted/single-rooted teeth). Figure 2e, f gives the result of two-way analysis of variance examining the significance of exposure to radiation and the number of roots on the surface area and the number of blood vessels. It was demonstrated that exposure to radiation was the only factor of significance, while the number of roots had no effect on the rate of neoangiogenesis parameters.
Discussion
In contrast to surgically closed wounds that follow a predictable sequence of events, post-extraction wounds involve considerable tissue loss that is replaced by granulation tissue in a non-sterile environment. HIV-positive patients involved in the study, due to varying degrees of immunodeficiency, faced a higher risk of post-extraction complications.
Although several studies have been reported, the correlation between HIV infection and wound healing process remains unclear. Harrison et al. [14] performed a prospective, controlled study on wound infection after implant surgery involving 41 HIV-positive and 141 HIV-negative patients. The CD4 cell count had no influence on the incidence of infections. The main conclusion was that that when no contamination has occurred, the wound healing is within the normal limits and implant surgery may be undertaken safely. Additionally, Aird et al. [15] had demonstrated that HIV infection is not a significant risk factor for acute wound/implant infection.
On the other hand, Davis et al. [16] had indicated that after laparotomy, there was a significantly greater incidence of wound complications and wound breakdown in the HIV-positive than in HIV-negative group. Moreover, Morandi et al. [17] revealed in a prospective study of healing time after hemorrhoidectomy that there is a high incidence of delayed wound healing in HIV-infected patients.
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We have demonstrated that the effect of radiation is not dependent on the number of CD4 lymphocytes, which have been shown to not accelerate neoangiogenesis. The result is somewhat surprising and indicates that the weakened immune system as a result of a decreased number of lymphocytes in the blood does not cause delayed healing of extraction socket. However, due to a small number of participants in this study, this finding needs to be further investigated in a larger group.
Studies carried out by Chen et al. [18] that involved 300 patients assessed as regards the number of post-extraction complications showed no statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of complications such as swelling, lockjaw, swallowing problems, inflammatory infiltrations, or need for hospitalization between HIV(+) and HIV(−) patients, and they were observed in 37.5 % HIV(+) patients. Compared with the number of complications in HIV(−) patients (33 %), they were statistically insignificant (P = 0.79). A study carried out by Dodson [19] involving HIV(+) and HIV(−) patients (151 in total) produced similar results, with a higher but statistically insignificant (P = 0.15) number of complications reported: 22.3 % HIV(+) patients versus 13.3 % HIV(−) patients. In the author's own material, no serious post-extraction complications were observed in HIV-infected patients undergoing tooth extraction. Irrespective of immunologic and clinical status, the postoperative period could be considered uncomplicated.
Formation of a network of new blood vessels plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Though much is known about cancer vascularity, the researchers' interest rarely extends to pathologies other than cancer (wound healing, inflammations, degenerative changes). Vascular diseases supported by abnormal neoangiogenesis have increased incidence in HIV-infected patients. Caccuri et al. [20] examined the role of the HIV matrix protein p17 in the angiogenesis process. According to their studies, the viral p17 protein binds with high affinity to CXCR2, which is a CXCR1-related receptor, and promotes the formation of capillary-like structures on human endothelial cells (EC) by interacting with CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressed on the EC surface. Another study, carried out by Albini et al. [21], suggests that under specific circumstances, HIV Tat protein promotes the growth of spindle cells and demonstrates angiogenic properties.
MVD, which is the density of newly formed blood vessels, also proved an important factor in diagnosing various forms of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). The comparison of two groups of patients, HIV(+) and HIV(−) individuals, suffering from different forms of MDSs revealed higher intensity of angiogenesis reflected by higher MVD in both groups as compared with the bone marrow of healthy individuals. No correlation was found, like in the group of patients assessed by the author of this paper, between angiogenesis intensity and the number of CD4 lymphocytes or the clinical status of HIV(+) patients [22].
Our study revealed no statistically significant correlation between the parameters of neoangiogenesis and patients' immunologic status reflected by the number of CD4 lymphocytes, gender, tooth location, or the number of roots. While correlations between the number of CD4 lymphocytes in HIV(+) patients and factors that are widely examined (coinfections and post-extraction complications) are known and frequently discussed, the correlations between MVD and vessel surface area and tooth location, the number of roots, and influence of laser therapy on wound healing process discussed in the present study have not been evaluated in the literature so far.
It is worth examining what MVD and the surface area of newly formed vessels in HIV-infected patients depend on in the recovery process. It seems to be associated with better blood circulation in the tissue during temporary inflammation, which is an initial stage of wound healing cascade. The above is observed not only in persons with acquired immunodeficiency in the course of HIV infection.
In conclusion, the results of our study shed new light on the form of dental care provided to HIV-infected patients. It was demonstrated that the application of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of tooth extraction wounds in HIV(+) patients greatly enhances the formation of new blood vessels, which in turn promotes wound healing. Accelerated post-extraction neoangiogenesis in HIV(+) patients is an important element of dental treatment as it significantly reduces the incidence of serious extraction healing complications in a high-risk group of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Conflict of interests
We declare no conflict of interest.
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