Background
Use of snuff and its relationship to health
Health-related quality of life
The remaining dilemma
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Men (n = 605) | Women (n = 674) | All (n = 1279) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Never used tobacco | 278 | 46 | 426 | 63 | 704 | 55 |
Previously smoked | 83 | 14 | 147 | 22 | 230 | 18 |
Currently smokes not using snuff | 47 | 7.8 | 70 | 10 | 117 | 9.1 |
Previously used snuff | 44 | 7.3 | 4 | 0.59 | 48 | 3.8 |
Currently uses snuff not smoking | 46 | 7.6 | 6 | 0.89 | 52 | 4.1 |
Previously smoked and used snuff | 37 | 6.1 | 1 | 0.15 | 38 | 3.0 |
Previously smoked and currently uses snuff | 45 | 7.4 | 11 | 1.6 | 56 | 4.4 |
Currently smokes and previously used snuff | 14 | 2.3 | 5 | 0.74 | 19 | 1.5 |
Currently smokes and uses of snuff | 11 | 1.8 | 4 | 0.60 | 15 | 1.2 |
Male participants (n = 597) | Swedish male population (n = 4268) [1] | Female participants (n = 669) | Swedish female population (n = 4592) [1] | Male and female participants (n = 1266) | Swedish male and female (n = 8930) [1] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension of, Short form Health Survey(SF-36) (range 0–100) | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) < | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) | Median (Q1-Q3) |
Physical Function | 95 (90–100) | 100 (90–100) | 95 (85–100) | 95 (80–100) | 95 (90–100) | 95 (85–100) |
Role Physical | 100 (100–100) | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (75–100) |
Bodily Pain | 84 (61–100) | 84 (61–100) | 84 (52–100) | 80 (51–100) | 84 (61–100) | 84 (52–100) |
General Health | 82 (67–92) | 82 (67–94) | 82 (62–92) | 82 (62–92) | 82 (62–92) | 82 (62–92) |
Vitality | 70 (55–85) | 75 (60–85) | 65 (45–80) | 70 (50–85) | 70 (50–80) | 75 (55–85) |
Social Functioning | 100 (88–100) | 100 (88–100) | 100 (75–100) | 100 (75–100) | 100 (84–100) | 100 (87–100) |
Role Emotional | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (67–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) |
Mental Health | 84 (76–92) | 88 (76–96) | 84 (72–92) | 84 (68–92) | 84 (72–92) | 88 (72–96) |
Physical component summary | 53 (48–56) | 54 (48–57) | 53 (47–56) | 53 (45–56) | 53 (48–56) | 53 (46–57) |
Mental component summary | 53 (47–56) | 57 (48–57) | 52 (44–55) | 53 (45–57) | 52 (45–56) | 53 (46–57) |
Physical Functioning ≥ 88a | Bodily Pain ≥ 75a | General Health ≥ 76a | Vitality ≥ 69a | |||||
(n = 1246) | (n = 1244) | (n = 1247) | (n = 1244) | |||||
OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
Pack-year 10 | 0.72 (0.64–0.82) | 5.4 × 10 −7 | 0.89 (0.79–1.0) | 0.056 | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | 0.000005 | 0.71 (0.62–0.81) | 1.3 × 10 −7 |
Box-year 10 | 0.99 (0.96–1.0) | 0.53 | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.00078 | 0.99 (0.96–1.0) | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.0066 |
Female gender | 0.58 (0.43–0.79) | 0.00042 | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 0.033 | 0.85 (0.67–1.1) | 0.20 | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) | 0.00027 |
Age 10 yr | 0.70 (0.62–0.78) | 3.3 × 10 −10 | 0.92 (0.85–1.0) | 0.058 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.03 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.0017 |
Model validation | ||||||||
Overall performance | ||||||||
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.12 | 0.027 | 0.041 | 0.048 | ||||
Discrimination | ||||||||
AUCb | 0.69 (0.65–0.72) | 6.9 × 10 −22 | 0.58 (0.55–0.61) | 8.7 × 10 −7 | 0.60 (0.56–0.63) | 1.1 × 10 −8 | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) | 2.4 × 10 −10 |
Calibrationc | ||||||||
Omnibus test | 102 (4) | 4.1 × 10 −21 | 26 (4) | 0.000034 | 38 (4) | 1.3 × 10 −7 | 46 (4) | 2.7 × 10 −9 |
Hosmer and Lemeshow test | 2.0 (8) | 0.98 | 7.1 (8) | 0.53 | 7.8 (8) | 0.46 | 11 (8) | 0.18 |
Social Function ≥ 89a | Mental Health ≥ 81a | Physical component summary | Mental component summary | |||||
(n = 1244) | (n = 1244) | ≥ 50a (n = 1202) | ≥ 50a (n = 1185) | |||||
OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
Pack-year 10 | 0.82 (0.72–0.92) | 0.0011 | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.000038 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.0049 | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.000051 |
Box-year 10 | 0.98 (0.96–1.0) | 0.24 | 0.98 (0.96–1.0) | 0.25 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.0086 | 1.00 (0.97–1.0) | 0.79 |
Female gender | 0.84 (0.66–1.1) | 0.17 | 0.87 (0.68–1.1) | 0.24 | 0.87 (0.67–1.1) | 0.31 | 0.80 (0.62–1.0) | 0.073 |
Age 10 yr | 1.0 (0.96–1.1) | 0.31 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.000002 | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 2.4 × 10 −7 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.5 × 10 −7 |
Model validation | ||||||||
Overall performance | ||||||||
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.014 | 0.034 | 0.067 | 0.043 | ||||
Discrimination | ||||||||
AUCb | 0.55 (0.52–0.59) | 0.0018 | 0.60 (0.56–0.63) | 6.3 × 10 −9 | 0.63 (0.60–0.67) | 3.6 × 10 −13 | 0.61 (0.57–0.64) | 1.1 × 10–9 |
Calibrationc | ||||||||
Omnibus test | 13 (4) | 0.014 | 32 (4) | 0.000002 | 58 (4) | 8.0 × 10 −12 | 37 (4) | 1.4 × 10–7 |
Hosmer and Lemeshow test | 6.6 (8) | 0.58 | 7.8 (8) | 0.45 | 5.7 (8) | 0.69 | 3.4 (8) | 0.91 |