Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are among the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system, accounting for 10–15% of all intracranial tumors [ 1 – 3 ]. At present, transsphenoidal surgery is the primary treatment for most PAs [ 4 ]. Endoscopic …

The year 2019 witnessed the emergence of a novel Corona virus (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, leading to a global pandemic by March 2020 [ 1 ]. By July 7, 2023, a total of 691 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and 6.9 million deaths were reported [ 2 ].

Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a well-known adverse effect that can occur after different medical procedures such as lumbar puncture, epidural analgesia, and neurosurgical procedures [ 1 , 2 ]. PDPH typically develops within five days and is …

Persistent post-traumatic headache (PPTH) represents a profound health burden, with disabling consequences often extending for years following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) [ 1 , 2 ]. The clinical features can mimic primary headache disorders …

Migraine is the primary cause of pain in childhood and its frequency increases with age, overtaking 20% in adolescence [ 1 ]. Throughout life, the frequency, severity, and disability of this condition can fluctuate. The transition between episodic …

Glymphatic system is an emerging pathway of removing metabolic waste products and toxic solutes from the brain tissue. It is made of a network of perivascular spaces, filled in cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid, encompassing penetrating and …

Stigma defined as negative labeling and stereotyping causes individuals to feel discredited, self-perception decreases, status loss and isolation of individuals from society for several reasons [ 1 ].

The World Health Organization (WHO) Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders was developed by WHO to address the worldwide challenges and gaps in provision of care and services for people with epilepsy and …

Over the last two decades, knowledge of the global burden of headache has been substantially augmented [ 1 – 3 ]. Nevertheless, areas of the world remain where reliable data are sparse. It is a primary purpose of the Global Campaign against …

Concussion is a prevalent injury accounting for up to 98% of all traumatic brain injuries (TBI) [ 1 ], and is often referred to as mild TBI [ 2 ]. In Europe, the incidence rate of TBI is approximately 300 cases per 100,000 person-years [ 3 ] …

Headache disorders are increasingly recognized as a major cause of diminished health, impaired quality of life and lost productivity [ 1 ]. Primary headache disorders are highly prevalent: tension-type headache (TTH) affects an estimated 26.0% of …

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is a common symptom after traumatic brain injury (TBI) [ 1 ]. It is classified as a secondary headache, which develops within 7 days after trauma, regaining consciousness, or recovering the ability to sense and report …

The Global Campaign against Headache, through a series of population-based studies, has over two decades endeavoured to fill the large geographical gaps in knowledge of headache prevalence and attributable burden [ 1 ]. One major region not until …

Studies in Turkey [ 1 ], Austria [ 2 ], Lithuania [ 3 ], Iran [ 4 ], Mongolia [ 5 ] and Zambia [ 6 ], all employing similar schools-based methodology and survey instruments [ 7 ], have reported highly prevalent primary headache disorders among …