Pain management after total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) is a critical part of postoperative care [ 1 ]. Moderate to severe pain is typical and pain control is important to participate in rehabilitation activities and restore function.

Acute pain resulting from trauma, illness, or surgery affects millions of people annually [ 1 , 2 ] across multiple settings [ 3 , 4 ]. Many report pain of moderate or greater intensity [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 ], and management is often inadequate [ 2 , 3 …

Pain is a common symptom in cancer patients; some studies suggested that almost half of patients experience pain at least 3 months after completing curative treatment, and nearly a third experience moderate to severe pain [ 1 , 2 ]. Cancer pain may …

Tramadol hydrochloride [(1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol monohydrochloride] is a centrally acting analgesic that acts as a μ-opioid receptor agonist and inhibits serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake [ 1 – 3 ].