Surgical treatment options for addressing recurrent dislocation
after total hip arthroplasty (THA) vary. Identifying impingement mechanisms in
an unstable THA may be beneficial in determining appropriate treatment.
Questions/Purposes
We sought to assess the effectiveness of developing pre-operative
plans for treating hip instability after THA. We used advanced imaging and
three-dimensional modeling techniques to perform impingement analyses in
patients with unstable THA.
Methods
We evaluated a series of eight patients who would require revision
THA to treat recurrent dislocation. Using a pre-operative algorithmic approach,
we built patient-specific models and evaluated hip range of motion with computed
tomographic scanning and biplanar radiography. This information was used to
determine a surgical treatment plan that was then executed intra-operatively.
Patients were followed for 2 years to determine whether they experienced
another hip dislocation following treatment.
Results
Pre-operative kinematic modeling showed four of the eight patients
had limited hip range of motion during flexion and internal rotation; a
prominent anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) was found to limit hip range of
motion in some of these cases. In the other four patients, range of motion was
acceptable, suggesting soft-tissue causes of dislocation. No patients in this
series experienced dislocation after undergoing revision THA.
Conclusion
Advanced modeling techniques may be useful for identifying the
impingement mechanisms responsible for instability after THA. Once variables
contributing to limited hip range of motion are identified, surgeons can develop
treatment plans to improve patient outcomes. Resecting a hypertrophic AIIS may
improve hip range of motion and may be an important consideration for hip
surgeons when revising unstable THAs.
Dislocation is one of the most common complications seen after total hip
arthroplasty (THA). It can occur during the early or late post-operative period
[6]. Reported rates of dislocation
range from 0.1 to 9% after primary THA and 5 to 30% after revision THA [1, 16, 17, 24, 37, 39]. Single
episodes of instability may be successfully treated with reinforcement of
“hip precautions” (exercises and activities to avoid) if the
components are properly aligned and proper hip mechanics have been restored.
However, in approximately a third of patients with dislocation, conservative
treatments fail and surgery is required [14]. Recurrent dislocation after THA can be devastating and is
the most common reason for revision THA in the USA, accounting for approximately 23%
of revision THAs performed [9].
Unfortunately, surgical intervention does not always improve hip stability, and
there remains a 21 to 30% risk of recurrent hip dislocation after revision THA
[8, 12].
Surgical procedures commonly used to treat hip instability include
increasing femoral head size; correcting malpositioned components; using an elevated
liner, a dual-mobility construct, or a constrained liner; and repairing the soft
tissues [28, 34]. The literature shows varying effectiveness
of strategies for treating dislocation. A larger-diameter femoral head reduces the
risk of dislocation caused by greater jumping distance and a greater range of motion
before impingement [7, 27, 41]. But possible drawbacks of a larger head size in polyethylene
liners might be greater wear of the liner and greater taper corrosion [15, 35]. Constrained or tripolar cup designs have reduced
post-operative dislocation rates, but mechanical failure of the locking ring or
dissociation of the cemented liner continues to be a problem [44]. The use of dual-mobility constructs has led
to a clear improvement in terms of preventing dislocation, reducing the dislocation
rate to 4% in revision THA after 6 months, but whether their ability to
provide long-term stability or fixation longevity remains unknown [39].
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Developing a plan for surgical treatment of dislocation may be difficult
if the causes of instability are unclear. Dislocation after THA is thought to be
related to impingement, a mechanical abutment between bone, implants, or soft
tissues. Impingement is a dynamic process that is difficult to identify or
characterize on the basis of clinical evaluation or plain radiographs [32] and may be driven by multiple factors,
including hip offset, implant design, component position, and bony geometry. An
understanding of the underlying dislocation mechanism is crucial to determining the
appropriate surgical treatment for the instability [2, 13, 14, 23, 43].
An algorithmic approach to identifying types of impingement in THA may
direct whether component revision or bony resection would be more effective in
improving hip range of motion during revision surgery for instability. We used
advanced imaging and three-dimensional modeling techniques to identify the type of
impingement (bone on bone or implant on implant) occurring during simulated
dislocation activities in patients undergoing revision surgery for instability to
guide the development of a pre-operative plan to improve hip range of motion and
treat instability. This series of patients was followed for 2 years after
revision surgery to determine whether the treatment plan improved hip stability in
the short term.
Materials and Methods
We obtained institutional review board approval to conduct a case
series. We identified eight patients (two men, six women; mean age, 62 years)
who experienced recurrent dislocation after THA from 2013 to 2015 (Table
1). The selection criteria were patients
who required revision surgery for dislocation by two surgeons (D.J.M. or S.A.J.)
during the 2-year period. All original THAs were performed using the posterior
approach, and all hip dislocations occurred posteriorly as patients rose from a low
chair, tied shoes, or bent over to reach objects. We had developed an algorithmic
approach to pre-operatively identify the type of impingement occurring in each
patient and to develop a treatment plan for each patient (Fig. 1). We built three-dimensional bone and implant
models from advanced imaging and measurements of acetabular and femoral implant
position (Fig. 2). Each patient
underwent a computed tomographic (CT) scan, as well as standing biplanar frontal and
lateral plane two-dimensional radiographs from the spine to the ankles using a
low-dose radiation system (EOS Imaging System, EOS Imaging, SA., Paris, France). As
the planning algorithm matured, we added sitting biplanar radiographs to account for
pelvic alignment in different functional positions. CT scans were taken supine and
included the pelvis from the anterior superior iliac spines to the proximal third of
the femur, as well as the distal femur, in order to measure femoral torsion. The CT
scans were segmented using MIMICs software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), and
segmentation data from the pelvis, proximal femur, distal femur, femoral component,
and acetabular component were exported as .stl files. We then aligned the models to
functional imaging (standing, sitting, and supine radiographs) to simulate range of
motion and measure component position in functional positions
(Figs. 3 and 4).
Table 1
Patient demographics
Patient no.
Age
Sex
Time to post-THA dislocation event
(months)
1
43
F
72
2
62
F
12
3
51
F
8
4
61
M
9
5
69
F
7
6
75
F
5
7
74
M
12
8
63
F
120
THA total hip
arthroplasty
×
×
×
×
We simulated the patient activities during which the hips dislocated to
determine range of motion to impingement. To do so, the CT files were imported into
a multibody dynamic modeling software (SimWise 4D, Design Simulation Technologies,
Canton, MI, USA) for range of motion analysis (Fig. 5). Because the posterior dislocations occurred with flexion,
adduction, and internal rotation, we calculated the range of motion to maximum
flexion (with neutral abduction and neutral rotation) and maximum internal rotation
at 90° of flexion (with neutral abduction). In the model, the pelvis was
fixed in position, and the femur was rotated about the center of the femoral head in
the motions described above. Contact conditions were established, so the analysis
ended when contact was detected. To determine the threshold values for the
acceptable or limited range of motion using our modeling methodology, we had
previously measured maximum hip flexion, internal rotation at 90° of flexion,
and external rotation at 20° of extension in seven fresh-frozen cadaveric
pelvis-to-knee specimens from donors who had undergone THA. We found mean hip
flexion to be 118° ± 6°, mean internal rotation
to be 38° ± 3°, and mean external rotation to be
28° ± 5°. Two standard deviations below the means
were 106° for flexion, 32° for internal rotation, and 20° for
external rotation, which were the values we used to identify limited hip range of
motion.
×
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The location and type of impingement (bone on bone or implant on
implant) were determined and used to develop a pre-operative plan for improving
range of motion. Surgical options for improving hip range of motion included
reorientation of the acetabular component, reorientation of the femoral component,
revision of the femoral head to increase hip offset, and removal of impinging bone
(Fig. 1).
The images shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and
8 are representative of the
pre-operative planning algorithm, although the patient, a 51-year-old woman
undergoing revision surgery for hip dislocation, was not included in our study.
Figure 5 shows how different surgical plans
improve hip range of motion. Before treatment, the patient had limited range of
motion in flexion and internal rotation as a result of bone-on-bone impingement
between the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and the anterior aspect of the
proximal femur; there was evidence of a prominent AIIS and a proximal femoral
osteophyte, so the pre-operative plan was to remove bone at these locations
(Figs. 6 and 7). The model showed that this plan would improve the
patient’s range of motion from 105 to 113° of flexion and from 18 to
32° of internal rotation (Fig. 5). If
the surgeon also elected to increase the neck length an additional 4 mm with
the use of a high-offset head or lateralized liner, the hip range of motion would
improve further, to 114° of flexion and 38° of internal rotation
(Figs. 5 and 8).
×
×
×
In our study, revisions were performed through the posterior approach,
and patients were followed for 2 years to determine outcomes.
Results
The eight patients in this case series who experienced recurrent
dislocations had variability in component orientation, hip range of motion, and hip
impingement mechanisms (Table 2). Four out
of the eight patients had acetabular components within the “Lewinnek safe
zone” (40° ± 10° of inclination and
15° ± 10° of anteversion) when they dislocated,
which indicates that this traditional safe zone does not provide a low risk of
dislocation for every patient.
Table 2
Implant position and hip range of motion
Patient no.
Cup inclination
Cup anteversion
Femoral anteversion
Max flexion
Flexion impingement type
Internal rotation
Internal rotation impingement type
1
38°
8°
16°
83°
Bone on bone
Did not flex 90°
Did not flex 90°
2
41°
29°
17°
130°
Bone on bone
40°
Implant on implant
3
42°
19°
13°
120°
Implant on implant
36°
Implant on implant
4
51°
0°
2° retroversion
90°
Bone on bone
0°
Bone on bone
5
41°
27°
6° retroversion
104°
Bone on bone
18°
Implant on bone
6
32°
43°
0°
144°
Implant on implant
63°
Implant on implant
7
49°
20°
7°
110°
Bone on bone
22°
Bone on bone
8
40°
10°
24°
148°
Implant on implant
68°
Bone on bone
In four patients (patients 1, 4, 5, and 7), hip range of motion was
limited in flexion (less than 106°) or internal rotation (less than
32°); in three of these patients (patients 1, 4, and 5), there was
bone-on-bone impingement involving either the AIIS or an acetabular osteophyte, and
in two patients (patients 4 and 5), the femoral component was in retroversion (Table
2). Patient 4 had a large AIIS that
required resection of 1 cm of bone in order to prevent future anterior
impingement on the femur. Patient 1 not only had a prominent AIIS but also had a
proximal femoral osteophyte, which limited range of motion at the hip to only
83° of maximum flexion (Table 2). The
osteophyte was removed intra-operatively. Figures 9 and 10 show a
69-year-old woman (patient 5) with a prominent AIIS and a cemented femoral component
in retroversion. The AIIS and the position of the femoral component were not
apparent on the conventional radiographs (Fig. 9). The surgical plan for this patient (Fig. 10) was to remove AIIS bone and to reorient the
cemented femoral component with greater anteversion.
×
×
The other four patients in this study (patients 2, 3, 6, and 8) had
acceptable ranges of motion (Table 2). This
suggested possible soft-tissue causes of dislocation. In these patients, the
surgical plan was to revise the acetabular component and implant either a
dual-mobility bearing or an elevated liner (Table 3).
Table 3
Treatment for instability
Patient #
Surgical treatment plan
Acetabular component revision
Dual-mobility construct
20° elevated liner
Femoral component revision
Location of bone removed
1
Revised cup and removed bone
Yes
Yes
No
No
AIIS and proximal anterior femoral
osteophyte
2
Revised cup
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
3
Revised cup
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
4
Revised cup and removed bone
Yes
Yes
No
No
Anterior pelvic osteophyte
5
Revised both implants and removed bone
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
AIIS
6
Revised cup
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
7
Revised femoral component
No
No
No
Yes
No
8
Revised cup
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
In summary, all but one patient underwent an acetabular component
revision, and two patients underwent a femoral component revision for the treatment
of recurrent dislocation in this study. No patients in this case series experienced
a dislocation within 2 years after revision surgery.
Discussion
Impingement involving bone, implant, or soft tissues is an important
consideration in the surgical treatment of instability after THA [3, 4,
10, 33, 36]. Modeling
hip kinematics may elucidate the underlying impingement mechanism responsible for
hip dislocation. We considered implant position, hip range of motion, and location
of impingement when developing a strategy for treating hip instability. In four
patients, we found limited hip range of motion attributed to bone or implant
impingement. However, in the other four patients, there was no evidence of limited
hip range of motion when we considered bone and implants alone, suggesting
soft-tissue causes of dislocation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use
a dynamic modeling tool for pre-operative planning of revision THA.
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There are limitations to our study design. First, this study applied
the treatment algorithm only to eight patients with hip instability; however, it is
difficult to collect a large group of patients with hip dislocations because the
dislocation rate after primary THA is low (1 to 3%). Second, although we used
advanced imaging pre-operatively to develop treatment plans, we did not do so
post-operatively to confirm surgical execution. We cannot be certain of how implants
were reoriented or how much bone was removed during revision surgery. Third, we did
not include pelvic tilt or leg length as a part of our algorithm because that would
have necessitated a more complex and time-intensive analysis. Because these are
important variables, we hope future models will automatically incorporate different
pelvic tilt positions and leg lengths into the algorithm. Fourth, as a case series,
our study may have involved selection bias; also, because it did not have a control
group, the generalizability of our findings may be limited. Finally, we did not take
soft tissues into account in our modeling efforts, but it is clear that soft-tissue
repair is an important part of THA stability [38].
Bony impingement was common in our modeling analysis and may not be
detected by THA surgeons because prominent bony features such as the AIIS cannot be
seen on conventional anteroposterior radiographs. It is important to remember the
principles regarding impingement in the native hip put forth by Ganz and colleagues
[5, 22, 42]. An
underlying bone-on-bone impingement in a patient’s native osteoarthritic hip
may continue after THA [32]. AIIS
deformity has been shown to be an extra-articular source of impingement in the
native hip [25], and hypertrophy of the
AIIS has been shown to limit hip range of motion [26]. Our models suggest mechanical abutment can occur between the
AIIS and the femoral bone in patients with unstable THAs. In our study, bone-on-bone
impingement occurred most commonly in hips with decreased anteversion of the femoral
stem (less than 5°) and short neck length with the distal end of the AIIS and
anterior superior aspect of the capsule often having to be excised.
Precision is important when placing THA implants because implant
malalignment has been associated with instability, high wear, and poor hip range of
motion [18, 32, 40]. We identified implant malalignment in hips with limited
motion as a result of implant impingement. However, it was difficult to determine
what the new alignment target needed to be for a malpositioned component, and the
intra-operative execution of the pre-operative plan was not always easy. Component
revision can be difficult, and it is not always in the best interest of the patient
to remove a well-fixed implant [11].
For example, in patient 4, the femoral stem was found to be in 2° of
retroversion, which was an indication for revising the femoral component (Table
2). However, the surgeon did not do so
because he performed an intra-operative hip range of motion check and found no
evidence of impingement after the cup was revised and the AIIS was resected. Rather
than revising components, surgeons may elect to be conservative and increase neck
length to improve hip range of motion. In all but one patient in this series
(patient 7), a dual-mobility bearing or elevated liner was implanted for improved
hip stability. Although these constructs may contribute to the favorable outcomes we
report in this series, our models showed that merely exchanging a bearing for a
dual-mobility construct may not solve a bone-on-bone impingement problem.
Accurate pre-operative assessment of implant position and impingement
is dependent on the functional orientation of the pelvis and the femur during the
performance of activities of daily living and the assumption of provocative
positions that cause instability [30].
We used functional imaging in both the standing and sitting positions to align the
pelvis and the femur in our models. In most patients, the pelvic tilt and femoral
rotation in the CT scan differed depending on whether the patient was standing or
seated (Fig. 3). Pelvic tilt will
affect range of motion to impingement and is directed by the spine mechanics
[20, 29]. Interestingly, all patients in this study had cervical,
thoracic, or lumbar spine disease (or a combination of these). Two patients in our
study had large thoracic scoliosis curves (Figs. 3 and 9). Spine disease
can limit a patient’s ability to accommodate postural changes through the
lumbar spine, which alters hip kinematics and increases the risk of hip dislocation
[21].
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The pre-operative planning performed in these cases required extensive
communication between the modeling analyst and the orthopedic surgeon. Impingement
modeling may show improved range of motion with component revision, but the
orientation of the implants or the bony resections performed intra-operatively
should still remain within an acceptable clinical range. Traditionally, the Lewinnek
safe zone has been used as an indicator of a low risk of hip dislocation
[31]. Interestingly, half of the
patients in our study had acetabular components within the safe zone, and they still
experienced hip dislocation. This supports evidence in more recent research showing
that a truly safe zone for acetabular component position alone does not exist
[19]. One incentive for surgeons to
consider using this time-intensive pre-operative modeling algorithm is to avoid
constrained liners, which may be beneficial in patients who have either instability
of unclear etiology or cognitive problems but may not be ideal for high-demand (more
active) patients requiring revision THA [44]. All patients in this study experienced posterior hip
dislocations. However, by evaluating hip external rotation range of motion in
extension, a similar algorithm could be used to determine treatment in patients with
anterior hip dislocations. In future studies, this kinematic modeling platform can
be used to plan optimal implant position or bony resections around native hips or
THAs.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest
Sean A. Sutphen, DO, and Christina I. Esposito, PhD, declare that
they have no conflicts of interest. Joseph D. Lipman, MS, reports royalties from
Exactech, Inc., Lima Corporate, Mathys Ltd., and Ortho Development Corporation,
outside the submitted work. Seth A. Jerabek, MD, reports personal fees,
royalties, and grants from Stryker and stock or stock options from Imagen
Technologies, outside the submitted work. David J. Mayman, MD, reports personal
fees and grants from Smith & Nephew, stock or stock options from Imagen
Technologies and OrthAlign, and board membership in the Knee Society, outside
the submitted work.
Human/Animal Rights
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical
standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional
and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in
2013.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included
in this study.
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Required Author Forms
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the
online version of this article.
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