Introduction
Methods
Data source
Sample participants
Exposure assessment and comorbidities
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | CFS cohort | Non-CFS cohort | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 6306) | (n = 6306) | ||
Gender | > 0.99 | ||
Female | 3339 (52.9) | 3339 (52.9) | |
Male | 2967 (47.1) | 2967 (47.1) | |
Age at diagnosis of CFS | > 0.99 | ||
≤ 34 | 1350 (21.4) | 1350 (21.4) | |
35–64 | 3485 (55.3) | 3485 (55.3) | |
≥ 65 | 1471 (23.3) | 1471 (23.3) | |
Age at diagnosis of CFS(mean, SD)† | 50.6 (17.9) | 50.6 (18.0) | 0.80 |
Comorbidity | |||
Depression | 807 (12.8) | 407 (6.45) | < 0.0001 |
Anxiety disorder | 2038 (32.3) | 1033 (16.4) | < 0.0001 |
Insomnia | 2303 (36.5) | 1106 (17.5) | < 0.0001 |
Suicide | 19 (0.30) | 12 (0.19) | 0.20 |
Crohn's disease | 255 (4.04) | 121 (1.92) | < 0.0001 |
Ulcerative colitis | 279 (4.42) | 138 (2.19) | < 0.0001 |
Renal disease | 585 (9.28) | 427 (6.77) | < 0.0001 |
T1DM | 78 (1.24) | 68 (1.08) | 0.40 |
T2DM | 1473 (23.3) | 1068 (16.9) | < 0.0001 |
Obesity | 93 (1.47) | 64 (1.01) | 0.01 |
Gout | 1196 (18.9) | 702 (11.1) | < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia | 2252 (35.7) | 1356 (21.5) | < 0.0001 |
Malignancy | 407 (6.45) | 487 (7.72) | 0.01 |
HIV | 3 (0.05) | 3 (0.05) | > 0.99 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 254 (4.03) | 155 (2.46) | < 0.0001 |
Psoriasis | 94 (1.49) | 83 (1.32) | 0.40 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 53 (0.84) | 39 (0.62) | 0.14 |
Lymphadenopathy | 132 (2.09) | 104 (1.65) | 0.06 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 13 (0.21) | 10 (0.16) | 0.53 |
Sjogren's syndrome | 110 (1.74) | 71 (1.13) | 0.003 |
Irritable bowel syndrome | 886 (14.1) | 423 (6.71) | < 0.0001 |
Fibromyalgia | 4905 (77.8) | 4914 (77.9) | 0.85 |
SLE | 4 (0.06) | 9 (0.14) | 0.16 |
Herpes zoster | 341 (5.41) | 234 (3.71) | < 0.0001 |
Variable | N | Control | CFS | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||
SSRI | 2.33 (2.05,2.66)*** | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.48,1.95)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 11,471 | 5946 | 52 | 5525 | 48 | ||||
Yes | 1141 | 360 | 32 | 781 | 68 | ||||
SNRI | 2.22 (1.77,2.78)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.20,1.93)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 12,260 | 6195 | 51 | 6065 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 352 | 111 | 32 | 241 | 68 | ||||
SARI | 2.21 (1.95,2.52)*** | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.35,1.78)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 11,451 | 5927 | 52 | 5524 | 48 | ||||
Yes | 1161 | 379 | 33 | 782 | 67 | ||||
TCAs | 1.79 (1.42,2.28)*** | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.07,1.76)* | 0.01 | |||||
No | 12,310 | 6197 | 50 | 6113 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 302 | 109 | 36 | 193 | 64 | ||||
BZD | 2.13 (1.98,2.29)*** | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.57,1.84)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5368 | 3260 | 61 | 2108 | 39 | ||||
Yes | 7244 | 3046 | 42 | 4198 | 58 | ||||
NDRI | 2.42 (1.67,3.51)*** | < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.08,2.36)* | 0.02 | |||||
No | 12,476 | 6266 | 50 | 6210 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 136 | 40 | 29 | 96 | 71 | ||||
NaSSA | 2.02 (1.57,2.59)*** | < 0.001 | 1.28 (0.98,1.67) | 0.08 | |||||
No | 12,331 | 6212 | 50 | 6119 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 281 | 94 | 33 | 187 | 67 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.80 (1.49,2.19)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.24,1.86)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 12,150 | 6139 | 51 | 6011 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 462 | 167 | 36 | 295 | 64 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 12.44 (10.12,15.3)*** | < 0.001 | 9.55 (7.72,11.81)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1173 | 1071 | 91 | 102 | 9 | ||||
Yes | 11,439 | 5235 | 46 | 6204 | 54 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.90 (1.63,2.21)*** | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.09,1.51)** | 0.003 | |||||
No | 11,837 | 6032 | 51 | 5805 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 775 | 274 | 35 | 501 | 65 | ||||
Supportive group psychotherapy | 2.29 (1.52,3.45)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (0.99,2.35) | 0.057 | |||||
No | 12,504 | 6273 | 50 | 6231 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 108 | 33 | 31 | 75 | 69 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 3.95 (2.20,7.12)*** | < 0.001 | 2.73 (1.47,5.04)** | 0.001 | |||||
No | 12,543 | 6292 | 50 | 6251 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 69 | 14 | 20 | 55 | 80 | ||||
Intensive group psychotherapy | 2.13 (0.92,4.93) | 0.078 | 1.57 (0.65,3.78) | 0.318 | |||||
No | 12,587 | 6298 | 50 | 6289 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 25 | 8 | 32 | 17 | 68 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 2.01 (1.72,2.36)*** | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.11,1.56)** | 0.002 | |||||
No | 11,881 | 6057 | 51 | 5824 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 731 | 249 | 34 | 482 | 66 | ||||
Re-educative group psychotherapy | 2.30 (1.37,3.84)** | 0.002 | 1.49 (0.87,2.56) | 0.149 | |||||
No | 12,543 | 6285 | 50 | 6258 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 69 | 21 | 30 | 48 | 70 | ||||
Behavior modification assessment | |||||||||
No | 12,612 | 6306 | 50 | 6306 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Behavior modification planning | 1.60 (1.02,2.54)* | 0.043 | 1.15 (0.71,1.86) | 0.582 | |||||
No | 12,534 | 6276 | 50 | 6258 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 78 | 30 | 38 | 48 | 62 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.44 (1.26,1.64)*** | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.10,1.45)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 11,600 | 5884 | 51 | 5716 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 1012 | 422 | 42 | 590 | 58 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.47 (1.33,1.63)*** | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.19,1.47)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 10,768 | 5535 | 51 | 5233 | 49 | ||||
Yes | 1844 | 771 | 42 | 1073 | 58 | ||||
Breathing exercise | 1.04 (0.82,1.32) | 0.758 | 0.92 (0.71,1.18) | 0.506 | |||||
No | 12,343 | 6174 | 50 | 6169 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 269 | 132 | 49 | 137 | 51 | ||||
Reconditioning exercise | 1.30 (0.94,1.79) | 0.108 | 1.19 (0.85,1.67) | 0.310 | |||||
No | 12,456 | 6238 | 50 | 6218 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 156 | 68 | 44 | 88 | 56 | ||||
Multiple physical examinations of sleep | 1.48 (1.10,2.00)* | 0.011 | 1.07 (0.78,1.47) | 0.676 | |||||
No | 12,434 | 6234 | 50 | 6200 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 178 | 72 | 40 | 106 | 60 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 1.60 (1.44,1.77)*** | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.25,1.55)*** | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 10,825 | 5590 | 52 | 5235 | 48 | ||||
Yes | 1787 | 716 | 40 | 1071 | 60 | ||||
Brainwave examination for sleep disorders | |||||||||
No | 12,612 | 6306 | 50 | 6306 | 50 | ||||
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
Depression | ||||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 1.69 (1.29,2.22)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.14,2.03)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 5633 | 313 | 4990 | 535 | ||||
Yes | 266 | 94 | 509 | 272 | ||||
SNRI | 2.72 (1.67,4.42)*** | < 0.001 | 2.56 (1.55,4.23)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5809 | 386 | 5362 | 703 | ||||
Yes | 90 | 21 | 137 | 104 | ||||
SARI | 1.91 (1.43,2.54)*** | < 0.001 | 1.73 (1.28,2.36)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5599 | 328 | 4971 | 553 | ||||
Yes | 300 | 79 | 528 | 254 | ||||
TCAs | 1.30 (0.78,2.17) | 0.305 | 1.21 (0.71,2.08) | 0.480 | ||||
No | 5812 | 385 | 5362 | 751 | ||||
Yes | 87 | 22 | 137 | 56 | ||||
BZD | 1.96 (1.42,2.71)*** | < 0.001 | 1.77 (1.24,2.52)** | 0.002 | ||||
No | 3178 | 82 | 2016 | 92 | ||||
Yes | 2721 | 325 | 3483 | 715 | ||||
NDRI | 1.75 (0.93,3.28) | 0.083 | 1.60 (0.82,3.09) | 0.167 | ||||
No | 5872 | 394 | 5447 | 763 | ||||
Yes | 27 | 13 | 52 | 44 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.58 (0.92,2.73) | 0.100 | 1.27 (0.72,2.25) | 0.411 | ||||
No | 5750 | 389 | 5259 | 752 | ||||
Yes | 149 | 18 | 240 | 55 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 13.7 (6.41,29.15)*** | < 0.001 | 11.15 (5.00,24.87)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1022 | 49 | 94 | 8 | ||||
Yes | 4877 | 358 | 5405 | 799 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.52 (1.13,2.04)** | 0.006 | 1.27 (0.92,1.74) | 0.142 | ||||
No | 5700 | 332 | 5204 | 601 | ||||
Yes | 199 | 75 | 295 | 206 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 1.94 (0.72,5.23) | 0.191 | 1.79 (0.58,5.46) | 0.310 | ||||
No | 5890 | 402 | 5463 | 788 | ||||
Yes | 9 | 5 | 36 | 19 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 1.72 (1.28,2.31)*** | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.10,2.05)* | 0.011 | ||||
No | 5724 | 333 | 5240 | 584 | ||||
Yes | 175 | 74 | 259 | 223 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.12 (0.77,1.64) | 0.538 | 1.12 (0.76,1.66) | 0.563 | ||||
No | 5522 | 362 | 5008 | 708 | ||||
Yes | 377 | 45 | 491 | 99 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.80 (1.30,2.50)*** | < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.29,2.55)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5184 | 351 | 4606 | 627 | ||||
Yes | 715 | 56 | 893 | 180 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 1.01 (0.45,2.27) | 0.983 | 0.98 (0.42,2.30) | 0.959 | ||||
No | 5776 | 398 | 5380 | 789 | ||||
Yes | 123 | 9 | 119 | 18 |
Variable | Control | CFS | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
Anxiety disorder | ||||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 1.70 (1.38,2.09)*** | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.24,1.92)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5054 | 892 | 3918 | 1607 | ||||
Yes | 219 | 141 | 350 | 431 | ||||
SNRI | 2.41 (1.63,3.57)*** | < 0.001 | 2.02 (1.35,3.03)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 5194 | 1001 | 4173 | 1892 | ||||
Yes | 79 | 32 | 95 | 146 | ||||
SARI | 1.60 (1.31,1.96)*** | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.11,1.7)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 5045 | 882 | 3925 | 1599 | ||||
Yes | 228 | 151 | 343 | 439 | ||||
TCAs | 1.25 (0.86,1.83) | 0.238 | 1.14 (0.77,1.68) | 0.508 | ||||
No | 5204 | 993 | 4173 | 1940 | ||||
Yes | 69 | 40 | 95 | 98 | ||||
BZD | 1.89 (1.56,2.29)*** | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.37,2.06)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 3022 | 238 | 1829 | 279 | ||||
Yes | 2251 | 795 | 2439 | 1759 | ||||
NDRI | 2.09 (1.21,3.64)** | 0.009 | 1.84 (1.04,3.25)* | 0.037 | ||||
No | 5249 | 1017 | 4237 | 1973 | ||||
Yes | 24 | 16 | 31 | 65 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.57 (1.09,2.25)* | 0.015 | 1.46 (1.01,2.11)* | 0.046 | ||||
No | 5147 | 992 | 4097 | 1914 | ||||
Yes | 126 | 41 | 171 | 124 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 7.84 (4.7,13.09)*** | < 0.001 | 7.80 (4.55,13.38)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1000 | 71 | 83 | 19 | ||||
Yes | 4273 | 962 | 4185 | 2019 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.37 (1.09,1.72)** | 0.007 | 1.15 (0.9,1.47) | 0.267 | ||||
No | 5113 | 919 | 4063 | 1742 | ||||
Yes | 160 | 114 | 205 | 296 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 2.34 (1.03,5.31)* | 0.043 | 1.87 (0.79,4.46) | 0.155 | ||||
No | 5266 | 1026 | 4245 | 2006 | ||||
Yes | 7 | 7 | 23 | 32 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 1.58 (1.25,2.00)*** | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.04,1.73)* | 0.025 | ||||
No | 5128 | 929 | 4092 | 1732 | ||||
Yes | 145 | 104 | 176 | 306 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.49 (1.15,1.93)** | 0.003 | 1.44 (1.1,1.88)** | 0.008 | ||||
No | 4936 | 948 | 3918 | 1798 | ||||
Yes | 337 | 85 | 350 | 240 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.32 (1.08,1.61)** | 0.006 | 1.29 (1.05,1.58)* | 0.016 | ||||
No | 4669 | 866 | 3609 | 1624 | ||||
Yes | 604 | 167 | 659 | 414 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 0.69 (0.44,1.09) | 0.109 | 0.67 (0.42,1.07) | 0.095 | ||||
No | 5175 | 999 | 4178 | 1991 | ||||
Yes | 98 | 34 | 90 | 47 |
Variable | Control | CFS | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
Insomnia | ||||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 1.81 (1.47,2.24)*** | < 0.001 | 1.65 (1.32,2.06)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4969 | 977 | 3667 | 1858 | ||||
Yes | 231 | 129 | 336 | 445 | ||||
SNRI | 1.74 (1.23,2.47)** | 0.002 | 1.54 (1.07,2.21)* | 0.019 | ||||
No | 5131 | 1064 | 3910 | 2155 | ||||
Yes | 69 | 42 | 93 | 148 | ||||
SARI | 1.45 (1.2,1.76)*** | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.06,1.59)* | 0.011 | ||||
No | 4991 | 936 | 3701 | 1823 | ||||
Yes | 209 | 170 | 302 | 480 | ||||
TCAs | 1.62 (1.09,2.4)* | 0.018 | 1.58 (1.05,2.38)* | 0.027 | ||||
No | 5124 | 1073 | 3919 | 2194 | ||||
Yes | 76 | 33 | 84 | 109 | ||||
BZD | 1.43 (1.2,1.71)*** | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.14,1.66)** | 0.001 | ||||
No | 3008 | 252 | 1714 | 394 | ||||
Yes | 2192 | 854 | 2289 | 1909 | ||||
NDRI | 2.01 (1.14,3.55)* | 0.016 | 1.75 (0.97,3.16) | 0.062 | ||||
No | 5175 | 1091 | 3969 | 2241 | ||||
Yes | 25 | 15 | 34 | 62 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.19 (0.86,1.65) | 0.285 | 1.11 (0.80,1.55) | 0.530 | ||||
No | 5087 | 1052 | 3841 | 2170 | ||||
Yes | 113 | 54 | 162 | 133 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 8.75 (5.77,13.25)*** | < 0.001 | 8.00 (5.16,12.4)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 960 | 111 | 73 | 29 | ||||
Yes | 4240 | 995 | 3930 | 2274 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.26 (1.01,1.59)* | 0.044 | 1.03 (0.81,1.32) | 0.784 | ||||
No | 5042 | 990 | 3799 | 2006 | ||||
Yes | 158 | 116 | 204 | 297 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 1.63 (0.74,3.6) | 0.228 | 1.31 (0.57,3.02) | 0.519 | ||||
No | 5194 | 1098 | 3975 | 2276 | ||||
Yes | 6 | 8 | 28 | 27 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 1.57 (1.24,2)*** | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.04,1.74)* | 0.024 | ||||
No | 5049 | 1008 | 3826 | 1998 | ||||
Yes | 151 | 98 | 177 | 305 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.30 (1.02,1.66)* | 0.033 | 1.26 (0.99,1.62) | 0.064 | ||||
No | 4878 | 1006 | 3677 | 2039 | ||||
Yes | 322 | 100 | 326 | 264 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.52 (1.25,1.84)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.25,1.86)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4591 | 944 | 3406 | 1827 | ||||
Yes | 609 | 162 | 597 | 476 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 0.84 (0.56,1.26) | 0.405 | 0.88 (0.58,1.33) | 0.539 | ||||
No | 5106 | 1068 | 3933 | 2236 | ||||
Yes | 94 | 38 | 70 | 67 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age ≤ 34 y/o | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 1.98 (1.43,2.74)*** | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.08,2.15)* | 0.015 | ||||
No | 4758 | 1188 | 4386 | 1139 | ||||
Yes | 300 | 60 | 667 | 114 | ||||
SNRI | 2.13 (1.23,3.7)** | 0.007 | 1.39 (0.77,2.52) | 0.272 | ||||
No | 4966 | 1229 | 4852 | 1213 | ||||
Yes | 92 | 19 | 201 | 40 | ||||
SARI | 1.82 (1.25,2.65)** | 0.002 | 1.20 (0.8,1.8) | 0.375 | ||||
No | 4724 | 1203 | 4351 | 1173 | ||||
Yes | 334 | 45 | 702 | 80 | ||||
TCAs | 2.17 (1.12,4.21)* | 0.022 | 1.59 (0.78,3.22) | 0.2 | ||||
No | 4962 | 1235 | 4888 | 1225 | ||||
Yes | 96 | 13 | 165 | 28 | ||||
BZD | 1.91 (1.62,2.25)*** | < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.36,1.92)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2380 | 880 | 1411 | 697 | ||||
Yes | 2678 | 368 | 3642 | 556 | ||||
NDRI | 2.29 (0.94,5.59) | 0.068 | 1.34 (0.5,3.56) | 0.557 | ||||
No | 5025 | 1241 | 4973 | 1237 | ||||
Yes | 33 | 7 | 80 | 16 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.88 (1.1,3.21)* | 0.021 | 1.69 (0.97,2.96) | 0.065 | ||||
No | 4912 | 1227 | 4797 | 1214 | ||||
Yes | 146 | 21 | 256 | 39 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 3.94 (2.57,6.02)*** | < 0.001 | 3.89 (2.49,6.06)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 968 | 103 | 74 | 28 | ||||
Yes | 4090 | 1145 | 4979 | 1225 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.74 (1.23,2.45)** | 0.002 | 1.13 (0.77,1.64) | 0.531 | ||||
No | 4839 | 1193 | 4645 | 1160 | ||||
Yes | 219 | 55 | 408 | 93 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 5.37 (1.56,18.47)** | 0.008 | 3.34 (0.92,12.17) | 0.067 | ||||
No | 5047 | 1245 | 5014 | 1237 | ||||
Yes | 11 | 3 | 39 | 16 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 1.85 (1.29,2.65)*** | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.81,1.79) | 0.362 | ||||
No | 4858 | 1199 | 4659 | 1165 | ||||
Yes | 200 | 49 | 394 | 88 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.21 (0.86,1.70) | 0.274 | 1.15 (0.81,1.63) | 0.425 | ||||
No | 4701 | 1183 | 4541 | 1175 | ||||
Yes | 357 | 65 | 512 | 78 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.08 (0.84,1.39) | 0.544 | 0.98 (0.76,1.28) | 0.89 | ||||
No | 4418 | 1117 | 4121 | 1112 | ||||
Yes | 640 | 131 | 932 | 141 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 0.63 (0.24,1.64) | 0.344 | 0.60 (0.22,1.65) | 0.321 | ||||
No | 4937 | 1237 | 4923 | 1246 | ||||
Yes | 121 | 11 | 130 | 7 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 35–64 y/o | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 2.15 (1.85,2.50)*** | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.34,1.85)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1389 | 4557 | 1251 | 4274 | ||||
Yes | 82 | 278 | 220 | 561 | ||||
SNRI | 2.23 (1.71,2.90)*** | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.18,2.07)** | 0.002 | ||||
No | 1443 | 4752 | 1411 | 4654 | ||||
Yes | 28 | 83 | 60 | 181 | ||||
SARI | 2.19 (1.88,2.55)*** | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.3,1.81)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1356 | 4571 | 1232 | 4292 | ||||
Yes | 115 | 264 | 239 | 543 | ||||
TCAs | 2.09 (1.57,2.79)*** | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.22,2.24)** | 0.001 | ||||
No | 1432 | 4765 | 1422 | 4691 | ||||
Yes | 39 | 70 | 49 | 144 | ||||
BZD | 2.15 (1.98,2.33)*** | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.56,1.87)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 474 | 2786 | 236 | 1872 | ||||
Yes | 997 | 2049 | 1235 | 2963 | ||||
NDRI | 2.19 (1.46,3.3)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (0.99,2.35) | 0.057 | ||||
No | 1465 | 4801 | 1449 | 4761 | ||||
Yes | 6 | 34 | 22 | 74 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.73 (1.38,2.18)*** | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.14,1.85)** | 0.002 | ||||
No | 1424 | 4715 | 1380 | 4631 | ||||
Yes | 47 | 120 | 91 | 204 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 9.18 (7.27,11.59)*** | < 0.001 | 6.83 (5.38,8.66)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 410 | 661 | 20 | 82 | ||||
Yes | 1061 | 4174 | 1451 | 4753 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.82 (1.53,2.16)*** | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1,1.45) | 0.054 | ||||
No | 1415 | 4617 | 1352 | 4453 | ||||
Yes | 56 | 218 | 119 | 382 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 4.11 (2.19,7.75)*** | < 0.001 | 2.95 (1.52,5.73)** | 0.001 | ||||
No | 1469 | 4823 | 1465 | 4786 | ||||
Yes | 2 | 12 | 6 | 49 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 2.01 (1.68,2.39)*** | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.1,1.61)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 1423 | 4634 | 1376 | 4448 | ||||
Yes | 48 | 201 | 95 | 387 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.43 (1.23,1.67)*** | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.08,1.49)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 1360 | 4524 | 1315 | 4401 | ||||
Yes | 111 | 311 | 156 | 434 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.42 (1.26,1.59)*** | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.13,1.45)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1256 | 4279 | 1150 | 4083 | ||||
Yes | 215 | 556 | 321 | 752 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 1.08 (0.79,1.50) | 0.622 | 0.98 (0.69,1.37) | 0.889 | ||||
No | 1411 | 4763 | 1412 | 4757 | ||||
Yes | 60 | 72 | 59 | 78 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age ≥ 65 y/o | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 2.98 (2.29,3.88)*** | < 0.001 | 2.17 (1.64,2.88)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4557 | 1389 | 4274 | 1251 | ||||
Yes | 278 | 82 | 561 | 220 | ||||
SNRI | 2.19 (1.39,3.45)*** | < 0.001 | 1.46 (0.9,2.37) | 0.121 | ||||
No | 4752 | 1443 | 4654 | 1411 | ||||
Yes | 83 | 28 | 181 | 60 | ||||
SARI | 2.29 (1.81,2.89)*** | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.31,2.17)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4571 | 1356 | 4292 | 1232 | ||||
Yes | 264 | 115 | 543 | 239 | ||||
TCAs | 1.27 (0.83,1.94) | 0.28 | 0.89 (0.56,1.42) | 0.633 | ||||
No | 4765 | 1432 | 4691 | 1422 | ||||
Yes | 70 | 39 | 144 | 49 | ||||
BZD | 2.49 (2.08,2.97)*** | < 0.001 | 1.72 (1.42,2.09)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2786 | 474 | 1872 | 236 | ||||
Yes | 2049 | 997 | 2963 | 1235 | ||||
NDRI | 3.71 (1.5,9.17)** | 0.005 | 2.33 (0.9,6.03) | 0.082 | ||||
No | 4801 | 1465 | 4761 | 1449 | ||||
Yes | 34 | 6 | 74 | 22 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 2.00 (1.39,2.86)*** | < 0.001 | 1.75 (1.2,2.56)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 4715 | 1424 | 4631 | 1380 | ||||
Yes | 120 | 47 | 204 | 91 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 28.0 (17.77,44.22)*** | < 0.001 | 27.1 (16.65,44.03)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 661 | 410 | 82 | 20 | ||||
Yes | 4174 | 1061 | 4753 | 1451 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 2.22 (1.6,3.08)*** | < 0.001 | 1.58 (1.11,2.24)* | 0.01 | ||||
No | 4617 | 1415 | 4453 | 1352 | ||||
Yes | 218 | 56 | 382 | 119 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 3.01 (0.61,14.93) | 0.178 | 1.47 (0.26,8.18) | 0.662 | ||||
No | 4823 | 1469 | 4786 | 1465 | ||||
Yes | 12 | 2 | 49 | 6 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 2.05 (1.44,2.92)*** | < 0.001 | 1.28 (0.87,1.88) | 0.207 | ||||
No | 4634 | 1423 | 4448 | 1376 | ||||
Yes | 201 | 48 | 387 | 95 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.45 (1.13,1.88)** | 0.004 | 1.29 (0.99,1.69) | 0.063 | ||||
No | 4524 | 1360 | 4401 | 1315 | ||||
Yes | 311 | 111 | 434 | 156 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.63 (1.35,1.97)*** | < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.21,1.82)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 4279 | 1256 | 4083 | 1150 | ||||
Yes | 556 | 215 | 752 | 321 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 0.98 (0.68,1.42) | 0.925 | 0.86 (0.58,1.27) | 0.447 | ||||
No | 4763 | 1411 | 4757 | 1412 | ||||
Yes | 72 | 60 | 78 | 59 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 2.36 (1.99,2.81)*** | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.42,2.06)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2815 | 3131 | 2639 | 2886 | ||||
Yes | 152 | 208 | 328 | 453 | ||||
SNRI | 2.04 (1.51,2.75)*** | < 0.001 | 1.42 (1.04,1.95)* | 0.029 | ||||
No | 2922 | 3273 | 2858 | 3207 | ||||
Yes | 45 | 66 | 109 | 132 | ||||
SARI | 2.10 (1.77,2.5)*** | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.21,1.76)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2805 | 3122 | 2611 | 2913 | ||||
Yes | 162 | 217 | 356 | 426 | ||||
TCAs | 2.25 (1.62,3.13)*** | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.2,2.38)** | 0.003 | ||||
No | 2911 | 3286 | 2891 | 3222 | ||||
Yes | 56 | 53 | 76 | 117 | ||||
BZD | 2.22 (2.01,2.46)*** | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.53,1.92)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1663 | 1597 | 1133 | 975 | ||||
Yes | 1304 | 1742 | 1834 | 2364 | ||||
NDRI | 2.16 (1.28,3.63)** | 0.004 | 1.39 (0.8,2.4) | 0.241 | ||||
No | 2948 | 3318 | 2916 | 3294 | ||||
Yes | 19 | 21 | 51 | 45 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.89 (1.45,2.45)*** | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.15,2.01)** | 0.003 | ||||
No | 2889 | 3250 | 2836 | 3175 | ||||
Yes | 78 | 89 | 131 | 164 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 13.54 (9.80,18.7)*** | < 0.001 | 10.11 (7.26,14.09)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 590 | 481 | 61 | 41 | ||||
Yes | 2377 | 2858 | 2906 | 3298 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 1.74 (1.42,2.13)*** | < 0.001 | 1.19 (0.96,1.48) | 0.121 | ||||
No | 2851 | 3181 | 2731 | 3074 | ||||
Yes | 116 | 158 | 236 | 265 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 4.03 (1.85,8.76)*** | < 0.001 | 2.76 (1.21,6.3)* | 0.016 | ||||
No | 2961 | 3331 | 2944 | 3307 | ||||
Yes | 6 | 8 | 23 | 32 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 1.98 (1.61,2.44)*** | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.01,1.59)* | 0.045 | ||||
No | 2860 | 3197 | 2755 | 3069 | ||||
Yes | 107 | 142 | 212 | 270 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.49 (1.26,1.77)*** | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.09,1.56)** | 0.004 | ||||
No | 2787 | 3097 | 2726 | 2990 | ||||
Yes | 180 | 242 | 241 | 349 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.39 (1.22,1.59)*** | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.07,1.43)** | 0.003 | ||||
No | 2637 | 2898 | 2477 | 2756 | ||||
Yes | 330 | 441 | 490 | 583 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 1.42 (0.99,2.04) | 0.057 | 1.18 (0.81,1.74) | 0.393 | ||||
No | 2886 | 3288 | 2902 | 3267 | ||||
Yes | 81 | 51 | 65 | 72 |
Variable | Control (n = 6306) | CFS (n = 6306) | Odds ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Crude (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
SSRI | 2.3 (1.89,2.81)*** | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.37,2.10)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 3131 | 2815 | 2886 | 2639 | ||||
Yes | 208 | 152 | 453 | 328 | ||||
SNRI | 2.48 (1.74,3.52)*** | < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.13,2.38)** | 0.009 | ||||
No | 3273 | 2922 | 3207 | 2858 | ||||
Yes | 66 | 45 | 132 | 109 | ||||
SARI | 2.36 (1.95,2.86)*** | < 0.001 | 1.71 (1.38,2.10)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 3122 | 2805 | 2913 | 2611 | ||||
Yes | 217 | 162 | 426 | 356 | ||||
TCAs | 1.37 (0.96,1.94) | 0.079 | 1.06 (0.73,1.53) | 0.771 | ||||
No | 3286 | 2911 | 3222 | 2891 | ||||
Yes | 53 | 56 | 117 | 76 | ||||
BZD | 2.06 (1.86,2.29)*** | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.50,1.90)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 1597 | 1663 | 975 | 1133 | ||||
Yes | 1742 | 1304 | 2364 | 1834 | ||||
NDRI | 2.71 (1.60,4.61)*** | < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.03,3.17)* | 0.039 | ||||
No | 3318 | 2948 | 3294 | 2916 | ||||
Yes | 21 | 19 | 45 | 51 | ||||
Muscle relaxant | 1.71 (1.29,2.28)*** | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.13,2.07)** | 0.005 | ||||
No | 3250 | 2889 | 3175 | 2836 | ||||
Yes | 89 | 78 | 164 | 131 | ||||
Analgesic drug | 11.82 (9.03,15.47)*** | < 0.001 | 9.40 (7.11,12.43)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 481 | 590 | 41 | 61 | ||||
Yes | 2858 | 2377 | 3298 | 2906 | ||||
Supportive individual psychotherapy | 2.12 (1.69,2.67)*** | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.08,1.77)* | 0.012 | ||||
No | 3181 | 2851 | 3074 | 2731 | ||||
Yes | 158 | 116 | 265 | 236 | ||||
Intensive individual psychotherapy | 3.86 (1.57,9.48)** | 0.003 | 2.56 (1.00,6.57) | 0.051 | ||||
No | 3331 | 2961 | 3307 | 2944 | ||||
Yes | 8 | 6 | 32 | 23 | ||||
Re-educative individual psychotherapy | 2.06 (1.62,2.61)*** | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.07,1.80)* | 0.014 | ||||
No | 3197 | 2860 | 3069 | 2755 | ||||
Yes | 142 | 107 | 270 | 212 | ||||
Stretching exercise | 1.37 (1.12,1.67)** | 0.002 | 1.21 (0.98,1.49) | 0.081 | ||||
No | 3097 | 2787 | 2990 | 2726 | ||||
Yes | 242 | 180 | 349 | 241 | ||||
Therapeutic exercise | 1.58 (1.36,1.84)*** | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.23,1.69)*** | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2898 | 2637 | 2756 | 2477 | ||||
Yes | 441 | 330 | 583 | 490 | ||||
Brainwave examination, sleep or wakefulness | 0.8 (0.57,1.11) | 0.181 | 0.75 (0.53,1.07) | 0.117 | ||||
No | 3288 | 2886 | 3267 | 2902 | ||||
Yes | 51 | 81 | 72 | 65 |