Background
Methods
Data source and population
Variables
Statistical analysis
Trend and decomposition analysis
Let the recent 2016 EDHS and reference 2000 EDHS datasets can be denoted by A and B respectively.YA − YB = F(XAβA) − (XBβB) [20].
Multilevel analysis based on Bayesian approach
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Variables | Characteristics | Frequency and percentage distribution of characteristics | |||
EDHS 2000 No (%) | EDHS 2005 No (%) | EDHS 2011 No (%) | EDHS 2016 No (%) | ||
Sex of child | Male | 5460(51) | 5089 (51) | 5636(51.5) | 5307(51) |
Female | 5293(49) | 4950 (49) | 5310 (48.5) | 5030(49) | |
Twin | Yes | 136 (1) | 143 (1.4) | 203(1.9) | 292 (2.2) |
No | 10,617(99) | 19,896(98.6) | 10,743(98.1) | 10,105 (97.8) | |
Weight of child at birth | Small | 3651 (34) | 2805 (28) | 3251(29.7) | 2676 (26.1) |
Average | 388 (36) | 4069 (40.1) | 4275 (39.1) | 4328 (42.2) | |
Big | 3200(30) | 3149 (31.4) | 3406 (31.2 | 3255 (31.7) | |
Birth order | First | 1982 (19) | 1666 (16.6) | 2068 (18.9) | 1923 (18.6) |
2–3 | 3264(30) | 3069 (30.6) | 3422 (31.3) | 3155 (30.5) | |
4–5 | 2362 (22) | 2382 (23.7) | 2522 [23] | 2473 (23.9) | |
= > 6 | 3144(29) | 2920 (29.2) | 2935 (26.8) | 2786 (27) | |
Birth interval | = < 23 month | 2215 (23) | 3420 (34) | 2407 (25) | 2446 (27.3) |
= > 24 month | 7951(77) | 6618 (66) | 7221 (75) | 6499 (72.7) | |
Age of child | < 1 year | 2186(20.3) | 222 (22) | 2383 (21.8) | 2264 (21.9) |
= > 1 < 2 year | 2145 (20) | 1872 (18.7) | 1915 (17.5) | 2001 (19.4) | |
= > 2 < 3 year | 2084(19.4) | 1883 (18.8) | 2045 (18.7) | 1926(18.6) | |
= > 3 < 4 year | 2260 (21) | 2078(20.7) | 2351 (21.5) | 1980 (19.1) | |
= > 4 < 5 year | 2080(19.3) | 1984 (19.8) | 2251 (20.6) | 2165 (21) | |
Breast feeding | Still feeding | 5318 (49.5) | 5111(51.2) | 5253 (45) | 4325 (42) |
Ever feed but not now | 5366 (50) | 4699 (47) | 5532 (50.5) | 5624 (54.4) | |
Never feed | 69 (0.64) | 178 (4.1) | 161 (1.5) | 388 (3.8) | |
Rotavirus vaccine | vaccinated | – | – | – | 2858 (27.7) |
Not vaccinated | – | – | – | 7479 (72.4) | |
Measles’ vaccine | Vaccinated | 2894 (26.9) | 2535 (26.9) | 5053 (47.1) | 3692 (60.2) |
Not vaccinated | 7859 (73.1) | 6877(73.1) | 5682(52.9) | 2446(39.8) | |
Vitamin A supplemented | Yes | 6000(56.5) | 4399(44.5) | 5274 (48.8) | 4574 (48.7) |
No | 4624(43.5) | 5492 (55.5) | 5540 (51.2) | 4825 (51.3) | |
Wealth index | Poor | – | 4312(35) | 4889 (44.7) | 4848(46.9) |
Medium | – | 2197 (22) | 2259 (20.6) | 2139 (20.7) | |
Rich | – | 3529 (35) | 3798 (34.7) | 3350 (32.4) | |
Mothers work status | Had work | 6003 (55.9) | 8572 (76.8) | 3733 (34.1) | 2803 (27.1) |
had no working | 4745(44.1) | 2590 (23.2) | 4061 (68.9) | 7534 (72.9) | |
Health insurance | Yes | – | – | 59 (0.5) | 378 (3.7) |
No | – | – | 10,882(99.4) | 9959 (96.3) | |
Distance to health facility | Not long | – | 2553 (25.4) | 2710(24.8) | 4056 (39.2) |
Long | – | 7485 (74.6) | 8227 (75.2) | 6281 (60.8) | |
Continuation of above table | |||||
Variables | Characteristics | Frequency and percentage distribution of characteristics | |||
EDHS 2000 No (%) | EDHS 2005 No (%) | EDHS 2011 No (%) | EDHS 2016 No (%) | ||
Residence | Urban | 1141(10.6) | 741(7.4) | 1413(12.9) | 1151 (11.1) |
Rural | 9612(89.4) | 2298(92.6) | 9534(87.1) | 9186 (88.9) | |
Region | Tigray | 709 (6.6) | 652 (6.5) | 701 (6.3) | 682 (6.6) |
Afar | 107 (1) | 96 (1) | 110 (1) | 104 (1) | |
Amhara | 2797 (26) | 2299 (22.9) | 2472 (22.6) | 1954 (18.9) | |
Oromia | 4356 (40.5) | 3982 (39.7) | 4615(42.2) | 4537 (43.9) | |
Somali | 127(1.2) | 428 (4.3) | 330 (3) | 472 (4.6) | |
B/Gumuz | 108 (1) | 95 (0.9) | 125(1) | 113 (1.1) | |
SNNP | 2297 (21.4) | 2265 (22.6) | 2287 (20.9) | 2149 (20.8) | |
Gambella | 25(0.23) | 28 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 24 (0.2) | |
Harari | 23 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 24 (0.2) | |
Addis Ababa | 167 (1.6) | 140 (1.4) | 208 (1.9) | 233 (2.3) | |
Dire-Dawa | 35 (0.3) | 34 (0.3) | 36 (0.3) | 43(0.4) | |
Mother’s educational level | No formal education | 8771 (82) | 7896(78.7) | 7562 (69.1) | 6809 (65.9) |
Primary | 1426 (13) | 1699 (16.9) | 2980 (27.2) | 2777(26.9) | |
Secondary | 532 (4.9) | 401 (4) | 245(2.2) | 491 (4.8) | |
Higher | 24 (0.2) | 42 (0.4) | 159(1.5) | 260 (2.5) | |
Father’s educational level | No formal education | 6732 (63.5) | 5771(58.1) | 5360 (49.7) | 4700 (48.2) |
Primary | 2682 (25.3) | 3054 (30.8) | 4527(42) | 3849 (39.5) | |
Secondary | 1054 (10) | 1000 (10.1) | 550(5.1) | 766 (7.9) | |
Higher | 140 (1.3) | 111 (1.1) | 348 (3.2) | 442 (4.5) | |
Sex of household head | Male | 9327(86.7) | 8957 (89.2) | 9323 (85.2) | 8908 (86.2) |
Female | 1426(13.3) | 1082(10.8) | 1623 (14.8) | 1429 (13.8) | |
Media exposure | Yes | 893(8.3) | 1222 (12.2) | 2007(18.4) | 1846 (17.9) |
No | 9849(91.7) | 8799 (87.8) | 8927(81.6) | 8491 (82.1) | |
Family members | = < 5 | 4655 (43.3) | 4116 (41) | 4812(44) | 5865 (56.7) |
= > 6 | 6098 (56.7) | 5922 (59) | 6134 (56) | 4472 (43.3) | |
Number of U-5 children | = < 2 | 9169 (85.3) | 5922 (83.2) | 9041 (82.6) | 8541 (82.6) |
= > 3 | 1584 (14.7) | 1685 (16.8) | 1906 (17.4) | 1796 (17.4) | |
drinking water | Improved | 2224(21.4) | 5289(55.4) | 4951 (46.5) | 5719 (56.2) |
Not improved | 8169(78.6) | 4254(44.6) | 5686 (53.5) | 4464 (43.8) | |
Child waste disposal | Safe | 2457 (23) | 1987 (20) | 3647(36.2) | 2553 (38.8) |
Not safe | 8256 (77) | 7945 (80) | 6419 (63.8) | 4035 (61.2) | |
Type of toilet | Improved | 1494(14.4) | 891(9) | 1342(12.6) | 1036 (21.4) |
Not improved | 8903(85.6) | 9073(91) | 9287 (87.4) | 3804 (78.6) |
Point difference in diarrhea prevalence | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Characteristics | 2000 N = 10,753 | 2005 N = 10,039 | 2011 N = 10,946 | 2016 N = 10,337 | Phase1 (2005–2000) | Phase2 (2011–2005) | Phase3 2016–2011 | Over all (2016–2000) |
Sex of child | Male | 26.3 | 18.1 | 14.4 | 12.2 | −8.2 | −4.1 | −2.2 | −14.1 |
Female | 24.9 | 18.1 | 12.6 | 11.5 | −6.8 | −5.5 | −1.1 | −13.4 | |
Twin | Yes | 19.3 | 14.8 | 23.6 | 13.8 | −4.5 | 4.3 | −5.5 | −7.5 |
No | 25.7 | 18.2 | 13.4 | 11.8 | −7.5 | −4.8 | −1.6 | −13.9 | |
Weight of child at birth | Small | 26.3 | 20 | 14.9 | 15.7 | −6.3 | −5.9 | 0.8 | −10.6 |
Average | 23.3 | 15.5 | 12.6 | 9.8 | −7.8 | −2.9 | −2.8 | −13.5 | |
Big | 27.5 | 19.8 | 13.5 | 11.6 | −7.7 | −6.3 | −1.9 | − 15.9 | |
Birth order | First | 27.2 | 17.5 | 11.2 | 13.1 | −9.7 | −6.3 | 1.9 | −14.1 |
2–3 | 26.6 | 16.7 | 13.4 | 12.4 | −9.9 | −3.3 | −1 | 14.2 | |
4–5 | 25.4 | 20.9 | 14.7 | 12 | −4.5 | −6.2 | −2.7 | −13.4 | |
= > 6 | 23.8 | 17.8 | 14.4 | 10.4 | −6 | −3.4 | −4 | −13.4 | |
Birth interval | = < 23 month | 25.2 | 17.6 | 10.4 | 9.9 | −7.6 | −7.2 | −0.5 | −15.3 |
= > 24 month | 24.9 | 18.4 | 14.3 | 11.6 | −6.5 | −4.1 | −2.7 | −13.3 | |
Age of child | < 1 year | 27.3 | 21.3 | 17.2 | 14.7 | −6 | −4.1 | −2.5 | −12.6 |
= > 1 < 2 year | 37.2 | 28.4 | 22.8 | 17.8 | −8.8 | −5.6 | −5 | −19.4 | |
= > 2 < 3 year | 28.7 | 18.6 | 14.1 | 13 | −10.1 | − 4.5 | − 1.1 | − 15.7 | |
= > 3 < 4 year | 19.2 | 12.6 | 9 | 9.2 | −6.6 | −3.6 | 0.2 | −10 | |
= > 4 < 5 year | 15.7 | 10.2 | 6 | 4.8 | −5.5 | −4.2 | −1.2 | − 10.9 | |
Breast feeding | Still feeding | 31.2 | 23.2 | 18.4 | 12 | −8 | −4.8 | −6.4 | −19.2 |
Ever feed but not now | 20 | 12.7 | 9.1 | 11.9 | −7.3 | −3.6 | 2.8 | −8.1 | |
Never feed | 36.2 | 19.1 | 13.5 | 10.3 | −17.1 | −5.6 | −3.2 | − 25.9 | |
Rotavirus vaccine | Vaccinated | – | – | – | 12.5 | – | – | – | – |
Not vaccinated | – | – | – | 11.6 | – | – | – | – | |
Measles’ vaccine | Vaccinated | 22.6 | 20 | 14 | 13.2 | −2.6 | −6 | −0.8 | −9.4 |
Not vaccinated | 26.7 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 18.2 | −9 | −4.4 | 4.9 | −8.5 | |
Vitamin A supplemented | Yes | 24.9 | 19.4 | 13.6 | 12.8 | −5.5 | − 5.8 | −0.8 | − 12.1 |
No | 25.5 | 17.3 | 13.3 | 11.4 | −8.2 | −4 | −1.9 | − 14.1 | |
Mothers work status | had work | 26.7 | 18.5 | 13.2 | 11.3 | −8.2 | −5.3 | −1.9 | − 15.4 |
had no work | 24.8 | 18 | 14.1 | 13.3 | −6.8 | −3.9 | −0.8 | −11.5 | |
Wealth index | Poor | – | 19.1 | 13.8 | 12.6 | – | −5.3 | −1.2 | – |
Medium | – | 19.8 | 13.2 | 12.5 | – | −6.6 | −0.7 | – | |
Rich | – | 15.9 | 13.5 | 12.6 | – | −2.4 | −0.9 | – | |
Health insurance | Yes | – | – | 10.3 | 10.8 | – | – | 0.5 | – |
No | – | – | 13.6 | 11.9 | – | – | −1.7 | – | |
Distance to health facility | Not long | – | 16.3 | 12.1 | 12.6 | – | −4.2 | 0.5 | – |
Long | – | 18.7 | 14 | 11.4 | – | −4.7 | −2.6 | – | |
Continuation of above table | |||||||||
Variables | Characteristics | Point difference in diarrhea prevalence | |||||||
2000 N = 10,753 | 2005 N = 10,039 | 2011 N = 10,946 | 2016 N = 10,337 | Phase1 (2005–2000) | Phase2 (2011–2005) | Phase3 2016–2011 | Over all (2016–2000) | ||
Residence | Urban | 21.1 | 12.3 | 11.2 | 10.9 | −8.8 | −1.1 | −0.3 | − 10.2 |
Rural | 26.2 | 18.6 | 13.9 | 12 | −7.6 | −4.7 | −1.9 | − 14.2 | |
Region | Tigray | 17.9 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 13 | −5 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −4.9 |
Afar | 20.6 | 13.5 | 12.7 | 11.5 | −7.1 | −0.8 | −1.2 | −9.1 | |
Amhara | 20.3 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | −5.6 | −1 | 0.1 | −6.5 | |
Oromia | 27.2 | 17.8 | 11.5 | 10.7 | −9.4 | −6.3 | −0.8 | −16.5 | |
Somali | 22.8 | 12.4 | 20 | 6.1 | −10.4 | 7.6 | −13.9 | − 16.7 | |
B/Gumuz | 26.9 | 21.3 | 23.2 | 8.8 | −5.6 | 1.9 | −14.4 | − 18.1 | |
SNNP | 32.5 | 25.2 | 16.5 | 14 | −7.3 | −8.7 | −2.5 | −18.5 | |
Gambella | 32 | 14.3 | 22.9 | 16 | −17.7 | 8.6 | −6.9 | −16 | |
Harari | 26.1 | 19 | 11.5 | 12.5 | −7.1 | − 7.5 | 1 | −13.6 | |
Addis Ababa | 16.8 | 13.6 | 9.6 | 7.7 | −3.2 | −4 | −1.6 | −9.1 | |
Dire-Dawa | 25.7 | 11.8 | 8.3 | 11.6 | −13.9 | −3.5 | 3.3 | −14.1 | |
Mother’s educational level | No formal education | 26.2 | 18.3 | 14 | 11.3 | −7.9 | −4.3 | −2.7 | −14.9 |
Primary | 24.1 | 19.5 | 12.8 | 13.3 | −4.6 | −6.7 | 0.5 | −10.8 | |
Secondary | 19.4 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 14.7 | −8.7 | −0.1 | 4.1 | −4.7 | |
Higher | 41.7 | 2.4 | 11.3 | 7.3 | −39.3 | 8.9 | −4 | −34.4 | |
Father’s educational level | No formal education | 25 | 18.2 | 13.7 | 10.5 | −6.8 | −4.5 | −3.2 | −14.5 |
Primary | 29.1 | 19.2 | 14 | 13.4 | −9.9 | −5.2 | −0.6 | −15.7 | |
Secondary | 20.8 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 12.8 | −6.1 | −3.1 | 1.2 | −8 | |
Higher | 22.1 | 6.3 | 10.6 | 10 | −15.8 | 4.3 | −0.6 | −12.1 | |
Sex of household head | Male | 25.7 | 18.2 | 13.4 | 12.2 | −7.5 | −4.8 | −1.2 | −13.5 |
Female | 24.9 | 17.3 | 14.2 | 9.9 | −7.6 | −3.1 | −4.3 | −15 | |
Media exposure | Yes | 24.3 | 16.1 | 13.4 | 14 | −8.2 | −2.7 | 0.6 | 10.3 |
No | 25.7 | 18.4 | 13.6 | 11.4 | −7.3 | −4.8 | −2.2 | −14.3 | |
family members | = < 5 | 27.9 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 10.5 | −9.8 | −4.4 | −3.2 | −17.4 |
= > 6 | 23.9 | 18 | 13.4 | 13.6 | −5.9 | −4.6 | 0.2 | −10.3 | |
Number of U-5 children | = < 2 | 25.8 | 18.9 | 13.6 | 12.6 | −6.9 | −5.3 | −1 | −13.2 |
= > 3 | 24.4 | 18 | 13.5 | 8.4 | −6.4 | −10.9 | −5.1 | − 16 | |
Drinking water | Improved | 25.1 | 16.6 | 12.6 | 12 | −8.5 | −4 | −0.6 | − 13.1 |
Not improved | 25.7 | 19.9 | 14.6 | 11.4 | −5.8 | −5.3 | −3.2 | −14.3 | |
Child waste disposal | Safe | 24.3 | 19.4 | 14.2 | 14.6 | −4.9 | −5.2 | 0.4 | −9.3 |
Not safe | 25.8 | 17.9 | 13.7 | 10.8 | −7.9 | −4.2 | −2.9 | −15 | |
Type of toilet | Improved | 23.6 | 20.7 | 12 | 9.8 | − 2.9 | −8.7 | − 2.2 | −13.8 |
Not improved | 25.9 | 17.9 | 13.8 | 11.6 | −8 | −4.1 | −2.2 | −14.3 |
Overall trends of diarrhea among under five-children in Ethiopia
Trends of diarrhea prevalence in Ethiopia by selected characteristics
Decomposition analysis
Diarrhea | Coef | 95% CI | Pct. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-CI | U-CI | ||||
E | −.004 | −0.016 | 0.008 | 2.9 | |
C | −0.13 | −0.15 | − 0.11 | 97.1* | |
R | −0.14 | −0.2 | − 0.11* |
Variables | Characteristics | Difference due to characteristics | Difference due to coefficient | ||
Coef | Pct. | Coef | Pct. | ||
Residence | Urban (ref) | ||||
Rural | 0.000 (−0.00.., 0.00) | −0.05 | − 0.000(− 0.06, 0.6) | 0.62 | |
Mothers work status | Had work (ref) | ||||
Had no work | −0.003 (− 0.01, 0.005) | 2.47 | − 0.02*(− 0.05,-0.003) | 14 | |
Mother’s educational level ` | No formal (ref) education | – | |||
Primary | −0.0001 (− 0.002, 0.002) | 0.11 | 0.002(− 0.004, 0.008) | −1.6 | |
Secondary | 0.000(0.000, 0.0000) | −0.000 | 0.001(−0.003, 0.006) | −3.1 | |
Higher | −0.001(− 0.002,0.001) | 0.5 | − 0.001* (− 0.001, − 0.000) | 0.4 | |
Father’s educational level | No formal (ref) education | ||||
Primary | 0.002 (− 0.001, 0.005) | −1.3 | 0.001(− 0.009, 0.01) | − 0.7 | |
Secondary | −0.0001 (− 0.0006, 0.000) | 0.1 | 0.004(− 0.02, 0.01) | − 3.1 | |
Higher | 0.000 (− 0.001, 0.0010 | − 0.13 | 0.001(− 0.001, 0.003) | −0.63 | |
Family members | <=5 (ref) | ||||
> = 6 | −0.002 (− 0.005, 0.001) | 1.2 | 0.41*(0.02, 0.06) | −30 | |
Number of under-five children | <=2 (ref) | ||||
> = 3 | − 0.001 (− 0.002, 0.000) | 0.47 | − 0.005(− 0.011, 0.002) | 3.7 | |
Sex of household head | Male (ref) | ||||
Female | 0.0003 (−0.000, 0.001) | −0.22 | − 0.004(− 0.1, 0.003) | 2.6 | |
Media exposure | Yes (ref) | ||||
No | 0.001(−0.008, 0.003) | − 0.87 | − 0.02(− 0.07, 0.03) | 16.7 | |
Water source | Improved (ref) | ||||
Not improved | 0.000 (− 0.004, 0.004) | − 0.005 | 0.04(− 0.017, 0.046) | −10.4 | |
Constant | −0.15* (− 0.23, − 0.06) | 106.1 |
Multilevel analysis based on Bayesian approach
Model with both individual and community level factors
Fixed effect | Category | Estimates | SE | AOR | 95%CrI of AOR | Rhat | Bulk_ ESS | Tail_ ESS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-CrI | U-CrI | ||||||||
훽0 intercept* | −5.8 | 0.7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1 | 5814 | 9217 | |
Sex of child | Male (ref) | ||||||||
Female | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 1.02 | 1 | 10,361 | 5807 | |
Twin | Yes* | 0.26 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1 | 19,613 | 8366 |
No (ref) | |||||||||
Weight of child at birth | Small | −0.19 | 0.11 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 1.02 | 1 | 19,808 | 14,137 |
Average (ref) | |||||||||
Big* | 0.48 | 0.11 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 2.02 | 1 | 20,612 | 13,727 | |
Birth order | First (ref) | ||||||||
2–3 | −0.36 | 0.26 | 0.7 | 0.43 | 1.2 | 1 | 10,903 | 11,827 | |
4–5 | − 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 1.38 | 1 | 10,235 | 10,907 | |
= > 6 | −0.29 | 0.3 | 0.76 | 0.42 | 1.35 | 1 | 10,209 | 10,942 | |
Birth interval | = < 23 month | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.97 | 0.83 | 1.13 | 1 | 20,381 | 13,298 |
= > 24 month (ref) | |||||||||
Age of child | < 1 year (ref) | ||||||||
= > 1 < 2 year* | 0.22 | 0.08 | 1.3 | 1.06 | 1.47 | 1 | 9648 | 5850 | |
= > 2 < 3 year | − 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0.72 | 1.03 | 1 | 3604 | 4530 | |
= > 3 < 4 year* | −0.54 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 1 | 3251 | 4625 | |
= > 4 < 5 year | −1.23 | 0.12 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.4 | 1 | 3377 | 4837 | |
Breast feeding | Still breast feed (ref) | ||||||||
Ever breast feed but not now | −0.09 | 0.8 | 0.91 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 1 | 24,022 | 13,505 | |
Never breast feed | −0.27 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.42 | 1.42 | 1 | 22,263 | 12,015 | |
Rota vaccine | vaccinated (ref) | ||||||||
Not vaccinated* | 0.32 | 0.13 | 1.44 | 1.12 | 1.9 | 1 | 9367 | 6075 | |
Measles’ vaccine | Yes (ref) | ||||||||
No* | 0.2 | 0.05 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.33 | 1 | 14,128 | 6067 | |
Vitamin supplementation | Yes (ref) | ||||||||
No | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1 | 25,507 | 14,935 | |
Wealth index | Poor* | .95 | 0.23 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 4.03 | 1 | 16,045 | 14,275 |
Medium | 0.09 | 0.24 | 1.1 | 0.68 | 1.74 | 1 | 14,461 | 14,475 | |
Rich (ref) | |||||||||
Mothers working status | Working (ref) | ||||||||
Not working | 0.24 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1 | 8311 | 5878 | |
Health insurance | Yes (ref) | ||||||||
No* | 0.78 | 0.27 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 1 | 7888 | 5393 | |
Continuation of above table | |||||||||
Fixed effect | Category | Estimates | SE | AOR | 95%CrI of AOR | Rhat | Bulk_ ESS | Tail_ ESS | |
L-CrI | U-CrI | ||||||||
Distance to health facility | Not long (ref) | ||||||||
Long * | 1 | 0.12 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 1 | 6206 | 5558 | |
Mother’s educational level | No formal education (ref) | ||||||||
Primary | 0.1 | 00.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1 | 8748 | 10,747 | |
Secondary | 0.1 | 00.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1 | 11,355 | 12,382 | |
Higher | −0.5 | 0.36 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 1 | 7021 | 1091 | |
Health insurance | Yes (ref) | ||||||||
No* | 0.78 | 0.27 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 1 | 7888 | 5393 | |
Distance to health facility | Not long (ref) | ||||||||
Long * | 1 | 0.12 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 1 | 6206 | 5558 | |
Father’s educational level | No formal education (ref) | ||||||||
Primary | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.99 | 1.7 | 1 | 9386 | 12,115 | |
Secondary | 0.25 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1 | 8416 | 10,409 | |
Higher | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2 | 1 | 9987 | 10,442 | |
Household head | Male (ref) | ||||||||
Female* | −0.22 | 0.13 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 1.05 | 1 | 8669 | 6074 | |
Media exposure | Yes (ref) | ||||||||
No | 0.27 | 0.19 | 1.30 | 0.89 | 1.9 | 1 | 17,430 | 14,082 | |
family members | = < 5(ref) | ||||||||
= > 6* | 0.35 | 0.13 | 1.41 | 1.1 | 1.83 | 1 | 7623 | 5854 | |
No of under five children | = < 2 (ref) | ||||||||
= > 3* | 0.26 | 0.11 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.61 | 1 | 9026 | 5453 | |
Source of drinking water | Improved (ref) | ||||||||
Not improved | −0.17 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 1 | 19,868 | 13,216 | |
Child waste disposal | Safe (ref) | ||||||||
Not safe* | 1.44 | 0.14 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 1 | 7238 | 5718 | |
Type of toilet | Improved (ref) | ||||||||
Not improved | 0.21 | 0.13 | 1.23 | 0.95 | 1.6 | 1 | 18,719 | 13,886 | |
Random effect | |||||||||
\( {{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}_{{\boldsymbol{\mu}}_{\mathbf{0}}}}^{\mathbf{2}} \) | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 1 | 1500 | 2913 | ||
ICC | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.13 | ||||||
LOO | 7931 | ||||||||
WAIC | 7904 |