Background
Methods
Setting
Sample
Self-reported pain
Data for respondents’ body mass index (BMI)
Socio-demographic measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Analysis sample (n = 2616) | ||
---|---|---|
Episode of pain that has lasted more than 3 months | ||
No | 1972 | 75.4 (73.7–77.0) |
Yes, not interfere with day-to-day activities | 162 | 6.2 (5.3–7.2) |
Yes, interfere a little bit with day-to-day activities | 188 | 7.2 (6.3–8.3) |
Yes, interfere moderately with day-to-day activities | 170 | 6.5 (5.6–7.5) |
Yes, interfere extremely with day-to-day activities | 124 | 4.7 (4.0–5.6) |
Body mass index | ||
Normal/underweight | 1204 | 46.0 (44.1–48.0) |
Overweight | 848 | 32.4 (30.7–34.2) |
Obese | 564 | 21.6 (20.0–23.2) |
Demographics characteristics | ||
Sex | ||
Male | 1326 | 50.7 (48.8–52.6) |
Female | 1290 | 49.3 (47.4–51.2) |
Age | ||
15-24 | 385 | 14.7 (13.4–16.1) |
25-34 | 409 | 15.6 (14.3–17.1) |
35-44 | 483 | 18.5 (17.0–20.0) |
45-54 | 477 | 18.2 (16.8–19.8) |
55-64 | 372 | 14.2 (12.9–15.6) |
65-74 | 286 | 10.9 (9.8–12.2) |
75+ | 203 | 7.7 (6.8–8.8) |
Area of residence | ||
Metropolitan | 1952 | 74.9 (73.2–76.5) |
Regional | 656 | 25.1 (23.5–26.9) |
Marital status | ||
Married/De Facto | 1701 | 65.0 (63.2–66.8) |
Separated/Divorced | 211 | 8.1 (7.1–9.2) |
Widowed | 134 | 5.1 (4.3–6.0) |
Never Married | 561 | 21.4 (19.9–23.0) |
Not stated | 10 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
Country of birth | ||
Australia | 1906 | 72.8 (71.1–74.5) |
UK/Ireland | 327 | 12.5 (11.3–13.8) |
Other | 384 | 14.7 (13.4–16.1) |
Educational attainment | ||
Up to secondary | 1145 | 43.8 (41.9–45.7) |
Trade, Apprenticeship, Certificate, Diploma | 995 | 38.0 (36.2–39.9) |
Degree or higher | 467 | 17.9 (16.4–19.4) |
Not stated | 9 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) |
Employment status | ||
Work full or part time | 1516 | 57.9 (56.0–59.8) |
Home Duties | 231 | 8.8 (7.8–10.0) |
Unemployed | 55 | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) |
Retired | 516 | 19.7 (18.2–21.3) |
Student | 175 | 6.7 (5.8–7.7) |
Not working because work related injury or disability, other | 124 | 4.7 (4.0–5.6) |
Annual household income | ||
Up to $20,000 | 330 | 12.6 (11.4–13.9) |
$20,001 to $50,000 | 625 | 23.9 (22.3–25.6) |
$50,001 to $80,000 | 539 | 20.6 (19.1–22.2) |
$80,001 or more | 644 | 24.6 (23.0–26.3) |
Not stated | 478 | 18.3 (16.8–19.8) |
Total | No pain | Pain but no interference with day-to-day activities | Regular pain that interferes with day-to-day activities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
n
| % (95 % CI) | n | % (95 % CI) | n | % (95 % CI) | |
Overall | 2616 | 1972 | 75.4 (73.7–77.0) | 350 | 13.4 (12.1–14.7) | 294 | 11.2 (10.1–12.5) |
BMI | |||||||
Normal/underweight | 1209 | 961 | 79.5 (77.1–81.6) | 151 | 12.5 (10.8–14.5) | 97 | 8.0 (6.6–9.7) |
Overweight | 843 | 632 | 74.9 (71.9–77.7) | 114 | 13.6 (11.4–16.0) | 97 | 11.5 (9.5–13.8) |
Obese | 564 | 379 | 67.3 (63.3–71.0) | 84 | 14.9 (12.2–18.1) | 100 | 17.8 (14.9–21.2) |
Covariates
| |||||||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 1326 | 1026 | 77.4 (75.0–79.5) | 155 | 11.7 (10.1–13.5) | 145 | 10.9 (9.4–12.7) |
Female | 290 | 946 | 73.3 (70.8–75.7) | 195 | 15.1 (13.3–17.2) | 149 | 11.6 (9.9–13.4) |
Age group | |||||||
15-24 | 385 | 331 | 85.9 (82.1–89.1) | 30 | 7.7 (5.4–10.8) | 25 | 6.4 (4.3–9.3) |
25-34 | 409 | 315 | 76.9 (72.6–80.7) | 59 | 14.5 (11.4–18.2) | 35 | 8.7 (6.3–11.8) |
35-44 | 483 | 391 | 80.8 (77.0–84.1) | 54 | 11.1 (8.6–14.3) | 39 | 8.1 (6.0–10.8) |
45-54 | 477 | 352 | 73.8 (69.6–77.5) | 64 | 13.4 (10.6–16.8) | 61 | 12.8 (10.1–16.1) |
55-64 | 372 | 259 | 69.6 (64.7–74.0) | 60 | 16.1 (12.7–20.2) | 53 | 14.3 (11.2–18.3) |
65-74 | 286 | 188 | 65.6 (59.9–70.9) | 51 | 17.9 (13.9–22.8) | 47 | 16.4 (12.6–21.2) |
75+ | 203 | 137 | 67.5 (60.8–73.6) | 32 | 15.8 (11.5–21.5) | 34 | 16.6 (12.1–22.3) |
Area of residence (rurality) | |||||||
Metro. Adelaide | 1952 | 1471 | 75.4 (73.4–77.2) | 273 | 14.0 (12.5–15.6) | 208 | 10.7 (9.4–12.1) |
SA Country | 656 | 496 | 75.6 (72.1–78.7) | 75 | 11.5 (9.2–14.1) | 85 | 13.0 (10.6–15.8) |
Marital status | |||||||
Married/De facto | 1701 | 1278 | 75.2 (73.1–77.2) | 234 | 13.7 (12.2–15.4) | 189 | 11.1 (9.7–12.7) |
Separated/Divorced | 211 | 147 | 69.8 (63.3–75.6) | 28 | 13.4 (9.4–18.6) | 35 | 16.8 (12.4–22.5) |
Widowed | 34 | 90 | 67.1 (58.7–74.4) | 22 | 16.5 (11.1–23.7) | 22 | 16.5 (11.1–23.7) |
Never married | 561 | 447 | 79.7 (76.2–82.8) | 66 | 11.8 (9.4–14.8) | 48 | 8.5 (6.5–11.1) |
Country of birth | |||||||
Australia | 1906 | 1456 | 76.4 (74.4–78.2) | 252 | 13.2 (11.8–14.8) | 198 | 10.4 (9.1–11.9) |
UK and Ireland | 327 | 228 | 69.7 (64.5–74.4) | 49 | 15.1 (11.6–19.4) | 50 | 15.2 (11.7–19.5) |
Other | 384 | 289 | 75.3 (70.7–79.3) | 49 | 12.7 (9.8–16.4) | 46 | 12.0 (9.1–15.7) |
Educational attainment | |||||||
Up to secondary | 145 | 862 | 75.3 (72.7–77.7) | 148 | 12.9 (11.1–15.0) | 135 | 11.8 (10.1–13.8) |
Trade, Apprenticeship, Certificate, Diploma | 995 | 725 | 72.8 (70.0–75.5) | 145 | 14.6 (12.6–16.9) | 125 | 12.5 (10.6–14.8) |
Degree or higher | 467 | 384 | 82.1 (78.4–85.3) | 56 | 12.0 (9.4–15.3) | 28 | 5.9 (4.1–8.4) |
Household annual income | |||||||
Up to $20,000 | 330 | 216 | 65.4 (60.1–70.3) | 52 | 15.9 (12.4–20.2) | 62 | 18.7 (14.9–23.3) |
$20,001 to $50,000 | 625 | 451 | 72.1 (68.4–75.4) | 87 | 14.0 (11.5–16.9) | 87 | 14.0 (11.5–16.9) |
$50,001 to $80,000 | 539 | 430 | 79.7 (76.1–82.9) | 66 | 12.2 (9.7–15.3) | 43 | 8.0 (6.0–10.6) |
$80,001 or more | 644 | 495 | 76.8 (73.4–79.9) | 96 | 15.0 (12.4–17.9) | 53 | 8.2 (6.4–10.6) |
Not stated | 478 | 381 | 79.8 (75.9–83.1) | 48 | 10.0 (7.6–13.0) | 49 | 10.2 (7.8–13.3) |
Overall | 2616 | 1972 | 75.4 (73.7–77.0) | 350 | 13.4 (12.1–14.7) | 294 | 11.2 (10.1–12.5) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) | P value | OR (95 % CI) | P value | |
No pain (reference) | ||||
Have pain, no interference to a little bit with day-to-day activities | ||||
BMI | ||||
Normal/underweight | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 1.13 (0.85–1.52) | 0.395 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 0.803 |
Obese | 1.40 (1.02–1.94) | 0.040 | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) | 0.115 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 1.34 (1.05–1.71) | 0.020 | 1.38 (1.06–1.79) | 0.016 |
Age group | ||||
18 to 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25 to 34 | 1.68 (1.03–2.75) | 0.039 | 1.68 (0.96–2.95) | 0.070 |
45 to 64 | 2.20 (1.36–3.54) | 0.001 | 2.10 (1.23–3.61) | 0.007 |
65+ | 2.79 (1.72–4.54) | <0.001 | 2.71 (1.58–4.64) | <0.001 |
Area of residence (rurality) | ||||
SA Country | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Metropolitan Adelaide | 1.17 (0.87–1.59) | 0.296 | 1.33 (0.94–1.87) | 0.105 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Degree or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Up to secondary | 1.18 (0.84–1.68) | 0.341 | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 0.565 |
Trade, Apprenticeship, Certificate, Diploma | 1.38 (0.96–1.97) | 0.079 | 1.35 (0.92–1.96) | 0.120 |
Country of birth | ||||
Australia | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
UK/Ireland | 1.33 (0.94–1.86) | 0.105 | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 0.890 |
Other | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) | 0.574 | 0.85 (0.59–1.24) | 0.402 |
Have pain, interfere moderately to extremely with day-to-day activities | ||||
BMI | ||||
Normal/underweight | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overweight | 1.50 (1.07–2.11) | 0.018 | 1.34 (0.93–1.92) | 0.114 |
Obese | 2.61 (1.84–3.71) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.57–3.23) | <0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | 0.392 | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) | 0.475 |
Age group | ||||
18 to 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25 to 34 | 1.62 (0.95–2.76) | 0.075 | 1.30 (0.72–2.35) | 0.382 |
45 to 64 | 2.70 (1.62–4.51) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.10–3.41) | 0.022 |
65+ | 3.59 (2.10–6.14) | <0.001 | 2.69 (1.45–4.97) | 0.002 |
Area of residence (rurality) | ||||
SA Country | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Metropolitan Adelaide | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.194 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.771 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Degree or higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Up to secondary | 1.90 (1.23–2.95) | 0.004 | 1.87 (1.15–3.01) | 0.011 |
Trade, Apprenticeship, Certificate, Diploma | 2.39 (1.52–3.75) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.35–3.51) | 0.001 |
Country of birth | ||||
Australia | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
UK/Ireland | 1.53 (1.06–2.21) | 0.022 | 1.30 (0.89–1.92) | 0.178 |
Other | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 0.181 | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) | 0.445 |