Background
Methods
Design and setting
Data collection and analysis
Grade
|
Effect
|
---|---|
0
|
None
|
1
|
Not probable
|
2
|
Fairly improbable
|
3
|
Cannot be excluded not confirmed
|
4
|
Cannot be excluded
|
5
|
Quite probable
|
6
|
Probable
|
Results
Drowning | No of cases | Testing rates | |
---|---|---|---|
Alcohol (%) | Medicinal drugs (%) | ||
Unintentional (V90, V92, W65-W74) | 1746 | 100% | 91.5% |
Boating-related (V90, V92)
|
303
|
100%
|
91.1%
|
Non-boating (W65-W74)
|
1443
|
100%
|
91.6%
|
Drowning | Overall | BAC ≥ 50 mg/dL | Psychotropic drugs* without alcohol | Psychotropic drugs* and BAC ≥ 50 mg/dL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
Unintentional | 1697 | 1058 | 62.3 | 134 | 7.9 | 313 | 18.4 |
Boating (V90, V92)
|
303
|
197
|
65.0
|
8
|
2.6
|
28
|
9.2
|
Non-boating (W65-W74)
|
1394
|
861
|
61.8
|
126
|
9.0
|
285
|
20.4
|
Drowning | Males | Females | Male to female RR* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | alcohol + | All | alcohol + | All | alcohol + | |||
n
|
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||
Unintentional | 1487 | 931 | 62.6 | 210 | 127 | 60.5 | 7.1 | 7.3 |
Boating (V90, V92)
|
293
|
190
|
64.8
|
10
|
7
|
70.0
|
29.3
|
27.1
|
Non-boating-related (W65-W74)
|
1194
|
741
|
62.1
|
200
|
120
|
60.0
|
6.0
|
6.2
|
Drowning | Males | Females | Male to female RR* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Drug + | All | Drug + | All | Drug + | |||
n
|
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||
Unintentional | 1487 | 362 | 24.3 | 210 | 91 | 43.3 | 7.1 | 4.0 |
Boating (V90, V92)
|
293
|
34
|
11.6
|
10
|
3
|
30.0
|
29.3
|
11.3
|
Non-boating-related (W65-W74)
|
1194
|
328
|
27.5
|
200
|
88
|
44.0
|
6.0
|
3.7
|
ATC code/group | Drug | Unintentional drowning victims (n)* |
---|---|---|
N05BA16/− | desmethyldiazepam** | 210 |
N05BA01/anxiolytic | diazepam | 156 |
N05BA04/anxiolytic | oxazepam | 110 |
N05CD07/anxiolytic | temazepam | 99 |
N06AB04/antidepressant | citalopram | 62 |
N05BA02/anxiolytic | chlordiazepoxide | 40 |
N03AF01/antiepilectic | carbamazepine | 30 |
N05BA12/anxiolytic | alprazolam | 18 |
N05CF01/hypnotic and sedative | zopiclone | 18 |
N06AA09/antidepressant | amitriptyline | 16 |
In-depth study: Unintentional drowning, alcohol, and psychotropic drugs
Overall | Psychotropic-drug-positive* | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 0 | Grade 1–3 | Grade 4–6 | All grades | ||||||
n
|
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
All unintentional | 1697 | 2 | 0.12 | 204 | 12.1 | 247 | 14.6 | 453 | 26.7 |
Boating
|
303
|
0
|
0
|
20
|
6.6
|
17
|
5.6
|
37
|
12.2
|
Non boating
|
1394
|
2
|
0.14
|
184
|
13.2
|
230
|
16.5
|
416
|
29.8
|
Overall | Psychotropic-drug-positive* /no alcohol | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 0 | Grade 1–3 | Grade 4–6 | All grades | ||||||
n
|
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
All unintentional | 1697 | 2 | 0.1 | 73 | 4.3 | 59 | 3.5 | 134 | 7.9 |
Boating
|
303
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
1.0
|
5
|
1.7
|
8
|
2.6
|
Non boating
|
1394
|
2
|
0.1
|
70
|
5.0
|
54
|
3.9
|
126
|
9.0
|