Background
Methods
Population studied and sample
Name of the health regions of residence (number of the region) | Men ≥ 18 years1
| Proportion | Men: n2
| Women ≥ 18 years1
| proportion | Women: n2
| Men and women: n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bas-Saint-Laurent (01) | 77 455 | 0,014 | 36 | 82 070 | 0,015 | 38 | 74 |
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (02) | 106 700 | 0,019 | 48 | 110 230 | 0,020 | 51 | 99 |
Capitale-Nationale (03) | 246 320 | 0,044 | 112 | 271 710 | 0,048 | 122 | 234 |
Mauricie et Centre-du-Québec (04) | 181 185 | 0,032 | 81 | 193 805 | 0,034 | 86 | 167 |
Estrie (05) | 107 805 | 0,019 | 48 | 114 940 | 0,020 | 51 | 99 |
Montréal (06) | 690 890 | 0,122 | 310 | 775 560 | 0,137 | 348 | 658 |
Outaouais (07) | 116 260 | 0,021 | 53 | 124 345 | 0,022 | 56 | 109 |
Abitibi-Témiscaminque (08) | 54 720 | 0,010 | 25 | 55 435 | 0,010 | 25 | 50 |
Côte-Nord (09) | 37 710 | 0,007 | 18 | 36 900 | 0,007 | 18 | 36 |
Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine (11) | 37 635 | 0,007 | 18 | 39 550 | 0,007 | 18 | 36 |
Chaudière-Appalaches (12) | 146 365 | 0,026 | 66 | 151 090 | 0,027 | 69 | 135 |
Laval (13) | 127 755 | 0,023 | 58 | 138 870 | 0,025 | 64 | 122 |
Lanaudière (14) | 144 030 | 0,026 | 66 | 148 550 | 0,026 | 66 | 132 |
Laurentides (15) | 171 535 | 0,030 | 76 | 178 430 | 0,032 | 81 | 157 |
Montérégie (16) | 474 705 | 0,084 | 213 | 505 235 | 0,090 | 229 | 442 |
TOTAL | 2, 721, 070 | 1228 | 2, 926, 720 | 1322 | 2550 |
Data collection method
Analyses
Results
Characteristics of the respondents
Variables | %1
| CV2
| |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Women | 51.6 | 0.02 |
Men | 48.3 | 0.02 | |
Age | 18 to 34 years | 29.1 | 0.03 |
35 to 64 years | 54.6 | 0.02 | |
65 years or more | 16.2 | 0.05 | |
First language learned at home | French only | 81.0 | 0.01 |
English only | 6.1 | 0.09 | |
Language other than French or English | 10.1 | 0.15 | |
English or French plus another language | 2.9 | 0.08 | |
Status of activities (last 12 months) | Employed | 67.0 | 0.02 |
Unemployed | 8.4 | 0.07 | |
Student | 3.4 | 0.15 | |
Retired | 21.8 | 0.04 | |
Income (before tax/from all sources/last 12 months) | Less than $ 15 000 | 9.3 | 0.07 |
Between $ 15 000 and $ 29 999 | 17.2 | 0.05 | |
Between $ 30 000 and $ 44 999 | 17.8 | 0.05 | |
Between $ 45 000 and $ 59 999 | 14.1 | 0.05 | |
$ 60 000 or more | 26.2 | 0.03 | |
Undisclosed3
| 15.2 | 0.05 | |
Lives alone | Yes | 18.2 | 0.04 |
No | 81.8 | 0.01 | |
Region of residence | Eastern Québec | 5.7 | 0.02 |
Northern part of southern Québec | 5.9 | 0.02 | |
Québec City region | 14.6 | 0.01 | |
Centre of the province | 6.4 | 0.02 | |
South of Montréal | 21.1 | 0.01 | |
North of Montréal | 15.7 | 0.01 | |
Montréal and Laval | 30.8 | 0.01 | |
Type of dwelling | House | 64.9 | 0.01 |
Apartment: ≤ 4 storeys | 31.1 | 0.03 | |
Apartment > 4 storeys | 3.9 | 0.11 |
Region of residence | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Eastern Québec | Northern part of southern Québec | Centre of the province | Québec City region | South of Montréal | North of Montréal | Montréal and Laval |
Type of dwelling: | |||||||
• House | 87.4%1
| 78.8% | 76.0% | 67.2% | 73.8% | 85.0% | 38.4% |
• Apartment | 12.6% | 21.2% | 24.0% | 32.9% | 26.3% | 15.0% | 61.6% |
First language learned at home: | |||||||
• French only | 96.0% | 95.0% | 96.2% | 93.4% | 86.1% | 85.3% | 60.8% |
• other than French only | 4.0% | 5.0% | 3.8% | 6.6% | 13.9% | 14.7% | 39.2% |
Region of residence perceived as conducive to cold waves: | |||||||
• a lot | 27.0% | 41.5% | 23.3% | 31.9% | 34.6% | 33.9% | 41.1% |
• Average | 44.6% | 39.9% | 55.1% | 49.6% | 46.9% | 46.8% | 40.8% |
• not much | 19.3% | 17.1% | 16.0% | 16.0% | 15.4% | 15.0% | 14.1% |
• not at all | 9.2% | 1.6% | 5.6% | 2.5% | 3.2% | 4.3% | 4.0% |
Region of residence perceived as conducive to winter smog: | |||||||
• a lot | 5.4% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 3.3% | 6.6% | 4.4% | 15.4% |
• Average | 12.4% | 8.8% | 19.2% | 17.2% | 22.5% | 20.3% | 31.5% |
• not much | 21.9% | 21.4% | 28.7% | 33.5% | 29.1% | 29.4% | 29.6% |
• not at all | 60.3% | 69.3% | 50.9% | 46.1% | 41.8% | 45.9% | 23.5% |
Wood heating: | |||||||
• Yes | 35.0% | 34.8% | 30.7% | 23.0% | 21.9% | 24.9% | 4.0% |
• No | 65.0% | 65.2% | 69.3% | 77.0% | 78.1% | 75.2% | 96.0% |
Prohibition of wood heating when there is winter smog: | |||||||
• completely agree | 26.2% | 33.8% | 29.8% | 27.5% | 36.1% | 37.3% | 48.5% |
• do not completely agree | 73.8% | 66.2% | 70.2% | 72.5% | 63.9% | 62.7% | 51.5% |
Belief of the contribution of anthropogenic causes to climate change in the last fifty years: | |||||||
• average or a lot | 79.3% | 76.9% | 82.8% | 78.0% | 85.2% | 85.0% | 84.1% |
• not much or not at all | 20.7% | 23.1% | 17.2% | 22.0% | 14.8% | 15.0% | 15.9% |
Factors associated with residential wood heating
Wood heating | p value1
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | yes | no | |
Sociodemographic characteristics
| |||
• Gender: | 0.1885 | ||
• men | 20.3%2
| 79,7% | |
• women | 18.2% | 81.8% | |
Age: | 0.0004 | ||
• 18–34 years | 16.2% | 83.8% | |
• 35–64 years | 22.4% | 77.6% | |
• 65 years or more | 14.5% | 85.5% | |
Status of activities (last 12 months): | 0.0374 | ||
• employed | 20.3% | 79.7% | |
• unemployed | 21.8% | 78.2% | |
• student | 11.6% | 88.4% | |
• retired | 15.7% | 84.3% | |
Income before tax, from all sources (last 12 months): | < 0.0001 | ||
• < $45,000 | 16.8% | 83.2% | |
• ≥ $45,000 | 23.6% | 76.4% | |
• not disclosed | 14.4% | 85.6% | |
First language learned at home: | < 0.0001 | ||
• French only | 21.9% | 78.2% | |
• English only | 4.9% | 95.1% | |
• other language in addition to French or English | 20.6% | 79.4% | |
• language other than French and English | 6.1% | 93.9% | |
Status as parent: | < 0.0001 | ||
• no children | 14.7% | 85.3% | |
• adult children only | 20.0% | 80.0% | |
• at least one minor child | 23.2% | 76.8% | |
Cohabitation: | < 0.0001 | ||
• lives with other people (related or not) | 21.0% | 79.0% | |
• lives alone | 11.9% | 88.1% | |
Health status
| |||
Perceived health status: | 0.1624 | ||
• very good | 20.1% | 79.9% | |
• good | 19.8% | 80.2% | |
• average | 15.6% | 84.4% | |
• bad | 12.8% | 87.2% | |
Having at least one chronic disease diagnosed by a physician and having had it for at least six months | 0.0809 | ||
• yes | 16.9% | 83.1% | |
• no | 20.0% | 80.0% | |
Observance of behaviours according to the preventive advice issued by health professionals | 0.5748 | ||
• always | 19.3% | 80.7% | |
• often | 18.3% | 81.7% | |
• sometimes | 21.8% | 78.2% | |
• rarely | 17.6% | 82.4% | |
• never | 19.4% | 80.6% | |
Perceived influence of extreme meteorological conditions (e.g., heat waves) on health: | 0.0179 | ||
• a lot | 15.2% | 84.8% | |
• average | 15.4% | 84.6% | |
• not much | 18.0% | 82.0% | |
• not at all | 21.2% | 78.8% | |
Dwelling
| |||
Type of dwelling: | < 0.0001 | ||
• house | 28.1% | 71.9% | |
• apartment | 2.6% | 97.4% | |
Perceived efficiency of the dwelling's insulation against moisture: | < 0.0001 | ||
• very good | 25.2% | 74.8% | |
• good | 18.9% | 81.1% | |
• average | 15.6% | 84.5% | |
• poor | 7.3% | 92.7% | |
Perceived efficiency of the dwelling's insulation against cold: | < 0.0001 | ||
• very good | 24.5% | 75.6% | |
• good | 20.4% | 79.6% | |
• average | 12.8% | 87.2% | |
• poor | 6.3% | 93.8% | |
Perceived efficiency of the dwelling's insulation against heat: | < 0.0001 | ||
• very good | 27.1% | 72.9% | |
• good | 19.9% | 80.2% | |
average | 13.6% | 86.4% | |
• poor | 3.7% | 96.3% | |
Addition of insulating materials since the dwelling was built: | < 0.0001 | ||
• yes | 26.6% | 73.4% | |
• no | 18.1% | 81.9% | |
• don't know | 6.4% | 93.6% | |
Replacement of doors or windows since the dwelling was built: | 0.3479 | ||
• yes | 20.5% | 79.5% | |
• no | 18.9% | 81.1% | |
Dwelling built before 19833: | 0.1684 | ||
• yes | 18.7% | 81.3% | |
• no | 21.5% | 78.5% | |
• unknown4
| 17.4% | 82.6% | |
Region of residence
| |||
Region lived in: | < 0.0001 | ||
• Eastern Québec | 35.0% | 65.0% | |
• Northern part of southern Québec | 34.8% | 65.2% | |
• Central Québec | 30.7% | 69.3% | |
• Québec City region | 23.0% | 77.0% | |
• North of Montréal | 24.9% | 75.2% | |
• South of Montréal | 21.9% | 78.1% | |
• Montréal and Laval | 4.0% | 96.0% | |
Region of residence perceived as conducive to ice storms | 0.0828 | ||
• a lot | 15.2% | 84.8% | |
• average | 19.6% | 80.4% | |
• not much | 20.1% | 79.9% | |
• not at all | 22.8% | 77.2% | |
Region of residence perceived as conducive to winter smog | 0.0002 | ||
• a lot | 11.6% | 88.4% | |
• average | 15.8% | 84.2% | |
• not much | 20.2% | 79.8% | |
• not at all | 23.3% | 76.7% | |
Region of residence perceived as conducive to cold waves | 0.0003 | ||
• a lot | 14.0% | 86.0% | |
• average | 21.8% | 78.2% | |
• not much | 24.3% | 75.7% | |
• not at all | 23.6% | 76.4% | |
Transport
| |||
Frequency of use of an automobile: | < 0.0001 | ||
• daily | 21.9% | 78.1% | |
• occasionally | 21.5% | 78.5% | |
• never | 6.8% | 93.2% | |
Use of a remote starter in winter | 0.2007 | ||
• yes | 23.4% | 76.6% | |
• no | 20.8% | 66.1% | |
Consultation of meteorological information in the media
| |||
• Temperature: | 0.2666 | ||
• always | 20.2% | 79.8% | |
• often | 19.2% | 80.8% | |
• sometimes | 19.5% | 80.5% | |
• rarely | 17.7% | 82.3% | |
• never | 12.5% | 87.5% | |
Smog warning: | 0.1205 | ||
• always | 17.3% | 82.7% | |
• often | 16.4% | 83.6% | |
• sometimes | 19.2% | 80.8% | |
• rarely | 23.3% | 76.7% | |
• never | 20.1% | 79.9% | |
Intense cold warning: | 0.0594 | ||
• always | 19.8% | 80.2% | |
• often | 19.9% | 80.1% | |
• sometimes | 21.9% | 78.1% | |
• rarely | 15.4% | 84.6% | |
• never | 13.6% | 86.4% | |
Belief of the contribution of anthropogenic causes to climate change in the last fifty years: | 0.1904 | ||
• a lot | 19.4% | 80.6% | |
• average | 18.5% | 81.5% | |
• not much | 22.7% | 77.3% | |
• not at all | 15.6% | 84.4% | |
Prohibition of wood heating when there is winter smog: | < 0.0001 | ||
• completely agree | 10.4% | 89.6% | |
• somewhat agree | 17.5% | 82.5% | |
• somewhat disagree | 24.2% | 75.8% | |
• completely disagree | 38.5% | 61.5% |
Variables | OR1
| CI95%
1
| P value2
| c index3
| Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model1
| 0.8176 | 14
| |||
Sociodemographic characteristics
| |||||
Income before tax, from all sources (last 12 months): | 0.0056 | ||||
• < $45,000 | reference group | ||||
• ≥ $45,000 | 1.1 | 0.9;1.5 | |||
• not disclosed | 0.6 | 0.4 ; 0.9 | |||
First language learned at home: | 0.0257 | ||||
• French only | reference group | ||||
• English only | 0.3 | 0.1 ; 0.7 | |||
• other language in addition to French or English | 1.0 | 0.4 ; 2.8 | |||
• languages other than French and English | 0.6 | 0.3 ; 1.6 | |||
Dwelling
| |||||
Type of dwelling: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• apartment | reference group | ||||
• house | 10.8 | 6.7 ; 17.4 | |||
Perceived efficiency of the dwelling's insulation against heat: | 0.0009 | ||||
• very good | reference group | ||||
• good | 0.7 | 0.5 ; 0.9 | |||
• average | 0,6 | 0,4 ; 0.8 | |||
• poor | 0.3 | 0.1 ; 0.6 | |||
Dwelling built before 19831: | 0.0159 | ||||
• yes | reference group | ||||
• no | 3.1 | 1.4 ; 6.7 | |||
• unknown | 1.0 | 0.8 ; 1.3 | |||
Region of residence
| |||||
Region lived in: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• Eastern Québec | reference group | ||||
• Northern part of southern Québec | 1.2 | 0.7 ; 2.1 | |||
• Central Québec | 1.0 | 0.6 ; 1.7 | |||
• Québec City region | 0.7 | 0.4 ; 1.1 | |||
• North of Montréal | 0.7 | 0.5 ; 1.1 | |||
• South of Montréal | 0.7 | 0.5 ; 1.1 | |||
• Montréal and Laval | 0.2 | 0.1 ; 0.4 | |||
Consultation of smog warning in the media
| 0.0112 | ||||
• always | reference group | ||||
• often | 0.9 | 0.6 ; 1.4 | |||
• sometimes | 1.2 | 0.8 ; 1.7 | |||
• rarely | 1.4 | 0.9 ; 2.1 | |||
• never | 0.8 | 0.5 ; 1.1 | |||
Beliefs
| |||||
Belief of the contribution of anthropogenic causes to climate change in the last fifty years: | 0.0388 | ||||
• a lot | reference group | ||||
• average | 0.8 | 0.6 ; 1.1 | |||
• not much | 1.0 | 0.7 ; 1.5 | |||
• not at all | 0.5 | 0.3 ; 0.9 | |||
Prohibition of wood heating when there is winter smog: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• completely agree | reference group | ||||
• somewhat agree | 1.8 | 1.3 ; 2.6 | |||
• somewhat disagree | 2.6 | 1.9 ; 3.6 | |||
• completely disagree | 5.2 | 3.6 ; 7.5 | |||
Model2
| 0.8029 | 645
| |||
Type of dwelling: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• apartment | reference group | ||||
• house | 10.0 | 6.2 ; 16.2 | |||
Region lived in: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• Eastern Québec | reference group | ||||
• Northern part of southern Québec | 1.1 | 0.7 ; 1.9 | |||
• Central Québec | 1.0 | 0.6 ; 1.7 | |||
• Québec City region | 0.7 | 0.4 ; 1.1 | |||
• North of Montréal | 0.7 | 0.4 ; 1.0 | |||
• South of Montréal | 0.7 | 0.4 ; 1.0 | |||
• Montréal and Laval | 0.2 | 0.1 ; 0.3 | |||
Prohibition of wood heating when there is winter smog: | < 0.0001 | ||||
• completely agree | reference group | ||||
• somewhat agree | 1.8 | 1.3 ; 2.6 | |||
• somewhat disagree | 2.5 | 1.8 ; 3.4 | |||
• completely disagree | 4.4 | 3.1 ; 6.2 |