Background
The term periodontal disease encompasses all pathological conditions of periodontal tissues categorized broadly as gingivitis and periodontitis [
1].Gingivitis, an inflammatory lesion of marginal gingiva is highly prevalent in most populations and at most ages with global values ranging from 50 to 90% [
2]. Gingivitis could resolve with improved oral hygiene, persist indefinitely or may result in attachment loss. [
3] If loss or destruction of periodontal attachment or alveolar bone occurs, the condition is characterized as periodontitis [
4]. Periodontitis is a major public health problem having met all the conditions for such, and the manifestations –bleeding, halitosis, gingival recession and tooth loss impact negatively on the affected individual [
5,
6]. It is the most common chronic inflammatory disease seen in humans, affecting nearly half of adults in the United Kingdom and 60% of those over 65 years [
7].Severe periodontitis, which may result in tooth loss, is found in most populations affecting both old and young age groups [
8,
9]. A systematic analysis of global burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2010 by Marcenes et al. (2013) showed that, severe periodontitis was the leading cause of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 9 regions of the world -Australia, Sub-Saharan Africa, East, Central, East, and Southeast Asia, and Southern, Central, Tropical, and Latin America [
10]. A similar study specific for periodontitis found the disease had affected 743 million people worldwide with the age-standardized incidence rate of 701 cases per 100,000 person/years for severe periodontitis in 2010 [
11].
The primary aetiological factor for periodontitis is dental plaque, which is a tenaciously adherent biofilm on teeth and gingival surfaces and is 70% bacteria while mineralized plaque deposits called calculus is one of the secondary factors [
1]. Professional oral prophylaxis (that is scaling and polishing) performed by a dental care professional serves as one control measure for the disease [
12]. Scaling is the removal of plaque, calculus, debris and staining from the crown and root surfaces of the teeth using specially designed sharp dental hand instruments or ultrasonic scalers. In order to smoothen teeth surfaces, a procedure called polishing is carried out. This involves removing any residual extrinsic stains and deposits using a rubber cup or bristle brush loaded with a prophylactic paste [
12]. Scaling and polishing is nonsurgical procedure; intended to supplement the patient’s home-care plaque control and is frequently provided as part of the dental recall appointment [
13].With the removal of plaque and calculus, the clinical indicators of the active disease - bleeding and inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) – are also reduced and over time a reduction in gingivitis will reduce progression to periodontitis [
12]. Individuals could benefit from this basic dental care every 6, 9 or 12 months depending on their peculiar needs [
12,
13].Sadly, most do not access this basic dental care with negative implications to their periodontal health and this is often a function of level of awareness of oral diseases [
14].
Access has being defined by several authors from different dimensions [
15]. Utilization often used as a proxy of access, (that is, realised access) [
16], is influenced by the supply as well as the demand for services, including individual attributes such as preferences, tastes and information [
15].An individual or collective alertness to the existence and prevention of oral diseases and an equal alertness in taking necessary steps to obtain treatment for these diseases when they occur is referred to as oral health awareness [
17]. According to some studies, poor oral health awareness among other factors is responsible for the occurrence of dental diseases [
14,
18]. Other studies observed that when there is low oral health awareness, there is a direct effect on the illness seeking behaviour of the individual and population. The most common scenario is the underutilization of oral health facilities and/or late presentation at the clinic with resultant complications due to poor public enlightenment regarding prevention and treatment of these diseases [
14].The concept of demand, utilization and awareness of dental services are all interrelated. Oral health utilization can be defined as the actual attendance by members of the public at oral health facilities to receive care. Demand on the other hand, ‘which equates demand for uptake in our study’ can be defined as a perception by the individual or community that a need exists. It can also be defined as the ability of the patient to seek dental health [
19].
Observations from a study conducted in rural India show a significant association between dental awareness and demand for dental services [
18]. Another study reported that awareness of individuals and communities need to be built in order to motivate the use of dental services. The same study also observed that imparting preventive dental education and strengthening of dental health facilities will increase utilization. It was also concluded that barriers to demand for dental care and utilization of dental services can be removed by motivating people and creating awareness about oral health problems prevention strategies and treatment in order to remove fear and anxiety [
20]. Therefore, we hypothesize that if oral health education were provided to individuals to increase their oral health awareness, then, there will be increase in demand and uptake of oral health preventive services.
For a wider view on demand and uptake of scaling services, we conducted our study in rural and urban communities using outreach platforms. Community outreach programs offer opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment, dental health education, and institution of preventive measures so can spread awareness and disseminate treatment thereby enhancing access to care especially within the rural communities [
21,
22].The aim of our study was to assess the effect of oral health awareness on the demand and uptake of scaling and polishing among dwellers of rural and urban environments.
Results
Four hundred and fifty four participants aged 2 to 86 years (mean: 38.5 ± 14.8 years) were included in the study. 245 (54.0%) participants enlisted in the rural outreaches and 209 (46.0%) in the urban centres; 219 (48.2%) were males and 235 (51.8%) were females. The outreaches served as first point of contact with dental professionals for 383 (84.4%) participants and as second for 56 (12.3%). Other demographic details are in Table
1.
Table 1
Socio-demographic details of the participants
Age group |
0–29 yrs | 152 | 33.5% |
30–59 yrs | 255 | 56.2% |
≥ 60 yrs. (Mean: 38.5 ± 14.8 yrs) | 47 | 10.3% |
Gender |
Male | 219 | 48.2 |
Female | 235 | 51.8 |
Location |
Urban | 209 | 46.0 |
Rural | 245 | 54.0 |
No of previous visit(s) for dental care |
1st visit | 383 | 84.4 |
2nd visit | 56 | 12.3 |
> 2 visits | 15 | 3.3 |
Demand for dental scaling |
Yes | 75 | 16.5 |
No | 379 | 83.5 |
Uptake of dental scaling |
Yes | 364 | 80.2 |
No | 90 | 19.8 |
On the overall, 60 (28.7%) participants demanded for scaling of their teeth in the urban outreaches and 15(6.1%) did in the rural communities (
p = 0.00). Also, 50 (66.7%) males and 25 (33.7%) females demanded for scaling at the outreaches (p = 0.00). A total of 364(80.2%) participants had scaling and polishing during the program and/or within 6 months after in designated dental facilities; 160 (44.0%) in the urban and 204 (56.0%) in the rural communities (
p = 0.04).These are shown in Table
2.
Table 2
Level of demand and uptake of dental scaling according to location and gender
Urban | 60 (80%) | 149 (39.3%) | 160 (44%) | 49 (54.4%) |
Rural | 15 (20%) | 230 (60.7%) | 204 (56%) | 41 (45.6%) |
Total | 75 (100%) | 379 (100) | 364 (100) | 90 (100) |
p-value | p = 0.00* | | p = 0.07 | |
Male | 50 (66.7%) | 169 (44.6%) | 175 (48.1%) | 44 (48.9%) |
Female | 25 (33.3%) | 210 (55.4%) | 189 (51.9%) | 46 (51.1%) |
Total | 75 (100) | 379 (100) | 364 (100) | 90 (100) |
| p = 0.00* | | p = 0.89 | |
We also considered the association between periodontal status with demand and uptake of scaling as presented in Table
3 and found 42 (26.8%) of those with mild gingivitis [CPI score1] demanded for S&P. However, even with CPI scores 3 and 4, 70 (89.7%) and 15 (93.8%) respectively did not indicate interest in S&P (
p = 0.00). However, 73 (93.6%) of those with CPI 3 received scaling post intervention. From the Table
3, we extracted data for percentage difference in demand and uptake of scaling amongst those with the periodontal treatment needs and obtained an 80.8% difference; details of the calculation are in Table
4.
Table 3
Demand and uptake of dental scaling according to periodontal status
| CPI 0 | CPI 1 | CPI 2 | CPI 3 | CPI 4 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
N
|
Yes | 1 (7.7)) | 42 (26.8) | 23(12.1) | 8 (10.3) | 1 (6.3) | 75 |
No | 12 (92.3) | 115 (73.2) | 167 (87.9) | 70 (89.7) | 15 (93.8) | 379 |
Total | 13 (100) | 157 (100) | 190 (100) | 78 (100) | 16 (100) | 454 |
X2 = 18.8 p = 0.01 Significant |
Uptake | CPI 0 | CPI 1 | CPI 2 | CPI 3 | CPI 4 | |
Yes | 6 (46.2) | 113 (72.0) | 160 (84.2) | 73 (93.6) | 12 (75.0) | 364 |
No | 7 (53.8) | 44 (28.0) | 30 (15.8) | 5 (6.4) | 4 (25.0) | 90 |
Total | 13 (100) | 157 (100) | 190 (100) | 78 (100) | 16 (100) | 454 |
X2 = 24.4 p = 0.00 Significant |
Table 4
Percentage difference in demand and uptake of dental scaling
For all participants | 75/454 = 16.5% | 364/454 = 80.2% | 80.2–16.5 = 63.7% difference |
For those with Scaling treatment needa | 9/94 = 9.6% | 85/94 = 90.4% | 90.4–9.6 = 80.8% difference |
Using the number of dental visits prior to outreach as a proxy for awareness in our study, a multiple regression analysis of factors affecting oral health awareness was done. Analysis showed that there was 0.279 increase in awareness depending on the place of abode of the respondents (
p = 0.00), so we can predict that the geographic location (urban or rural) of a person affects the oral health awareness. Our table also showed that for every unit increase in age there was a 0.004 reduction in number of dental visits (
p = 0.853) and a 0.024 increase in uptake of S&P is predicted (
p = 0.652) (Table
5).
Table 5
A multiple regression of factors affecting oral health awareness
Constant | .520 | 0.00 | .252 | .789 |
Uptake of S&P | 0.024 | .652 | −.082 | .131 |
No. of times brushed | 0.047 | .243 | −.032 | .125 |
Age category | −0.004 | .853 | −.049 | .041 |
Demand for S&P | 0.063 | .293 | −.055 | .181 |
Gender | 0.066 | .140 | −.022 | .154 |
Location | .279 | .0001 | .183 | .375 |
Discussion
The ultimate aim of periodontal treatment is to control disease progression or achieve a rate of progression which is compatible with a functional dentition for the lifetime of the individual [
2,
4]. Our study created an opportunity for such through oral health education as intervention and platform for interaction between populace and the dental professionals in the communities. It also served as an opportunity to introduce basic dental scaling to the people who though needed the service were yet to attend dental clinic.
From our study we observed that more females than males enlisted in the study. However, this higher attendance of women than men does not necessarily translate to increased awareness because the effect of gender on awareness was found not to be significant in this study. This could mean that females were probably more readily available at the time of our visit or that given the fact that women are the primary care givers in the home, and tend to visit health facilities more than males, either for themselves or their children; they had better opportunity to partake than the males
. A previous study on gender influence on oral health proposed that females are more informed about oral health than men and take more interest in their oral health than men [
29]. In as much as we do not disagree with this notion, most public or community dental practices are usually incorporated in a regular medical facility and as such women who visit for other purposes such as maternal and child health issues, are readily available for dental awareness creation programs. Therefore, they were in a better position to get more information about preventive oral health services.
We observed that only a minority of the participants with scaling treatment need (9.6%) demanded for scaling services at the outreaches, however post-intervention, we recorded an uptake of scaling by 90.4% of participants which most likely was spurred up by some factors (see Table
4). We attributed this mainly to the motivation and educational talks received during the program having positive effect on participants. This corroborates the statement by Nash and Brown (2012) that “Oral disease and the resulting need for information, therapy, and rehabilitation are the starting point for the demand for dental services” [
30]. Our oral health intervention interlaced with the supply of the scaling services to the participants might have addressed the barriers posed by availability, and access to treatment similar to reports from other studies [
31,
32]. Access can no longer be looked at from the patients’ ability to obtain or utilize care alone but is now essentially a concept of supply - demand where both availability of dental care which can represent the supply side and individual factors related to patients need, cultural and community considerations relating to the demand side are both taken into consideration [
33]. On the overall, with a recorded percentage difference of 80.8% in demand and uptake of scaling for those with scaling treatment need and 63.7% all participants (Table
4), we can infer that the intervention in this study positively influenced uptake of scaling. This is similar to the report of a study in school aged children that OHE is effective in increasing knowledge, attitude and practice of individuals [
34].
Looking at gender influence on demand and uptake of scaling, males demanded for scaling of teeth more than women but more women took up the scaling treatment at the long run. This may be due to cultural and behavioural attributes of men where they are initially more decisive than women. However, the actual uptake of healthcare is subject to a myriad of factors such as their workplace demands, self- perceived oral health need, and their perception of the seriousness of the condition [
32,
35,
36]. This is corroborated by a report that females had better oral healthcare habits than the males, were more concerned about how their teeth looked than males, thus would be more inclined to get their teeth scaled and polished and retain their teeth in good health [
37].
Furthermore, we observed that individuals with CPI scores 3 and 4, that is, more severe periodontal conditions, were not interested in S & P; we attributed this to lack of perceived need for it. In our environment, credible reports show perceived need of dental condition is a function of how aware the individuals are about oral health or health in general. [
32,
35]. Awareness creation can motivate behavioural change in respondents and improve their dental health seeking pattern as reported in other studies. [
14] It is our view that the oral health education created a platform to motivate those with severe periodontal condition who initially did not demand for scaling to take up.
Furthermore, a number of factors affected oral health awareness in the present study (Table
5). The location of the participants, that is rural or urban, affected awareness significantly. This observation also flows with our other finding stated above that more urban participants than rural demanded for scaling (
p = 0.00). Rural dwellers have been known to face challenges of awareness and use of oral health facilities [
14,
22]. By implication, low oral health awareness has a direct effect on the illness seeking behaviour of the individuals and population and need to be built up in order to motivate the use of dental services; our study was able to achieve this to a reasonable extent. Other factors such as age, gender and number of times brushed, illustrated a trend in influencing the outcome variable, but the results were not statistically significant.
The present study has limitations that must be taken into account to correctly interpret the findings. First, the use of prior dental visit alone as proxy for awareness may lead to partial assessment of oral health awareness as other facets exist but within the scope of our study, we were able to synergize the two. Secondly, using community outreach programs to recruit study participants could be a limitation for our study. However, this method has been known to aid recruitment of hard to reach populations or minority groups into studies. In the light of this, our approach was able to capture women, children as well as men who most often do not seek healthcare [
38]. This approach has proved effective in other studies as a means of recruiting study participants. [
21,
22]. Another limitation to our study could be the use of CPI to measure periodontal status of participants. CPI is saddled with the challenge of either underestimating or overestimating periodontal treatment needs as fake pockets resulting from gingival overgrowth without attachment loss could be mistaken for true periodontitis.
In terms of strengths, we were able to reach out to a good number of people especially the grassroots, hoist promotional activities like oral health education, and provide professional dental scaling of teeth to the individuals within the ambit of our study. These gains could be sustained by instituting appropriate health policies which will inform better planning and encourage the viability of oral health care activities in the communities possibly by incorporating them into existing primary health care centres.
Acknowledgements
Our sincere gratitude goes to the community leaders, volunteers, resident doctors, dental therapists and the final year dental students for their assistance in carrying out this study. We also thank the dental clinics that helped with the post-outreach dental scaling services.