Background
Methods
Patients
Study design
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient characteristics
Variable | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years (n = 224) | 39 (10) | |
Sex (n = 223) | Female | 157 (70.4) |
Male | 66 (29.6) | |
Poser classification (n = 223) | Clinically defined MS | 172 (77.1) |
Laboratory defined MS | 49 (22.0) | |
Clinically probable MS | 2 (0.1) | |
Clinical form of MS (n = 222) | Relapsing-remitting | 176 (79.3) |
Secondary progressive | 40 (18.0) | |
Primary progressive | 6 (2.7) | |
Disease duration, mean (SD), range, years | 10.6 (7.2) 1-36 | |
EDSS score, mean (SD), range | 2.9 (1.9) 0-8 |
Construct Validity and Internal Structural Validity
Dimension (number of items) | Mean (SD) | MV (%) | Cronbach's alpha | IIC, range | IDV, range | Floor effect, % | Ceiling effect, % | H | INFIT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activities of Daily Living (8) | 57.04 (25.96) | 1.8 | 0.92 | 0.67-0.80 | -0.02 to 0.51 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 0.65 | 0.87-1.19 |
Psychological Well-Being (4) | 52.95 (23.80) | 0.4 | 0.88 | 0.70-0.79 | -0.01 to 0.60 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 0.68 | 0.80-1.12 |
Relationships with Friends (3) | 68.61 (22.51) | 6.3 | 0.80 | 0.59-0.73 | -0.02 to 0.33 | 1.3 | 13.4 | 0.61 | 0.91-1.12 |
Symptoms (4) | 66.45 (22.64) | 0.9 | 0.70 | 0.43-0.59 | -0.02 to 0.51 | 0.0 | 11.2 | 0.37 | 0.79-1.20 |
Relationships with Family (3) | 82.92 (17.82) | 1.3 | 0.67 | 0.47-0.56 | 0.01-0.43 | 0.0 | 33.0 | 0.44 | 0.98-1.02 |
Relationship with Healthcare System (3) | 86.79 (16.02) | 0.4 | 0.53 | 0.25-0.40 | -0.02 to 0.23 | 0.0 | 41.1 | 0.30 | 0.82-1.15 |
Sentimental and Sexual Life (2) | 73.14 (26.52) | 16.1 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.04-0.38 | 3.1 | 25.0 | 0.68 | 0.91-1.10 |
Coping (2) | 59.31 (28.02) | 5.4 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.13-0.65 | 3.1 | 15.2 | 0.65 | 0.96-1.01 |
Rejection (2) | 83.11 (21.62) | 7.1 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.10-0.43 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.56 | 0.94-1.04 |
Index | 70.32 (13.71) |
External validity
MusiQoL dimensions | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-36 dimensions | ADL | PWB | RFr | SPT | RFa | RHCS | SSL | COP | REJ | Index |
Physical functioning |
0.729**
|
0.203**
| 0.087 |
0.311**
|
0.178**
|
0.217**
|
0.195**
|
0.282**
|
0.248**
|
0.496**
|
Social functioning |
0.515**
|
0.347**
|
0.212**
|
0.441**
|
0.178**
|
0.198**
|
0.275**
|
0.373**
|
0.222**
|
0.541**
|
Role - physical |
0.603**
|
0.409**
| 0.078 |
0.514**
|
0.181**
|
0.177**
| 0.118 |
0.315**
|
0.300**
|
0.551**
|
Role - emotional |
0.443**
|
0.443**
| 0.099 |
0.527**
| 0.115 | 0.126 |
0.164*
|
0.489**
|
0.274**
|
0.559**
|
Mental health |
0.383**
|
0.665**
|
0.241**
|
0.504**
|
0.310**
|
0.145*
|
0.389**
|
0.654**
|
0.465**
|
0.760**
|
Vitality |
0.688**
|
0.577**
| 0.157* |
0.550**
|
0.258**
|
0.214**
|
0.354**
|
0.532**
|
0.364**
|
0.699**
|
Bodily pain |
0.431**
|
0.392**
| 0.064 |
0.471**
|
0.149*
|
0.180**
|
0.157*
|
0.283**
|
0.219**
|
0.463**
|
General health |
0.542**
|
0.347**
| 0.128 |
0.360**
| 0.116 |
0.200**
|
0.265**
|
0.450**
|
0.247**
|
0.521**
|
14-symptom scales
|
ADL
|
PWB
|
RFr
|
SPT
|
RFa
|
RHCS
|
SSL
|
COP
|
REJ
|
Index
|
Lack of sensation in touch |
-0.295**
| -0.057 | 0.070 | -0.112 | 0.068 | 0.126 | -0.160 | 0.062 | -0.019 | -0.100 |
Lack of sensation in position |
-0.332**
| -0.087 | 0.109 |
-0.192*
| 0.030 | 0.063 | -0.134 | -0.066 | -0.030 | -0.173 |
Involuntary body movements |
-0.433**
| -0.083 | 0.040 | -0.133 | -0.073 | -0.018 | 0.001 | -0.213* | -0.105 |
-0.249*
|
Vibration in legs or arms |
-0.462**
|
-0.185*
| -0.060 |
-0.274**
| -0.083 | -0.092 | -0.083 | -0.204* | -0.167 |
-0.348**
|
Weakness in limbs |
-0.575**
| -0.106 | -0.047 |
-0.214**
| -0.031 | -0.048 | 0.000 | -0.147 | -0.149 |
-0.242**
|
Tingling in limbs |
-0.329**
| -0.132 | 0.025 |
-0.246**
| -0.040 | -0.071 | -0.010 | -0.067 | -0.127 |
-0.272**
|
Inability to swallow | -0.054 | -0.155 | -0.011 | -0.056 | -0.232 | -0.080 | -0.202 |
-0.279*
| -0.052 |
-0.269*
|
Involuntary eye movements |
-0.215*
| -0.064 | 0.020 | -0.205 | 0.102 | 0.082 | -0.046 | -0.102 | 0.032 | -0.151 |
Visual problems |
-0.311**
|
-0.185*
| 0.051 |
-0.423**
| 0.062 | -0.062 | -0.138 | -0.087 | -0.124 |
-0.321**
|
Problems concentrating |
-0.425**
|
-0.364**
| -0.114 |
-0.587**
| -0.050 | -0.112 | -0.134 |
-0.323**
|
-0.236**
|
-0.522**
|
Difficulty concentrating |
-0.326**
|
-0.224*
|
-0.235*
|
-0.395**
| -0.048 | -0.060 | 0.001 |
-0.234*
|
-0.388**
|
-0.422**
|
Fatigue |
-0.553**
|
-0.222**
| -0.075 |
-0.336**
| -0.004 | -0.034 | -0.077 |
-0.303**
|
-0.184*
|
-0.373**
|
Urinary incontinence |
-0.404**
| -0.118 | -0.074 |
-0.220*
| -0.078 | -0.019 |
-0.212*
| -0.058 | -0.050 |
-0.239*
|
Bowel incontinence |
-0.274*
| -0.190 | -0.020 |
-0.291**
| -0.058 | -0.113 | -0.088 | -0.046 | -0.114 | -0.182 |
Discriminant validity
MusiQoL dimension | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | ADL | PWB | RFr | SPT | RFa | RHCS | SSL | COP | REJ | Index | |
MS classification
| |||||||||||
Relapsing-remitting (n = 176)
|
Mean
| 63.5 | 54.3 | 69.3 | 67.7 | 83.5 | 87.3 | 73.6 | 62.4 | 85.4 | 72.0 |
SD
| 24.0 | 23.4 | 22.5 | 22.2 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 25.8 | 26.2 | 20.0 | 13.0 | |
Primary progressive (n = 6)
|
Mean
| 31.0 | 50.0 | 76.4 | 65.6 | 81.9 | 80.6 | 72.5 | 57.5 | 81.3 | 65.0 |
SD
| 18.5 | 22.0 | 13.4 | 28.2 | 25.0 | 17.2 | 37.9 | 31.4 | 25.9 | 9.2 | |
Secondary progressive (n = 40)
|
Mean
| 34.5 | 49.1 | 64.9 | 62.9 | 80.1 | 85.0 | 70.5 | 46.9 | 74.7 | 63.3 |
SD
| 18.9 | 24.7 | 23.7 | 23.2 | 18.7 | 13.7 | 29.7 | 31.8 | 25.6 | 15.9 | |
p-value
| < 0.001 | 0.435 | 0.402 | 0.475 | 0.569 | 0.464 | 0.854 | 0.009 | 0.021 | 0.011 | |
Clinical global impression
| |||||||||||
Mild (n = 118)
|
Mean
| 68.7 | 56.1 | 68.2 | 70.8 | 83.0 | 88.1 | 74.0 | 63.5 | 87.0 | 73.2 |
SD
| 23.9 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 22.1 | 17.8 | 14.3 | 26.0 | 26.4 | 19.8 | 13.2 | |
Moderate (n = 70)
|
Mean
| 47.8 | 50.2 | 70.3 | 61.1 | 85.4 | 87.4 | 75.0 | 61.2 | 80.0 | 69.0 |
SD
| 20.5 | 22.4 | 21.9 | 20.7 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 25.5 | 28.2 | 22.4 | 12.5 | |
Severe (n = 24)
|
Mean
| 32.6 | 49.3 | 69.4 | 62.8 | 73.6 | 80.0 | 63.3 | 40.9 | 74.4 | 59.9 |
SD
| 17.6 | 23.6 | 18.5 | 27.4 | 18.6 | 17.7 | 27.7 | 28.1 | 26.0 | 15.4 | |
p-value
|
< 0.001
| 0.166 | 0.843 |
0.012
|
0.023
| 0.074 | 0.284 |
0.002
|
0.015
|
0.003
| |
MMSE (n = 221)
|
r
| 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
p-value
|
< 0.001
| 0.029 | 0.488 |
0.001
| 0.575 | 0.085 | 0.204 |
0.028
|
< 0.001
|
0.001
| |
Ambulation Index (n = 220)
|
r
| -0.62
| -0.12 | 0.00 | -0.19 | -0.16 | -0.17 | -0.07 | -0.26 | -0.20 | -0.34 |
p-value
|
< 0.001
| 0.075 | 0.985 |
0.006
|
0.022
|
0.011
| 0.378 |
< 0.001
|
0.005
|
< 0.001
| |
EDSS (n = 221)
|
r
|
-0.63
|
-0.14
| 0.02 | -0.25 | -0.04 | -0.18 | -0.06 |
-0.29
|
-0.26
|
-0.35
|
p-value
|
< 0.001
|
0.045
| 0.789 |
< 0.001
| 0.511 |
0.008
| 0.399 |
0.001
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
Variable | ADL | PWB | RFr | SPT | RFa | RHCS | SSL | COP | REJ | Index | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| |||||||||||
Female (n = 157)
|
Mean
| 58.4 | 51.0 | 69.8 | 66.0 | 82.7 | 86.8 | 74.6 | 58.8 | 83.8 | 70.5 |
SD
| 25.4 | 24.0 | 21.0 | 23.0 | 18.4 | 16.0 | 26.2 | 27.8 | 22.1 | 13.6 | |
Male (n = 66)
|
Mean
| 54.5 | 58.4 | 66.3 | 68.1 | 83.3 | 86.6 | 70.2 | 61.3 | 81.7 | 70.5 |
SD
| 26.8 | 21.9 | 25.6 | 21.5 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 27.3 | 27.9 | 20.8 | 13.8 | |
p-value
| 0.316 |
0.033
| 0.311 | 0.541 | 0.821 | 0.915 | 0.292 | 0.552 | 0.538 | 0.998 | |
Family status
| |||||||||||
Couple (n = 145)
|
Mean
| 52.8 | 50.5 | 68.7 | 64.7 | 83.6 | 86.5 | 75.6 | 60.0 | 82.8 | 69.5 |
SD
| 26.1 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 22.7 | 18.1 | 16.3 | 23.9 | 28.0 | 22.1 | 13.8 | |
Single (n = 33)
|
Mean
| 60.9 | 58.1 | 70.7 | 71.7 | 77.0 | 90.4 | 60.7 | 60.2 | 85.6 | 70.6 |
SD
| 21.4 | 20.8 | 19.2 | 14.9 | 19.9 | 13.0 | 30.4 | 26.8 | 16.9 | 12.0 | |
With relatives or family (n = 45)
|
Mean
| 69.0 | 58.1 | 67.5 | 69.3 | 85.2 | 84.9 | 70.8 | 57.8 | 82.4 | 74.8 |
SD
| 24.4 | 27.3 | 28.3 | 26.1 | 14.6 | 17.1 | 32.9 | 28.4 | 23.8 | 13.6 | |
p-value
|
0.001
| 0.072 | 0.837 | 0.190 | 0.104 | 0.309 |
0.0048
| 0.899 | 0.776 | 0.214 | |
Education level
| |||||||||||
Primary (n = 69)
|
Mean
| 49.8 | 47.4 | 68.5 | 62.0 | 83.0 | 88.3 | 75.2 | 57.1 | 82.3 | 67.8 |
SD
| 27.0 | 20.9 | 21.9 | 23.1 | 18.4 | 15.7 | 25.5 | 29.6 | 24.7 | 13.1 | |
Secondary (n = 82)
|
Mean
| 57.1 | 48.9 | 64.8 | 63.5 | 80.1 | 83.2 | 68.6 | 56.3 | 80.3 | 68.1 |
SD
| 23.9 | 24.6 | 22.5 | 20.6 | 20.2 | 19.1 | 27.2 | 26.2 | 23.4 | 14.0 | |
Tertiary (n = 69)
|
Mean
| 64.1 | 63.2 | 73.4 | 74.6 | 85.5 | 89.4 | 76.1 | 66.3 | 87.3 | 75.6 |
SD
| 25.2 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 14.0 | 11.2 | 27.1 | 26.5 | 14.7 | 12.2 | |
p-value
|
0.005
|
< 0.001
| 0.074 |
0.001
| 0.181 |
0.040
| 0.223 | 0.062 | 0.155 |
0.004
| |
Employment status
| |||||||||||
Student (n = 17)
|
Mean
| 72.9 | 55.3 | 74.0 | 76.8 | 88.7 | 90.7 | 77.1 | 55.9 | 90.6 | 75.8 |
SD
| 21.5 | 19.3 | 20.8 | 21.7 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 24.3 | 28.0 | 9.7 | 10.2 | |
Worker (n = 104)
|
Mean
| 64.0 | 57.0 | 70.2 | 71.2 | 83.5 | 86.6 | 75.1 | 65.2 | 87.0 | 73.9 |
SD
| 25.4 | 22.2 | 23.4 | 21.2 | 17.1 | 15.3 | 24.4 | 27.7 | 19.4 | 12.5 | |
Unemployed (n = 102)
|
Mean
| 47.7 | 48.9 | 66.4 | 60.3 | 81.3 | 86.2 | 70.4 | 54.6 | 78.2 | 66.2 |
SD
| 23.6 | 25.1 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 19.3 | 17.3 | 29.2 | 27.0 | 24.1 | 14.0 | |
p-value
|
< 0.001
|
0.047
| 0.319 |
< 0.001
| 0.260 | 0.562 | 0.442 |
0.025
|
0.007
|
0.001
| |
Housing
| |||||||||||
Own home (n = 168)
|
Mean
| 53.3 | 51.9 | 69.6 | 64.8 | 82.5 | 86.2 | 74.8 | 59.8 | 83.3 | 69.6 |
SD
| 25.3 | 22.6 | 21.0 | 22.5 | 18.5 | 16.5 | 24.9 | 27.8 | 21.2 | 13.7 | |
With relatives (n = 54)
|
Mean
| 70.1 | 57.8 | 66.2 | 72.5 | 84.3 | 88.6 | 66.8 | 59.4 | 83.7 | 74.3 |
SD
| 23.3 | 25.8 | 26.7 | 21.9 | 15.8 | 14.8 | 32.3 | 28.0 | 22.6 | 12.6 | |
p-value
|
< 0.001
| 0.109 | 0.345 |
0.031
| 0.526 | 0.336 | 0.097 | 0.935 | 0.914 | 0.075 | |
Age
|
r
|
-0.36
| -0.16 | 0.09 |
-0.21
| -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.32 |
p-value
|
< 0.001
|
0.019
| 0.220 |
0.002
| 0.453 | 0.621 | 0.333 | 0.902 | 0.674 |
0.006
|
Reproducibility
Physician CGI (n = 172)* | EDSS (n = 190)** | |
---|---|---|
Activities of Daily Living | 0.89 | 0.90 |
Psychological Well-Being | 0.81 | 0.90 |
Relationships with Friends | 0.73 | 0.73 |
Symptoms | 0.83 | 0.84 |
Relationships with Family | 0.60 | 0.76 |
Relationship with Healthcare System | 0.69 | 0.69 |
Sentimental and Sexual Life | 0.78 | 0.79 |
Coping | 0.80 | 0.79 |
Rejection | 0.86 | 0.84 |
Index | 0.91 | 0.91 |