Background
The non-work domain: Conceptual and analytical considerations
Methods
Definition and inclusion parameters
Search strategy
Data extraction and management
Critical appraisal and synthesis of the evidence
Results
References | Sample | Mental health | Follow-up (years) | Non-work factors | Adjustments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohorts | |||||
Barnett and Brennan (1998) [40] | Full-time employed, dual- earner couples (N = 484). United States. | Psychological distress (SCL-90) | 2 |
Community
Occupational prestige: men = ns, women = ns
Family
Years in couple: men and women b = -0.22/ Marital-role quality: men and women b = -2.71/ Household income: men = ns, women = ns/ Children at home: men = ns, women = ns | Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, negative affectivity, partners' psychosocial work environment, mental health at baseline, skill discretion, decision authority, schedule control, job demands, pay adequacy, job security, social support, work hours. |
Bromet et al. (1988) [39] | Married male power plants employees (N = 325). United States. | Depression (SADS-L) Psychological distress (SCL-90) | 1 |
Networks
Social support (friends) = ns
Family
Marital stress = ns | Age, history of affective disorders, levels of psychological distress at baseline, alcohol-related problems, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work. |
Fuhrer et al. (1999) [131] | Civil servants aged 35-55 years at baseline (N = 5,793). United Kingdom. | Psychological distress (GHQ) | Up to 4 |
Combined Community and Networks
Social network index (friends, relatives; church, social clubs): men = ns, women = ns
Combined Networks and Family
Confiding support: men ORlow = 1.24, women = ns/Practical support: men = ns, women = ns/Negative aspects of close relationships: men OR moderate, high = 1.41-1.80, women ORmoderate, high = 1.39-2.06 (all close nominated persons in reference for all indicators, with spouse in reference for 80-92% of respondents)
Family
Marital status: men = ns, women = ns. | Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, mental health at baseline, social support at work. |
Griffin et al. (2002) [37] | Civil servants aged 35-55 years at baseline (N = 7,473). United Kingdom. | Depression (GHQ) Anxiety (GHQ) Exclusion of cases at baseline. | 5 | Depression
Networks
Caregiving status (relative): men OR = 1.59, women = ns
Family
Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Number of children: men = ns, women = ns/Home control: men ORlow = 1.71, women ORlow = 2.02 Anxiety
Networks
Caregiving status (relative): men OR = 1.70, women = ns
Family
Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Number of children: men = ns, women = ns/Home control: men ORlow = 1.68, women = ns | Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, decision latitude. |
Marchand et al. (2005)[12] | Representative sample of the workforce (N = 6,359). Canada. | Psychological distress (WHO-CIDI) | 7 |
Community
Societal occupational structure accounts for 1.3% of variance in outcome/Mean occupational income = ns
Networks
Social support (someone): ORhigh = 0.58
Family
Marital status = ns/Couple strains = ns/Household income = ns/Children aged 0-5 yo at home = ns/Children aged 6-11 yo at home = ns/Children aged 12-24 yo at home = ns/Children strains OR = 1.15 | Age, gender, self-esteem, locus of control, sense of cohesion, chronic health problems, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, stressful childhood events, mental health at baseline, skill utilization, decision authority, job demands, physical demands, social support at work, job insecurity, work hours, work schedule. |
Niedhammer et al. (1998)[38] | Workers from public utility energy firms aged 35-50 years at baseline (N = 9,059). France. | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 1 |
Combined Networks and Family
Nb. of life events (partner; relatives): men OR = 1.15-1.77, women OR = 1.53-3.17
Family
Marital status: men ORsingle, separated, divorced, widowed = 1.72-2.88, women ORseparated, divorced, widowed = 1.36-2.16 | Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, occupational status, stressful occupational events, previous absenteeism for mental health, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work. |
Revicki et al. (1993) [129] | Emergency medicine residents (N = 369). United States. | Depression (CES-D) | 1 |
Family
Marital status = ns | Age, gender, mental health at baseline, Work-Related Stress Inventory, task-role clarity, social support at work. |
Shields (1999) [132] | Workers aged 25- 54 years working a minimum of 35 hours per week (N = 3,783). Canada. | Major depressive episodes (WHO-CIDI) Exclusion of cases at baseline. | 2 |
Community
Occupational status: men = ns, women = ns
Family
Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Household income: men OR low, middle = 0.2-0.3, women = ns/Children aged 0-12 yo at home: men = ns, women = ns | Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, self-employment status, rotating shift, work hours, job strain. |
Shields (2002) [130] | Workers aged 18- 54 years not working night shifts (N = 4,298). Canada. | Psychological distress (WHO-CIDI) | Up to 4 |
Community
Occupational status: men bsales/service = 0.06, women = ns
Family
Marital status: men = ns, women = ns/Couple strains: men = ns, women = ns/Household income: men blow = -0.05, women = ns/Children aged 0-12 yo at home: men = ns, women = ns | Age, gender as a stratification variable, education, mastery, personal stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, mental health at baseline, self-employment status, week-end shifts, job strain, social support at work, physical demands, job insecurity, rotating shift, work hours. |
Smith et al. (2008) [133] | Workers aged 25- 60 years working a minimum of 20 hours per week, not self-employed (N = 3,411). Canada. | Psychological distress (WHO-CIDI) | 4 |
Combined Community and Networks
Nb. of chronic stressors (friends, neighborhood): ns
Family
Nb. of chronic stressors (partner, child, parent): ns/Chronic exposure to financial stress: ns/Household income: ns | Age, gender, education, personal stress, self-rated health, body mass index, hypertension, heart disease, back pain, mental health at baseline, decision latitude. |
Stansfeld et al. (1998) [134] | Civil servants aged 35-55 years at baseline (N = 8,315). United Kingdom. | Mental health functioning (SF-36) | Up to 8 |
Combined Community and Networks
Social network index (friends, relatives; church, social clubs): men ORLow, moderate = 1.33-1.39, women = ns
Combined Networks and Family
Confiding support: men ORlow = 1.60/Negative aspects of close relationships: men = ns, women OR high, moderate = 1.52-1.73. (closest nominated person in reference for all indicators) | Age, gender as a stratification variable, employment grade, negative affectivity, mental and physical health at baseline, decision latitude, job demands, social support at work, effort-reward imbalance. |
Wickrama et al. (2005) [36] | Working parents (N = 692). United States. | Depression (SCL-90) | 10 |
Combined Networks and Family
Nb. of life events (partner, child, parent; friends): men B = 0.10, women B = 0.21 | Gender as a stratification variable, education, mental health at baseline, decision latitude. |
Case-control
| |||||
Ostry et al. (2006)35
| Male sawmill workers (N = 822). Canada. | Neurotic disorder diagnosis (ICD9) | 5 |
Family
Marital status = ns | Duration of job, ethnicity, occupational status, job demands. |
Nature and strength of the evidence linking non-work factors to mental health
References | Analytical breadtha
| Analytical deptha
| Selectionb
| Comparabilityb
| Outcome/Exposureb
| Totalc
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohorts | ||||||
Barnett and Brennan (1998)[40] | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** | 5;6 |
Bromet et al. (1988)[39] | ** | ** | ** | ** | *** | 4;7 |
Fuhrer et al. (1999)[131] | *** | *** | * | ** | * | 6;4 |
Griffin et al. (2002)[37] | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | 4;5 |
Marchand et al. (2005)[12] | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | 6;7 |
Niedhammer et al. (1998)[38] | ** | ** | * | ** | * | 4;4 |
Revicki et al. (1993)[129] | * | * | * | ** | * | 2;4 |
Shields (1999)[132] | ** | ** | *** | ** | ** | 4;7 |
Shields (2002) [130] | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** | 5;6 |
Smith et al. (2008)[133] | *** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 5;6 |
Stansfeld et al. (1998)[134] | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | 6;5 |
Wickrama et al. (2007)[36] | ** | * | * | * | ** | 3;4 |
Case-control
| ||||||
Ostry et al. (2006)[35] | * | * | ** | ** | ** | 2;6 |
Analytical levels and indicators | Methodological quality | Consistency of the findingsa
| Nature of the associationb
| Strength of the evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family level | ||||
Partner-specific indicators
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:1/5 = 20% positive | Years in couple = + Marital status = . | Insufficient | |
NOS < 6:1/4 = 25% positive | Marital status = + + | |||
Subjective pathway | NOS≥6:1/4 = 25% positive | Marital role quality = + Marital strains = . | Insufficient | |
NOS < 6:2/2 = 100% positive | Social support = +, + + | |||
Child-specific indicators
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:0/4 = 0% positive | Children at home = . | Insufficient | |
NOS < 6:[37] | NOS < 6:0/1 = 0% positive | Children at home = . | ||
Subjective pathway | NOS≥6:[12] | NOS≥6:1/1 = 100% positive | Children strains = + | Insufficient |
Family structural characteristics
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:0/5 = 0% positive | Family SES = -, -- | Insufficient | |
Global family stressors
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:[133] | NOS≥6:0/1 = 0% positive | Nb. chronic stressors = . Chronic financial stress = . | Insufficient |
NOS < 6:2/2 = 100% positive | Nb. life events = +, + + | |||
Subjective pathway | NOS < 6:[37] | NOS < 6:1/1 = 100% positive | Home control = + + | Insufficient |
Network level
| ||||
Relative-specific indicators
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS < 6:[37] | NOS < 6:1/1 = 100% positive | Caregiving status = + | Insufficient |
Network structural characteristics
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS < 6:1/2 = 50% positive | Network structure = + | Insufficient | |
Global network stressors
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:[133] | NOS≥6:0/1 = 0% positive | Nb. chronic stressors = . | Insufficient |
NOS < 6:2/2 = 100% positive | Nb. life events = +, + + | |||
Subjective pathway | NOS≥6:1/2 = 50% positive | Social support = + + | Moderate | |
NOS < 6:2/2 = 100% positive | Social support = +, + + | |||
Community/society level
| ||||
Community/society structural characteristics
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:1/4 = 25% positive | Occupational structure = + Occupational SES = - | Insufficient | |
NOS < 6:1/2 = 50% positive | Community structure = + | |||
Global community/society stressors
| ||||
Objective pathway | NOS≥6:[133] | NOS≥6:0/1 = 0% positive | Nb. chronic stressors = . | Insufficient |