Background
Methods
Study design and study sample
Reliability and validity statistics for A-OHAT
Data collection procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Psychometric properties of A-OHAT
Instrument | ICC | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|
A-WHO | 0.89 + 0.08 | 0.72 |
Oral Health Condition Constructa | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 4 | Item 5 | |||||||||
Item 4 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Item 5 | 0.83 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Oral Habits Constructa | ||||||||||
Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Item 11 | Item 12 | Item 15 | |||
Item 6 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Item 7 | 0.89 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Item 8 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 1.00 | |||||||
Item 9 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 1.00 | ||||||
Item 10 | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 1.00 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 1.00 | ||||
Item 12 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 1.00 | |||
Item 15 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 1.00 |
Descriptive analysis of study sample
Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 318 | 66.5% |
Female | 160 | 33.5% |
Location | ||
Urban | 202 | 42.3% |
Rural | 276 | 57.7% |
Fathers Education | ||
No formal schooling | 15 | 3.1% |
Less than primary school | 10 | 2.1% |
Primary school completed | 24 | 5.0% |
Secondary school completed | 37 | 7.7% |
High school completed | 94 | 19.7% |
University completed | 205 | 42.9% |
No adult male in household | 7 | 1.5% |
Mothers Education | ||
No formal schooling | 47 | 9.8% |
Less than primary school | 8 | 1.7% |
Primary school completed | 43 | 9.0% |
Secondary school completed | 56 | 11.7% |
High school completed | 83 | 17.4% |
University completed | 173 | 36.2% |
No adult female in household | 3 | 0.6% |
Oral health Status | Gender | Total | *P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Boy N = 318 | Girl N = 160 | |||
Condition of teeth | ||||
Excellent | 4 (1.2%) | 4 (2.5%) | 8 (1.7%) | 0.72 |
Very good | 12 (3.7%) | 6 (3.7%) | 18 (3.8%) | |
Good | 38 (11.9%) | 16 (10.0%) | 54 (11.3%) | |
Average | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Poor | 257 (80.8%) | 127 (79.3%) | 384 (80.3%) | |
Very poor | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Condition of gums | ||||
Excellent | 56 (17.6%) | 26 (16.2%) | 82 (17.2%) | 0.39 |
Very good | 107 (33.6%) | 53 (33.1%) | 160 (33.5%) | |
Good | 62 (19.4%) | 26 (16.2%) | 88 (18.4%) | |
Average | 51 (16.0%) | 33 (20.6%) | 84 (17.6%) | |
Poor | 21 (6.6%) | 7 (4.3%) | 28 (5.9%) | |
Very poor | 16 (5.0%) | 14 (8.7%) | 30 (6.3%) | |
Toothache within past 6 months | ||||
Often | 117 (36.7%) | 56 (35.0%) | 173 (36.2%) | 0.21 |
Occasionally | 77 (24.2%) | 30 (18.7%) | 107 (22.4%) | |
Rarely | 67 (21.0%) | 22 (13.7%) | 89 (18.6%) | |
Never | 38 (11.9%) | 25 (15.6%) | 63 (13.2%) | |
Difficulty of chewing in past 6 months | ||||
No | 18 (5.6%) | 11 (6.8%) | 29 (6.1%) | 0.13 |
Yes | 70 (22.0%) | 21 (13.1%) | 91 (19.0%) | |
Don’t Remember | 201 (63.2%) | 100 (62.5%) | 301 (63.0%) | |
Difficulty to bite hard food | ||||
No | 45 (14.1%) | 19 (11.8%) | 64 (13.4%) | 0.36 |
Yes | 37 (11.6%) | 12 (7.5%) | 49 (10.3%) | |
Don’t Remember | 213 (66.9%) | 110 (68.7%) | 323 (67.6%) | |
Avoid smile due poor oral health | ||||
No | 1 (0.3%) | 0 | 1 (0.2%) | 0.31 |
Yes | 87 (27.3%) | 56 (35.0%) | 143 (29.9%) | |
Don’t Remember | 210 (66.0%) | 102 (63.7%) | 312 (65.3%) | |
Friends make fun of my teeth | ||||
No | 32 (10.1%) | 13 (8.1%) | 45 (9.4%) | 0.10 |
Yes | 154 (48.4%) | 63 (39.3%) | 217 (45.4%) | |
Don’t Remember | 120 (37.7%) | 75 (46.8%) | 195 (40.8%) | |
Dissatisfied with my teeth appearance | ||||
No | 13 (4.1%) | 3 (1.8%) | 16 (3.3%) | 0.13 |
Yes | 291 (91.5%) | 157 (98.1%) | 448 (93.7%) |
Diet | Gender | Total | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruits | Male N = 318 | Female N = 160 | ||
Never | 19 (6%) | 24 (15%) | 43 (9.0%) | < 0.001* |
Several times a month | 61 (19.2%) | 46 (28.7%) | 107 (22.4%) | |
Once a week | 58 (18.2%) | 26 (16.2%) | 84 (17.6%) | |
Several times a week | 94 (29.5%) | 37 (23.1%) | 131 (27.4%) | |
Everyday | 55 (17.3%) | 12 (7.5%) | 67 (14.0%) | |
Several times a day | 29 (9.1%) | 14 (10.6%) | 43 (9.0%) | |
Lemonade | ||||
Never | 17 (5.3%) | 11 (6.9%) | 28 (5.9%) | 0.50 |
Several times a month | 20 (6.3%) | 15 (9.4%) | 35 (7.3%) | |
Once a week | 20 (6.3%) | 13 (8.1%) | 33 (6.9%) | |
Several times a week | 57 (17.9%) | 31 (19.4%) | 88 (18.4%) | |
Everyday | 123 (38.7%) | 50 (31.2%) | 173 (36.9%) | |
Several times a day | 77 (24.2%) | 35 (21.9%) | 112 (23.9%) | |
Jam and Honey | ||||
Never | 85 (26.7%) | 70 (43.7%) | 155 (32.4%) | < 0.001* |
Several times a month | 69 (21.7%) | 35 (21.8%) | 104 (21.8%) | |
Once a week | 39 (12.3%) | 21 (13.1%) | 60 (12.6%) | |
Several times a week | 66 (20.7%) | 20 (12.5%) | 86 (18.0%) | |
Everyday | 34 (10.7%) | 3 (1.9%) | 37 (7.7%) | |
Several times a day | 14 (4.4%) | 6 (3.7%) | 20 (4.2%) | |
Sweet and Candy | ||||
Never | 27 (8.5%) | 12 (7.5%) | 39 (8.2%) | 0.63 |
Several times a month | 22 (6.9%) | 15 (9.4%) | 37 (7.7%) | |
Once a week | 30 (9.4%) | 12 (7.5%) | 42 (8.8%) | |
Several times a week | 84 (26.4%) | 36 (22.5%) | 120 (25.1%) | |
Everyday | 96 (30.2%) | 48 (3%) | 144 (30.1%) | |
Several times a day | 54 (17%) | 35 (21.9%) | 89 (18.6%) | |
Milk with Sugar | ||||
Never | 24 (7.5%) | 8 (5%) | 32 (6.7%) | < 0.001* |
Several times a month | 25 (7.9%) | 10 (6.2%) | 35 (7.3%) | |
Once a week | 44 (13.8%) | 13 (8.1%) | 57 (11.9%) | |
Several times a week | 94 (29.5%) | 26 (16.2%) | 120 (25.1%) | |
Everyday | 78 (24.5%) | 59 (36.9%) | 137 (28.7%) | |
Several times a day | 45 (14.5%) | 42 (26.2%) | 87 (18.2%) | |
Tea with Sugar | ||||
Never | 69 (21.7%) | 41 (25.6%) | 110 (23%) | 0.002* |
Several times a month | 46 (14.5%) | 36 (22.5%) | 82 (17.2%) | |
Once a week | 42 (13.2%) | 20 (12.5%) | 62 (13.0%) | |
Several times a week | 73 (23%) | 27 (16.9%) | 100 (20.9%) | |
Everyday | 61 (19.2%) | 13 (8.1%) | 74 (15.5%) | |
Several times a day | 22 (7%) | 20 (12.5%) | 42 (8.8%) | |
Coffee with Sugar | ||||
Never | 40 (12.6%) | 30 (18.7%) | 70 (14.6%) | 0.05* |
Several times a month | 31 (9.7%) | 23 (14.3%) | 54 (11.3%) | |
Once a week | 37 (11.6%) | 26 (16.2%) | 63 (13.2%) | |
Several times a week | 85 (26.7%) | 33 (20.6%) | 118 (24.7%) | |
Everyday | 76 (23.9%) | 26 (16.2%) | 102 (21.3%) | |
Several times a day | 42 (13.2%) | 20 (12.5%) | 62 (13.0%) |
Multivariate analysis of study sample
Risk factors | Teeth Condition | P-Value | Adjusted a O.R | Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | Minimum | Maximum | |||
Teeth Cleaning Frequency | ||||||
Once | 3 | 18 | 0.26 | 0.91 | 0.77 | 1.07 |
Twice | 7 | 32 | ||||
Three times | 7 | 17 | ||||
Four times | 9 | 37 | ||||
More than four times | 27 | 129 | ||||
Routine Dental Visit | ||||||
Once | 64 | 16 | 0.12 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 1.04 |
Twice | 87 | 30 | ||||
Three Times | 142 | 19 | ||||
Four Times | 69 | 7 | ||||
More than 4 times | 33 | 8 | ||||
Sweets and Candy | ||||||
Never | 33 | 6 | 0.04* | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.44 |
Several times a month | 33 | 4 | ||||
Once a week | 35 | 7 | ||||
Several times a week | 8 | 112 | ||||
Everyday | 35 | 109 | ||||
Several times a day | 20 | 69 | ||||
Fluoridated Toothpaste | ||||||
Yes | 2 | 12 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.20 | 4.65 |
No | 78 | 386 | ||||
Mothers Education | ||||||
No Schooling | 10 | 37 | 0.34 | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.06 |
Less than primary school | 3 | 5 | ||||
Primary School Completed | 5 | 38 | ||||
Secondary School Completed | 15 | 41 | ||||
High School Completed | 23 | 60 | ||||
University Completed | 14 | 159 |
Risk factorsa | Gum Condition | P-Value | Adjusted a O.R | Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Poor | Minimum | Maximum | |||
Teeth Cleaning Frequency | (N = 190) | (N = 59) | ||||
Once | 10 (52%) | 11 (18.6%) | 0.02* | 1.18 | 1.02 | 1.36 |
Twice | 25 (13.1%) | 14 (23.7%) | ||||
Three times | 15 (7.8%) | 9 (15.2%) | ||||
Four times | 32 (16.8%) | 14 (23.7%) | ||||
More than four times | 108 (56.8%) | 11 (18.6%) | ||||
Routine Dental Visit | (N = 330) | (N = 145) | ||||
Once | 47 (14.2%) | 33 (22.7%) | < 0.001* | 1.39 | 1.15 | 1.68 |
Twice | 61 (18.4%) | 56 (38.6%) | ||||
Three Times | 130 (39.3%) | 31 (21.3%) | ||||
Four Times | 62 (18.7%) | 14 (9.6%) | ||||
More than 4 times | 30 (9.0%) | 11 (75%) | ||||
Sweets and Candy | (N = 160) | (N = 311) | ||||
Never | 27 (16.8%) | 12 (3.8%) | 0.05* | 2.86 | 0.74 | 3.00 |
Several times a month | 11 (6.8%) | 26 (8.3%) | ||||
Once a week | 8 (5%) | 34 (10.9%) | ||||
Several times a week | 29 | 91 | ||||
Everyday | 51 (31.8%) | 93 (29.9%) | ||||
Several times a day | 34 (21.2%) | 55 (17.6%) | ||||
Toothbrush | (N = 330) | (N = 148) | ||||
Yes | 300 (90.9%) | 124 (83.7%) | 0.04* | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.96 |
No | 30 (9%) | 24 (16.2%) | ||||
Smokeless Tobacco | (N = 139) | (N = 317) | ||||
Never | 135 (97.1%) | 298 (94%) | 0.15 | 1.31 | 0.90 | 1.92 |
Seldom | 2 (1.4%) | 8 (2.5%) | ||||
Several Times In Month | 0 | 1 (0.3%) | ||||
Several Times A Week | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.6%) | ||||
Every Day | 1 (0.7%) | 8 (2.5%) | ||||
Smoked Tobacco | (N = 308) | (N = 137) | ||||
Never | 277 (89.9%) | 124 (90.5%) | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 1.21 |
Seldom | 16 (5.1%) | 4 (2.9%) | ||||
Several Times In Month | 8 (2.5%) | 3 (2.1%) | ||||
Several Times A Week | 3 (0.9%) | 2 (1.4%) | ||||
Every Day | 4 (1.2%) | 4 (2.9%) |