Background
Methods
GBD sub-region* | WHO member countries | Population† (millions) | Number of qualifying surveys |
---|---|---|---|
Africa region | |||
AFRO D | Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Togo | 354 | 0 |
AFRO E | Botswana, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of The Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe | 361 | 1 |
Americas region
| |||
AMRO A | Canada, United States of America | 322 | 0 |
AMRO B | Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and The Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela | 456 | 0 |
AMRO D | Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru | 74 | 0 |
Eastern Mediterranean region
| |||
EMRO B | Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates | 143 | 1 |
EMRO D | Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Yemen | 144 | 0 |
Europe region
| |||
EURO A | Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | 415 | 0 |
EURO B1 | Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Yugoslavia | 170 | 1 |
EURO B2 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan | 53 | 0 |
EURO C | Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine | 240 | 0 |
South-East Asia region
| |||
SEARO B | Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand | 405 | 1 |
SEARO D | Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan | 1394 | 3 |
Western Pacific region
| |||
WPRO A | Australia, Japan, New Zealand | 151 | 1 |
WPRO B1 | China, DPR Korea, Mongolia, Republic of Korea | 1375 | 1 |
WPRO B2 | Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Vietnam | 148 | 0 |
WPRO B3 | Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu | 8 | 0 |
Total
| 6213 | 9 |
Results
GBD sub-region | Country | Year of publica-tion of study [Ref] | Number of participants in survey | Partici-pation rate of those sampled (%) | Age group (years) | Blindness* rate (%) | Percent of blindness due to un-corrected refractive error | Less severe visual impairment† rate (%) | Percent of less severe visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive error | Types of refractive error causing visual impairment‡ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFRO E | Ethiopia | 1997 [10] | 7423 | 90 | All ages | 0.85 | 8.0 | 1.68 | 28.8 | Unspecified refractive error, aphakia |
EMRO B | Lebanon | 1997 [11] | 10148 | 90 | All ages | 0.60 | 12.6 | 3.90 | 50.0 | Myopia, hyperopia, aphakia |
EURO B1 | Turkey | 1996 [12] | 7497 | 87 | All ages | 0.40 | 12.0 | 1.50 | 29.0 | Unspecified refractive error, aphakia |
SEARO B | Malaysia | 2002 [13] | 18027 | 69 | All ages | 0.29 | 10.4 | 2.44 | 56.1 | Unspecified refractive error, aphakia |
SEARO D | India | 2001 [14] 2002 [15] | 10293 | 87 | All ages | 1.34 | 14.9 | 8.59 | 45.0 | Myopia, hyperopia, aphakia, pseudo-phakia, refractive error related amblyopia |
SEARO D | Pakistan§ | 1998 [16] | 1156 | 90 | All ages | 2.08 | 16.7 | 6.92 | 55.0 | Unspecified refractive error |
SEARO D | Pakistan | 2005 [17] | 1106 | 94 | 40 or more | 1.90 | 14.3 | 8.05 | 29.2 | Unspecified refractive error, aphakia |
WPRO A | Australia | 2001 [18] | 4744 | 86 | 40 or more | 0.16 | 0.0 | 1.56 | 37.6 | Myopia, hyperopia |
WPRO B1 | China | 1999 [19] | 5342 | 83 | 50 or more | 2.67 | 12.4 | NA | NA | Unspecified refractive error |
GBD sub-region | Population (millions) | Number blind with ICD definition* (millions) | Number having low vision with ICD definition* (millions) | Total number having visual impairment with ICD definition* (millions) | Proportion of blindness estimated due to uncorrected refractive error | Proportion of less severe visual impairment estimated due to uncorrected refractive error | Number blind including un-corrected refractive error† (millions) | Number having less severe visual impairment including uncorrected refractive error† (millions) | Total number having visual impairment including uncorrected refractive error† (millions) | Increase in number with visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive error (millions) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFRO D‡ | 354 | 3.65 | 10.72 | 14.36 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 3.96 | 15.09 | 19.05 | 4.69 |
AFRO E | 361 | 3.64 | 10.57 | 14.22 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 3.96 | 14.89 | 18.85 | 4.64 |
AMR A§ | 322 | 0.69 | 4.03 | 4.72 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 6.50 | 7.19 | 2.47 |
AMR B¶ | 456 | 1.39 | 7.60 | 8.99 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 1.55 | 13.82 | 15.36 | 6.37 |
AMR D# | 74 | 0.33 | 1.49 | 1.82 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 2.71 | 3.10 | 1.28 |
EMRO B** | 143 | 1.08 | 3.58 | 4.66 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 1.24 | 6.51 | 7.75 | 3.09 |
EMRO D# | 144 | 1.41 | 4.12 | 5.52 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 1.65 | 7.48 | 9.14 | 3.62 |
EURO A§ | 415 | 0.94 | 5.44 | 6.37 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 8.77 | 9.70 | 3.33 |
EURO B1 | 170 | 0.62 | 2.55 | 3.16 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.70 | 3.59 | 4.29 | 1.12 |
EURO B2†† | 53 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.26 |
EURO C†† | 240 | 1.04 | 4.22 | 5.25 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 1.18 | 5.94 | 7.12 | 1.86 |
SEARO B‡‡ | 405 | 4.21 | 9.67 | 13.88 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 4.68 | 17.58 | 22.26 | 8.38 |
SEARO D§§ | 1394 | 8.34 | 28.44 | 36.78 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 9.82 | 51.71 | 61.52 | 24.74 |
WPRO A§ | 151 | 0.39 | 1.88 | 2.28 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 3.04 | 3.43 | 1.15 |
WPRO B1¶¶ | 1375 | 7.73 | 26.40 | 34.13 | 0.16 | 0.50 | 9.20 | 52.79 | 62.00 | 27.87 |
WPRO B2¶¶ | 148 | 1.23 | 2.90 | 4.13 | 0.16 | 0.50 | 1.46 | 5.80 | 7.26 | 3.13 |
WPRO B3¶¶ | 8 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.06 |
Total | 6213 | 36.86 | 124.27 | 161.12 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 42.01 | 217.19 | 259.19 | 98.07 |