Background
Methods
Search strategy and screening articles
Databases | Search syntax |
---|---|
PubMed | ("Depressions"[Title/Abstract] OR "Depressive Symptoms"[Title/Abstract] OR "Depressive Symptom"[Title/Abstract] OR ("Symptom"[Title/Abstract] AND "Depressive"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("Symptoms"[Title/Abstract] AND "Depressive"[Title/Abstract]) OR "Emotional Depression"[Title/Abstract] OR ("Depression"[Title/Abstract] AND "Emotional"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("Depressions"[Title/Abstract] AND "Emotional"[Title/Abstract]) OR "Depression"[Title/Abstract] OR "mental health"[Title/Abstract] OR "mental disorder"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("MSM"[Title/Abstract] OR "Men who have sex with men"[Title/Abstract] OR "Homosexual men"[Title/Abstract] OR "Homosexuality"[Title/Abstract] OR "homosexual"[Title/Abstract]) |
Web of Sciences | TOPIC: (Depressions OR "Depressive Symptoms “OR "Depressive Symptom “OR (Symptom AND Depressive) OR (Symptoms AND Depressive) OR "Emotional Depression” OR (Depression AND Emotional) OR (Depressions AND Emotional) OR "Emotional Depressions” OR depression OR "mental health” OR "mental disorder") AND TOPIC: (MSM OR "Men who have sex with men” OR "Homosexual men” OR "Homosexuality “OR "homosexual") |
Embase | (depressions OR 'depressive symptoms' OR 'depressive symptom'/exp OR 'depressive symptom' OR (('symptom'/exp OR symptom) AND depressive) OR (symptoms AND depressive) OR 'emotional depression' OR (('depression'/exp OR depression) AND emotional) OR (depressions AND emotional) OR 'emotional depressions' OR 'depression'/exp OR depression OR 'mental health'/exp OR 'mental health' OR 'mental disorder'/exp OR 'mental disorder') AND (msm:jt OR 'men who have sex with men':jt OR 'homosexual men':jt OR 'homosexuality':jt OR 'homosexual':jt) |
Scopus | (TITLE-ABS-KEY (depressions OR “Depressive Symptoms” OR “Depressive Symptom” OR (symptom AND depressive) OR (symptoms AND depressive) OR “Emotional Depression” OR (depression AND emotional) OR (depressions AND emotional) OR “Emotional Depressions” OR depression OR “mental health” OR “mental disorder”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (msm OR "Men who have sex with men" OR "Homosexual men" OR "Homosexuality" OR "homosexual")) |
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Data extraction
Risk of bias
Statistical analysis
Results
Qualitative results
Authors [year] | Year | Sample size | Country | Study populations | Age (mean or median) | Method of sampling | Depression | Continents | Measuring tools | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahaneku, H.et al. [2014] [21] | 2014 | 117 | Los Angeles | MSM | 45 | NR | 15 | America | Beck Depression Inventory II | 5 |
Ahaneku, H.et al. [2016] [22] | 2016 | 205 | Tanzania | MSM | 25 | Respondent-driven sampling | 95 | Africa | PHQ-9 | 6 |
Alvy, L. M.et al. [2011] [23] | 2011 | 1,540 | US | MSM | NR | NR | 929 | America | CES-D | 7 |
An, X.et al. [2020] [24] | 2020 | 334 | China | MSM | 29 | Convenience | 116 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Armstrong, R.et al. [2020] [25] | 2020 | 56 | Zambia | MSM | 22 | Snow-ball | 28 | Africa | CES-D | 7 |
Brown, M. J.et al. [2018] [26] | 2018 | 337 | US | MSM living with HIV | NR | NR | 198 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Bruce, D.et al.[2014] [27] | 2014 | 200 | US | YMSM | 20.9 | NR | 64 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Chakrapani, V.et al. [2017] [28] | 2017 | 300 | India | MSM | 30 | Convenience | 105 | Asia | Beck Depression Inventory | 6 |
Chandler, C. J.et al. [2020] [29] | 2020 | 3294 | US | MSM | NR | NR | 1278 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Chen, Y. H.et al. [2017] [30] | 2017 | 322 | California | MSM | NR | NR | 42 | America | PHQ-9 | 7 |
Cherenack, E. M.et al. [2018] [31] | 2018 | 92 | US | MSM living with HIV | 31 | NR | 45 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Clark, K.et al. [2021] [32] | 2021 | 488 | Lebanon | MSM | NR | Respondent-driven sampling | 258 | Asia | CES-D | 8 |
Deuba, K.et al.[2013] [33] | 2013 | 339 | Nepal | MSM | NR | Snow-ball | 206 | Asia | CES-D | 8 |
Du, M.et al.[2018] [34] | 2018 | 321 | China | MSM living with HIV | 30 | NR | 179 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Dyer, T. P.et al. [2013] [35] | 2013 | 798 | US | (BMSMO) | 35 | NR | 319 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Fendrich, M.et al. [2013] [36] | 2013 | 177 | Chicago | MSM | 37 | Probability | 40 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Ferro, E. G.et al. [2015] [37] | 2015 | 302 | Peru | MSM | 32 | Convenience | 134 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Feuillet, P.et al. [2017] [38] | 2017 | 1078 | France | MSM living with HIV | NR | NR | 334 | Europe | CIDI-SF | 6 |
Ha, H. X.et al.[2014] [39] | 2014 | 451 | Vietnam | MSM | 30 | Respondent-driven sampling | 249 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Holloway, I. W.et al. [2017] [40] | 2017 | 150 | California | MSM living with HIV | 45 | NR | 96 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Holloway, I. W.et al. [2017] [41] | 2017 | 526 | California | YMSM | 20 | Stratified | 52 | America | CES-D | 8 |
Hu, Y.et al.[2019] [42] | 2019 | 1518 | China | MSMO | 27 | Non-probability sampling | 534 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Hylton, E.et al. [2017] [43] | 2017 | 1376 | Russia | MSM | 30 | Respondent-driven sampling | 505 | Europe | CES-D | 7 |
Kipke, M. D.et al. [2007] [44] | 2007 | 526 | US | yMSM | 20 | Venue-based probability sampling | 110 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Klein, H.et al.[2014] [45] | 2014 | 332 | US | MSM | 43 | Random | 86 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Kunzweiler, C. P.et al. [2018] [46] | 2018 | 711 | Kenya | MSM | 24 | Respondent-driven sampling | 81 | Africa | PHQ | 7 |
Levine, E. C.et al. [2018] [47] | 2018 | 176 | New York | MSM | 34 | Stratified | 120 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Li, J.et al. [2016] [48] | 2016 | 321 | China | MSM living with HIV | 30 | NR | 179 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Li, R.et al. [2016][49] | 2016 | 547 | China | MSM | 30 | NR | 169 | Asia | CES-D | 5 |
Liu, Y.et al. [2018][50] | 2018 | 807 | China | MSM | NR | Respondent-driven sampling | 267 | Asia | SDS | 6 |
Maragh-Bass, A. C.et al. [2020] [51] | 2020 | 357 | US | MSM | 48 | NR | 180 | America | PHQ | 7 |
Mayer, K. H.et al. [2014] [52] | 2014 | 1553 | US | MSM | 40 | NR | 698 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Mayer, K. H.et al. [2015] [53] | 2015 | 307 | India | MSM | 30 | NR | 67 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Mgopa, L. R.et al. [2017] [54] | 2017 | 345 | Tanzania | MSM | 31 | Driven sampling technique | 245 | Africa | PHQ | 6 |
Mills, T. C.et al. [2004] [55] | 2004 | 2,678 | US | MSM | NR | Household-based probability sample | 461 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Miltz, A. R.et al. [2017] [56] | 2017 | 1340 | United Kingdom | MSM | NR | NR | 166 | Europe | PHQ | 6 |
Mimiaga, M. J.et al. [2013] [57] | 2013 | 150 | India | MSM | 25 | NR | 43 | Asia | MINI | 6 |
Mo, P. K.et al. [2018] [58] | 2018 | 225 | China | MSM | 32.2 | NR | 109 | Asia | DASS | 7 |
Mu, H.et al. [2016] [59] | 2016 | 807 | China | MSM | NR | Respondent-driven sampling | 55 | Asia | DSM | 5 |
Murphy, Patrick.et al. [2018] [60] | 2018 | 278 | United Kingdom and Ireland | MSM living with HIV | 44 | NR | 161 | Europe | HADS | 6 |
O'Cleirigh, C.et al. [2009] [61] | 2009 | 503 | New England | MSM | 42 | NR | 43 | Europe | PHQ | 6 |
Pan, X.et al. [2018] [62] | 2018 | 454 | China | MSM | 33 | Respondent-driven sampling | 157 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Parker, R. D.et al. [2015] [63] | 2015 | 265 | Estonia | MSM | 32 | Random | 34 | Europe | EST-Q | 7 |
Peng, L.et al. [2020] [64] | 2020 | 578 | China | MSM | 28 | Convenience | 189 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Prabhu, S.et al.[2020] [65] | 2020 | 1454 | India | MSM | 37 | Respondent-driven sampling | 241 | Asia | PHQ | 6 |
Reisner, S. L.et al. [2009] [66] | 2009 | 197 | Massachusetts | MSM | 38 | Respondent-driven sampling | 65 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Rüütel, K.et al. [2017] [67] | 2017 | 265 | Estonia | 1235) | 32 | NR | 84 | Europe | EST-Q | 7 |
Safren, S. A.et al. [2009] [12] | 2009 | 210 | India | MSM | 28 | NR | 115 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Secor, A. M.et al. [2014] [1] | 2014 | 112 | Kenya | MSM | 26 | NR | 18 | Africa | PHQ | 7 |
Sivasubramanian, M.et al. [2011] [68] | 2011 | 150 | India | MSM | 25 | NR | 43 | Asia | DSM | 7 |
Su, X.et al.[2018] [69] | 2018 | 507 | China | MSM | NR | Convenience | 136 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Tao, J.et al. [2017] [70] | 2017 | 364 | China | MSM living with HIV | 28 | NR | 131 | Asia | HADS | 7 |
Tomori, C.et al. [2018] [71] | 2018 | 11,771 | India | MSM | 26 | Respondent-driven sampling | 1502 | Asia | PHQ | 7 |
Wagner, G. J.et al. [2019] [72] | 2019 | 226 | Beirut | YMSM | 24 | NR | 36 | Asia | PHQ | 7 |
Wang, Y.et al. [2017] [73] | 2017 | 547 | China | MSM | 30 | NR | 285 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Wei, D.et al. [2020] [74] | 2020 | 578 | China | MSM | NR | NR | 208 | Asia | CES-D | 5 |
Wendi, D.et al. [2016] [75] | 2016 | 316 | Lesotho | MSM | 23 | Respondent-driven sampling | 69 | Africa | PHQ | 8 |
White, J. J.et al. [2020] [76] | 2020 | 256 | US | MSM | 39 | NR | 96 | America | CES-D | 6 |
Wilkerson, J. M.et al. [2018] [77] | 2018 | 421 | India | MSM | NR | Respondent-driven sampling | 242 | Asia | CES-D | 7 |
Williams, J. K.et al. [2015] [78] | 2015 | 1522 | US | MSM | NR | NR | 615 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Wim, V. B.et al. [2014] [79] | 2014 | 591 | Belgium | Men who have sex with men | 34 | NR | 171 | Europe | CES-D | 6 |
Wu, Y.et al. [2015] [80] | 2015 | 184 | China | MSM living with HIV | 31 | NR | 79 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Yan, H.et al. [2014] [81] | 2014 | 204 | China | MSM | NR | Respondent-driven sampling | 94 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Yan, H.et al. [2019] [82] | 2019 | 347 | China | MSM living with HIV | 34 | Convenience | 134 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Yang, C.et al. [2013] [83] | 2013 | 188 | Baltimore | MSM | 38 | Random | 35 | America | CES-D | 7 |
Yu, L.et al. [2018] [84] | 2018 | 807 | China | MSM | NR | Respondent‐driven sampling | 267 | Asia | SDS | 6 |
Zeng, X.et al. [2016] [85] | 2016 | 1235 | China | MSM | 31.6 | Non-probability | 563 | Asia | CES-D | 7 |
Zepf, R.et al. [2020] [86] | 2020 | 281 | San Francisco | MSM living with HIV | 57 | NR | 77 | America | PHQ | 8 |
Zhang, S.et al. [2019] [87] | 2019 | 547 | China | MSM | 30 | Snowball | 169 | Asia | CES-D | 6 |
Zhao, Y.et al. [2020] [88] | 2020 | 338 | Malawi | MSM | 25 | Respondent-driven sampling | 102 | Africa | NR | 6 |
Zhu,Y.et al. [2018] [89] | 2018 | 342 | China | MSM | 28 | Convenience | 153 | Asia | GHQ | 7 |
Quality assessment (risk of bias)
Quantitative results
Prevalence of depression among MSM:
Depression | No. of study(ss) | No. of depression | Pooled prevalence | Heterogeneity assessment | Z Score (P Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | p-value | |||||
Overall | 71 (51541) | 15171 | % 35 (% 31 - % 39) | % 98.95 | <0.00 | |
Population | ||||||
Healthy | 60 (47788) | 13558 | % 33 (%28 - %37) | % 99.02 | <0.00 | 9.21 (0.001) |
HIV | 11 (3753) | 1613 | % 47 (%39 - %55) | % 95.76 | <0.00 | |
Continent | ||||||
Asia | 33 (27841) | 7280 | % 37 (% 31 - % 43) | % 99.07 | <0.00 | 2.96 (0.400) |
Africa | 7 (2083) | 638 | % 34 (%17 - % 53) | % 98.69 | <0.00 | |
America | 23 (15921) | 5755 | % 35 (% 29 - % 42) | % 98.68 | <0.00 | |
Europe | 8 (5696) | 1498 | %26 (%17 - %37) | % 98.65 | <0.00 | |
Age | ||||||
≥30 | 28 (23350) | 5388 | %33 (%26 - %39) | % 98.84 | <0.00 | 0.79 (0.001) |
<30 | 26 (11122) | 4027 | %37 (%30 - %43) | % 98.01 | <0.00 | |
Not | 17 (17069) | 5756 | %36 (%27 - %44) | %99.25 | <0.00 | |
Measuring tools | ||||||
DASS | 1 (225) | 109 | %48 (%42 - %55) | – | – | 458.26 (0.001) |
PHQ | 13 (17943) | 2795 | %23 (%16 - %31) | % 98.74 | <0.00 | |
ESTQ | 2 (530) | 118 | %22 (%18 - %25) | 0.00 | <0.00 | |
MINI | 1 (150) | 43 | %29 (%22 - %37) | – | – | |
DSM | 2 (957) | 98 | %9 (%8 - %11) | 0.00 | <0.00 | |
HADS | 2 (642) | 292 | %45 (%42 - %49) | 0.00 | <0.00 | |
CES-D | 43 (27305) | 10473 | %40 (%36 - %44) | % 97.99 | <0.00 | |
SDS | 2 (1614) | 534 | %33 (%31 - %35) | 0.00 | <0.00 | |
CIDI | 1 (1078) | 334 | %31 (%28 - %340 | – | – | |
GHQ | 1 (342) | 153 | %45 (%39 - %50) | – | – | |
Becks depression inventory | 2 (417) | 120 | %28 (%24 - %32) | 0.00 | <0.00 | |
Not | 1 (338) | 102 | %30 (%25 - %35) | – | – | |
Method of sampling | ||||||
Driven sampling technique | 17 (21152) | 4494 | %34 (%25 - %43) | % 99.32 | <0.00 | 10.98 (0.030) |
Convenient | 7 (2710) | 967 | %36 (%32 - %41) | %86.20 | <0.00 | |
Non-probability | 5 (3695) | 1500 | %44 (%35 - %53) | % 96.42 | <0.00 | |
Probability sample | 8 (4868) | 938 | %23 (%15 - %32) | % 97.21 | <0.00 | |
Not | 34 (19116) | 7272 | %36 (%31 - %42) | % 98.18 | <0.00 | |
Score of NOS | ||||||
SCORE=5 | 4 (2049) | 447 | %20 (%7 - %39) | % 98.76 | <0.00 | 3.56 (0.31) |
SCORE=6 | 35 (19684) | 6777 | %37(%33 - %42) | %97.94 | <0.00 | |
SCORE=7 | 27 (27858) | 7285 | %34(%27 - %42) | %99.32 | <0.00 | |
sSCORE=8 | 5 (1950) | 662 | %33(%15 - %55) | %98.97 | <0.00 |
Subgroup analysis
Subgroup analysis based on the population type
Subgroup analysis based on the continent
Subgroup analysis based on age
Subgroup analysis based on the measurement tool
Subgroup analysis based on the sampling method
Sensitivity analysis
Study omitted | Coef | [95% Conf. Interval] |
---|---|---|
Mo et al. [2018] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.392 |
Mgopa et al. [2017] | 0.351 | 0.313–0.388 |
Mills et al. [2004] | 0.359 | 0.319–0.398 |
Mimiaga et al. [2013] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.395 |
Mu et al. [2016] | 0.360 | 0.322–0.398 |
Murphy Patrick.et al. [2018] | 0.353 | 0.314–0.391 |
Ahaneku et al. [2016] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.393 |
Alvy et al. [2011] | 0.352 | 0.315–0.389 |
An et al. [2020] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Armstrong et al. [2020] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.392 |
Brown et al. [2018] | 0.352 | 0.314–0.391 |
Bruce et al. [2014] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Chakrapani et al. [2017] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Chen et al. [2017] | 0.359 | 0.321–0.398 |
Clark et al. [2021] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
Deuba et al. [2013] | 0.352 | 0.314–0.390 |
Miltz et al. [2017] | 0.359 | 0.320–0.398 |
Wei et al. [2020] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Rtel et al. [2017] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Yan et al. [2019] | 0.355 | 0.317–0.394 |
Zepf et al. [2020] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.395 |
Zeng et al. [2016] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.393 |
Yu et al. [2018] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Yang et al. [2013] | 0.358 | 0.320–0.397 |
Wu et al. [2015] | 0.355 | 0.316–0.393 |
Zhao et al. [2020] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.395 |
Dyer et al. [2013] | 0.355 | 0.317–0.394 |
Hylton et al. [2017] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Wang et al. [2017] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.392 |
Tao et al. [2017] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Pan et al. [2018] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Hu et al. [2019] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.395 |
Wim et al. [2014] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.395 |
Cherenack et al. [2018] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.392 |
Prabhu et al. [2020] | 0.359 | 0.320–0.398 |
O'Cleirigh et al. [2009] | 0.360 | 0.321–0.398 |
Ha et al. [2014] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
Du et al. [2018] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
Feuillet et al. [2017] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Kunzweiler et al. [2018] | 0.359 | 0.321–0.398 |
Li et al. [2016] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
Li R.et al. [2016] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Liu et al. [2018] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Maragh-Bass et al. [2020] | 0.354 | 0.315–0.392 |
Williams et al. [2015] | 0.355 | 0.317–0.394 |
Wilkerson et al. [2018] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
White et al. [2020] | 0.356 | 0.317–0.394 |
Wendi et al. [2016] | 0.358 | 0.319–0.396 |
Kipke et al. [2007] | 0.358 | 0.319–0.397 |
Sivasubramanian et al. [2011] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.395 |
Fendrich et al. [2013] | 0.358 | 0.319–0.396 |
Klein et al. [2014] | 0.357 | 0.319–0.396 |
Reisner et al. [2009] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Ahaneku et al. [2014] | 0.359 | 0.321–0.397 |
Tomori et al. [2018] | 0.359 | 0.321–0.397 |
Yan et al. [2014] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.393 |
Chandler et al. [2020] | 0.355 | 0.317–0.394 |
Mayer et al. [2015] | 0.358 | 0.319–0.396 |
Secor et al. [2014] | 0.359 | 0.320–0.397 |
Wagner et al. [2019] | 0.359 | 0.320–0.397 |
Levine et al. [2018] | 0.351 | 0.313–0.389 |
Su et al. [2018] | 0.357 | 0.318–0.396 |
Peng et al. [2020] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Parker.et al. [2015] | 0.359 | 0.321–0.398 |
Holloway et al. [2017] | 0.360 | 0.321–0.398 |
Zhang et al. [2019] | 0.356 | 0.318–0.395 |
Safren et al. [2009] | 0.353 | 0.315–0.391 |
Zhu et al. [2018] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.393 |
Ferro et al. [2015] | 0.355 | 0.316–0.393 |
Holloway et al. [2017] | 0.352 | 0.314–0.390 |
Mayer et al. [2014] | 0.354 | 0.316–0.393 |