Background
Methods
Sample
Measures
Outcomes
Need-for-caregiving measures
Other measures
Percent | S.E. | |
---|---|---|
Need-for-caregiving measures
| ||
No. of ADL's | ||
0 | 34 | (1.1) |
1-2 | 42 | (1.2) |
3-4 | 16 | (0.8) |
5-6 | 8 | (0.5) |
No. of IADL's | ||
0-1 | 41 | (1.2) |
2-3 | 28 | (1.0) |
4-5 | 16 | (0.8) |
6-8 | 15 | (0.8) |
Age | ||
65–74 | 24 | (0.9) |
75–84 | 52 | (1.0) |
85+ | 24 | (0.9) |
Demographic characteristics
| ||
Gender | ||
Female | 43 | (1.5) |
Male | 57 | (1.5) |
Race | ||
White | 89 | (0.9) |
African American | 10 | (0.9) |
Other | 1 | (0.3) |
Hispanic | ||
No | 95 | (0.6) |
Yes | 5 | (0.6) |
Education | ||
Less than high school grad | 53 | (1.5) |
High school grad | 39 | (1.4) |
College degree | 8 | (0.7) |
Family income | ||
0–14,999 | 37 | (1.2) |
15,000–29,999 | 27 | (1.1) |
30,000–49,999 | 9 | (0.7) |
50,000–74,999 | 3 | (0.4) |
75,000+ | 2 | (0.3) |
Family income missing | 22 | (0.9) |
Home assets | ||
No | 27 | (1.2) |
Yes, home value missing | 32 | (1.1) |
Home value less than 150,000 | 32 | (1.1) |
Home value greater than 150,000 | 9 | (0.6) |
Informal caregiving resources
| ||
Hours of informal care | ||
0 | 50 | (1.2) |
1–8 | 22 | (0.9) |
9–24 | 13 | (0.8) |
25+ | 15 | (0.8) |
Marital status | ||
Single | 4 | (0.4) |
Married | 40 | (1.3) |
Widowed | 50 | (1.3) |
Divorced | 6 | (0.6) |
Number of children | ||
0 | 15 | (1.1) |
1 | 16 | (1.0) |
2 | 23 | (1.2) |
3 | 19 | (1.3) |
4+ | 26 | (1.3) |
Missing values
Analytical strategy
Results and discussion
Percentage of caregivers and hours of care given by payer
Funding source | Percentage of caregivers | Hours of care given | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | ||
All funding sources | 100 | 16.2 | 100 |
Publicly funded programs | 28 | 3.9 | 24 |
Personal sources | 63 | 10.1 | 62 |
Both public and personal sources | 9 | 2.2 | 13 |
Publicly funded programs only | 100 | 12.1 | 100 |
Medicare | 60 | 5.4 | 45 |
Medicaid | 22 | 2.9 | 24 |
Both | 18 | 3.9 | 32 |
Personal sources only | 100 | 17.7 | 100 |
Out-of-pocket payment | 87 | 13.2 | 75 |
Private insurance | 4 | 1.3 | 7 |
Family member | 2 | 1.0 | 6 |
>1 personal source | 8 | 2.1 | 12 |
Both public and personal sources | 100 | 21.4 | 100 |
Characteristics related to receipt of care
Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | |
---|---|---|
Need for caregiving
| ||
No. of ADL’s | ||
1-2 | 1.11 | (0.96–1.29) |
3-4 | 1.85** | (1.57–2.17) |
5-6 | 3.19** | (2.61–3.89) |
No. of IADL's | ||
2-3 | 2.40** | (2.03–2.82) |
4-5 | 4.27** | (3.56–5.12) |
6-8 | 6.00** | (4.91–7.33) |
Age | 1.02** | (1.01–1.03) |
Demographics
| ||
Female | 0.95 | (0.85–1.07) |
Race | ||
African American | 0.68** | (0.56–0.83) |
Other | 0.80 | (0.45–1.41) |
Hispanic | 1.00 | (0.76–1.32) |
Economic resources
| ||
Education | ||
High school grad | 1.45** | (1.29–1.64) |
College degree | 2.22** | (1.83–2.71) |
Family income | ||
15,000–29,999 | 1.07 | (0.92–1.23) |
30,000–49,999 | 1.06 | (0.84–1.34) |
50,000–74,999 | 1.15 | (0.86–1.54) |
75,000+ | 1.98** | (1.33–2.95) |
Missing | 0.93 | (0.81–1.06) |
Home assets | ||
Yes, but missing | 0.65** | (0.56–0.74) |
<150,000 | 0.62** | (0.54–0.71) |
≥150,000 | 0.66** | (0.54–0.80) |
Year
| ||
1994 | 1.13 | (0.98–1.29) |
1999 | 0.59** | (0.50–0.69) |
2004 | 0.36** | (0.31–0.43) |
Informal resources
| ||
Informal care hours | ||
0 | 4.37** | (3.66–5.21) |
1-8 | 2.44** | (2.05–2.91) |
9-24 | 1.35** | (1.12–1.62) |
Marital status | ||
Single | 1.06 | (0.80–1.42) |
Widowed | 1.47** | (1.28–1.68) |
Divorced | 1.49** | (1.21–1.83) |
Number of children | ||
1 | 0.71** | (0.59–0.85) |
2 | 0.69** | (0.58–0.81) |
3 | 0.63** | (0.52–0.76) |
4+ | 0.61** | (0.51–0.73) |
Public program only | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medicare only [A] | Medicaid [B] | Personal only [C] | Public & Personal [D] | |||||
Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | Odds ratio | (95 % CI) | |
Need for caregiving
| ||||||||
No. of ADL's | ||||||||
1-2 | 2.53** | (1.49–4.32) | 1.42 | (0.88–2.27) | 0.96 | (0.82–1.13) | 1.55 | (0.95–2.52) |
3-4 | 4.79** | (2.81–8.16) | 2.74** | (1.72–4.38) | 1.34** | (1.12–1.62) | 2.78** | (1.65–4.71) |
5-6 | 6.10** | (3.45–10.78) | 3.37** | (1.98–5.72) | 2.00** | (1.59–2.51) | 6.54** | (3.77–11.33) |
No. of IADL's | ||||||||
2-3 | 2.47** | (1.41–4.34) | 2.32** | (1.26–4.28) | 2.28** | (1.91–2.72) | 2.19** | (1.24–3.85) |
4-5 | 4.68** | (2.66–8.22) | 5.71** | (3.12–10.46) | 3.55** | (2.89–4.35) | 3.39** | (1.83–6.28) |
6-8 | 6.17** | (3.44–11.06) | 9.66** | (5.20–17.97) | 4.27** | (3.40–5.36) | 4.38** | (2.33–8.24) |
Age | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | 0.98* | (0.96–1.00) | 1.03** | (1.02–1.04) | 1.02 | (1.00–1.03) |
Demographics
| ||||||||
Female | 0.88 | (0.68–1.14) | 0.91 | (0.68–1.22) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.05) | 1.22 | (0.94–1.58) |
Race | ||||||||
African American | 1.02 | (0.70–1.49) | 1.56* | (1.10–2.22) | 0.44** | (0.33–0.58) | 0.72 | (0.50–1.06) |
Other | 1.05 | (0.38–2.91) | 0.80 | (0.30–2.14) | 0.96 | (0.49–1.88) | 0.27 | (0.03–2.20) |
Hispanic | 0.67 | (0.37–1.21) | 1.23 | (0.75–2.03) | 1.02 | (0.74–1.41) | 0.75 | (0.42–1.36) |
Economic resources
| ||||||||
Education | ||||||||
High school grad | 1.01 | (0.77–1.33) | 0.56** | (0.41–0.78) | 1.79** | (1.56–2.06) | 1.10 | (0.84–1.44) |
College degree | 0.96 | (0.59–1.57) | 0.12** | (0.04–0.39) | 2.90** | (2.37–3.56) | 1.89** | (1.25–2.86) |
Family income | ||||||||
15,000-29,999 | 0.67* | (0.49–0.92) | 0.28** | (0.18–0.44) | 1.72** | (1.46–2.04) | 0.63** | (0.46–0.87) |
30,000-49,999
a
| 0.40** | (0.21–0.77) | 0.22** | (0.09–0.57) | 1.79** | (1.39–2.31) | 0.48* | (0.26–0.89) |
50,000-74,999 | 0.48 | (0.22–1.05) | (variable omitted)
a
| 2.13** | (1.56–2.91) | 0.45* | (0.20–0.99) | |
75,000+ | 0.37 | (0.09–1.57) | (variable omitted)
a
| 3.72** | (2.50–5.53) | 0.12* | (0.02–0.92) | |
Missing | 0.52** | (0.38–0.72) | (0.26–0.54) | 1.41** | (1.20–1.65) | 0.82 | (0.61–1.10) | |
Economic resources
| ||||||||
Home assets | ||||||||
Yes, but missing | 0.87 | (0.64–1.17) | 0.52** | (0.37–0.73) | 0.74** | (0.63–0.87) | 0.68* | (0.50–0.93) |
< 150,000 | 0.95 | (0.70–1.31) | 0.43** | (0.31–0.61) | 0.72** | (0.62–0.85) | 0.52** | (0.39–0.70) |
≥ 150,000 | 0.70 | (0.41–1.20) | 0.14** | (0.05–0.40) | 0.86 | (0.70–1.07) | 0.60* | (0.39–0.93) |
Year
| ||||||||
1994 | 3.48** | (2.47–4.89) | 1.06 | (0.74–1.53) | 1.12 | (0.96–1.31) | 0.32** | (0.24–0.45) |
1999 | 1.99** | (1.33–2.97) | 1.14 | (0.78–1.67) | 0.49** | (0.41–0.59) | 0.39** | (0.28–0.55) |
2004 | 0.89 | (0.57–1.40) | 1.09 | (0.75–1.58) | 0.34** | (0.28–0.40) | 0.15** | (0.10–0.23) |
Informal resources
| ||||||||
Informal care hours | ||||||||
0 | 1.28 | (0.92–1.79) | 3.84** | (2.56–5.74) | 5.17** | (4.18–6.39) | 1.20 | (0.85–1.71) |
1-8 | 1.18 | (0.83–1.67) | 2.31** | (1.51–3.52) | 2.98** | (2.40–3.70) | 1.42* | (1.01–2.00) |
9-24 | 1.00 | (0.70–1.42) | 1.20 | (0.75–1.93) | 1.63** | (1.29–2.06) | 1.00 | (0.70–1.43) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 0.55 | (0.29–1.05) | 1.09 | (0.56–2.13) | 1.34 | (0.97–1.85) | 0.89 | (0.49–1.61) |
Widowed | 0.91 | (0.67–1.22) | 1.27 | (0.86–1.89) | 1.65** | (1.41–1.93) | 1.03 | (0.76–1.39) |
Divorced | 1.13 | (0.71–1.78) | 1.83* | (1.14–2.94) | 1.49** | (1.16–1.92) | 0.82 | (0.46–1.46) |
Number of children | ||||||||
1 | 0.51** | (0.34–0.76) | 0.59* | (0.38–0.94) | 0.81* | (0.67–0.99) | 0.88 | (0.60–1.30) |
2 | 0.52** | (0.36–0.76) | 0.54** | (0.35–0.84) | 0.86 | (0.71–1.04) | 0.57** | (0.38–0.84) |
3 | 0.52** | (0.35–0.79) | 0.73 | (0.45–1.19) | 0.70** | (0.57–0.86) | 0.73 | (0.49–1.11) |
4+ | 0.57** | (0.40–0.81) | 0.95 | (0.64–1.42) | 0.61** | (0.49–0.75) | 0.70 | (0.48–1.03) |
Characteristics related to log hours of care
All sources [A] | Public program only | Personal only [D] | Public & Personal [E] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medicare only [B] | Medicaid [C] | |||||||||
Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | |
Need for caregiving
| ||||||||||
No. of ADL's | ||||||||||
1-2 | −.01 | (.08) | .50 | (.29) | .60* | (.27) | −.06 | (.09) | −.72 | (.37) |
3-4 | .34** | (.09) | .46 | (.30) | .78** | (.29) | .22* | (.10) | −.22 | (.38) |
5-6 | .92** | (.10) | .68* | (.30) | .80* | (.32) | 1.04** | (.12) | .28 | (.41) |
No. of IADL's | ||||||||||
2-3 | .24** | (.09) | −.23 | (.37) | .04 | (.43) | .27** | (.10) | .21 | (.41) |
4-5 | .56** | (.10) | .06 | (.36) | .07 | (.46) | .49** | (.11) | .57 | (.36) |
6-8 | 1.12** | (.11) | .21 | (.37) | .54 | (.48) | 1.22** | (.13) | .76* | (.35) |
Age | .01 | (.00) | −.01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) | .01** | (.00) | .00 | (.01) |
Demographics
| ||||||||||
Female | .04 | (.06) | −.08 | (.16) | .13 | (.17) | .03 | (.07) | .06 | (.21) |
Race | ||||||||||
African American | .06 | (.10) | .84** | (.23) | .05 | (.21) | −.26 | (.16) | .09 | (.31) |
Other | −.28 | (.36) | −.80 | (.59) | .05 | (.41) | −.09 | (.39) | −1.15 | (.87) |
Hispanic | .44** | (.13) | 1.04** | (.38) | .00 | (.29) | .42* | (.17) | .54 | (.47) |
Economic resources
| ||||||||||
Education | ||||||||||
High school grad | .02 | (.06) | .04 | (.16) | .09 | (.18) | .03 | (.08) | −.22 | (.22) |
College degree | .11 | (.09) | .00 | (.45) | .29 | (.91) | .13 | (.10) | −.28 | (.33) |
Family income | ||||||||||
15,000–29,999 | .02 | (.08) | −.04 | (.22) | .33 | (.31) | .05 | (.09) | .11 | (.27) |
30,000–49,999a | .12 | (.12) | .19 | (.44) | −.69 | (.89) | .09 | (.13) | .29 | (.61) |
50,000–74,999 | .09 | (.16) | .17 | (.66) | (var omitted)a | −.05 | (.17) | .82 | (.55) | |
75,000+ | .69** | (.17) | −.51 | (.48) | (var omitted)a | .74** | (.17) | −.25 | (.46) | |
Missing | .23** | (.08) | .18 | (.21) | .16 | (.20) | .23* | (.10) | .46* | (.23) |
Economic resources
| ||||||||||
Home assets | ||||||||||
Yes, but missing | −.01 | (.08) | .03 | (.18) | −.12 | (.18) | .14 | (.10) | −.25 | (.29) |
< 150,000 | −.02 | (.07) | −.09 | (.18) | −.13 | (.19) | −.02 | (.09) | −.07 | (.23) |
≥ 150,000 | .12 | (.11) | .03 | (.38) | −.47 | (.42) | .21 | (.12) | −.15 | (.37) |
Year
| ||||||||||
1994 | .01 | (.07) | .09 | (.19) | −.08 | (.19) | −.11 | (.09) | .47 | (.25) |
1999 | −.09 | (.08) | −.06 | (.23) | −.25 | (.21) | −.17 | (.10) | .41 | (.32) |
2004 | −.16 | (.08) | .26 | (.28) | −.36 | (.21) | −.30** | (.10) | .49 | (.37) |
Informal resources
| ||||||||||
Informal care hours | ||||||||||
9-24 | .36** | (.11) | .12 | (.22) | −.01 | (.27) | .33* | (.15) | .16 | (.31) |
1-8 | .55** | (.10) | .41 | (.24) | .13 | (.24) | .38** | (.13) | .27 | (.31) |
0 | .73** | (.10) | .55* | (.23) | .60* | (.24) | .57** | (.13) | .52 | (.31) |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Single | .05 | (.13) | .14 | (.28) | .37 | (.40) | −.03 | (.16) | −.05 | (.47) |
Widowed | .19** | (.07) | −.05 | (.21) | .21 | (.25) | .22* | (.09) | .20 | (.25) |
Divorced | .08 | (.11) | .09 | (.30) | −.02 | (.30) | −.03 | (.14) | .08 | (.47) |
Number of children | ||||||||||
1 | −.10 | (.09) | .48 | (.28) | .00 | (.29) | −.18 | (.11) | .15 | (.29) |
2 | −.05 | (.08) | .19 | (.21) | .60* | (.26) | −.15 | (.10) | −.15 | (.28) |
3 | .00 | (.09) | .44 | (.27) | .02 | (.24) | −.08 | (.12) | .26 | (.30) |
4+ | −.04 | (.09) | .43 | (.24) | .04 | (.20) | −.19 | (.12) | .27 | (.30) |