Introduction
Method
Design and study population
Operationalisation of variables
General health
Physical health
Mental health
Lifestyle habits
Socioeconomic indicators
Data analysis
Results
Measures | Estimate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 (n = 23,448) | 2010 (n = 33,327) | 2014 (n = 22,637) | ||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Control variables | ||||||
Age | 54.81 (16.05) | 54.59 (16.41) | 57.42 (15.72) | 56.12 (16.20) | 57.68 (15.62) | 56.24 (16.13) |
Sex | 10,983 (46.84) | 12,465 (53.16) | 15,442 (46.33) | 17,885 (53.67) | 10,568 (46.68) | 12,069 (53.32) |
Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
Income | 174,956 (79,704) | 144,334 (207,002) | 218,792 (167,395) | 178,795 (420,767) | 241,612 (152,955) | 191,920 (96,466) |
Education | ||||||
Compulsory education | 2265 (23.37) | 1959 (17.94) | 3525 (22.91) | 3220 (18.06) | 2194 (20.96) | 1805 (15.04) |
2 years secondary education | 5159 (53.23) | 5567 (50.97) | 7696 (50.02) | 8230 (46.15) | 5545 (52.98) | 5903 (49.17) |
3 years secondary education | 555 (5.73) | 399 (3.65) | 823 (5.35) | 616 (3.45) | 591 (5.65) | 431 (3.59) |
Post-secondary education < 3 years | 1650 (17.0) | 2964 (27.14) | 3132 (20.35) | 5647 (31.67) | 2063 (19.71) | 3816 (31.79) |
Post-secondary education > 3 years | 62 (0.64) | 33 (0.30) | 211 (1.37) | 120 (0.67) | 73 (0.70) | 50 (0.42) |
Health indicators | ||||||
General health | ||||||
Poor self-rated health | 4038 (37.32) | 5254 (34.96) | 3575 (34.25) | 4897 (40.01) | 6258 (36.27) | 4193 (35.31) |
Poor self-rated dental health | 3583 (33.17) | 4492 (29.42) | 3061 (29.88) | 3263 (26.63) | 4060 (23.02) | 2571 (22.11) |
Overweight | 6862 (63.39) | 9910 (65.16) | 6783 (65.89) | 6004 (49.64) | 9027 (52.08) | 6087 (52.41) |
Physical health | ||||||
Hypertension | 2751 (26.24) | 4713 (32.57) | 3547 (34.6) | 3175 (26.58) | 5208 (30.8) | 3670 (31.33) |
Diabetes | 860 (8.49) | 1432 (10.56) | 1064 (10.41) | 705 (6.15) | 1131 (7.15) | 754 (6.48) |
Long-term illness | 4882 (45.2) | 6650 (43.72) | 4617 (44.28) | 5522 (45.36) | 7589 (43.32) | 5079 (42.84) |
Mental health | ||||||
Stress | 4561 (41.73) | 5734 (37.6) | 3723 (36.12) | 6226 (50.19) | 8033 (45.46) | 5290 (45.24) |
Depression | 4528 (41.56) | 6230 (40.88) | 4157 (40.69) | 5933 (47.96) | 8077 (45.76) | 5349 (46.13) |
Psychological distress | 1250 (11.38) | 1956 (12.78) | 1145 (10.83) | 1968 (15.79) | 3069 (17.35) | 1796 (14.66) |
Lifestyle habits | ||||||
Smoking | 1215 (11.17) | 1466 (9.73) | 904 (8.64) | 1799 (14.61) | 1962 (11.23) | 1146 (9.6) |
Risky alcohol consumption | 1091 (11.36) | 1444 (10.96) | 938 (10.28) | 287 (2.92) | 439 (3.19) | 236 (2.47) |
Physical inactivity | 1533 (14.19) | 2078 (13.7) | 1401 (13.73) | 1684 (13.8) | 2460 (14.04) | 1591 (13.71) |
General health
Outcome | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | |
SRH | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 27.55 (24.35, 30.75) | 29.66 (27.01, 32.3) | 30.91 (27.58, 34.24) | 23.67 (20.51, 26.82) | 29.33 (26.81, 31.86) | 31.53 (28.42, 34.64) |
P trend income | 0.47 | < 0.01 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 18.37 (14.69, 22.06) | 21.44 (18.57, 24.31) | 16.32 (12.85, 19.8) | 26.46 (22.98, 29.95) | 24.74 (21.99, 27.5) | 21.74 (18.41, 25.08) |
P trend education | 0.64 | 0.02 | ||||
SRDH | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 23.14 (19.92, 26.36) | 21.17 (18.56, 21.78) | 21.6 (18.24, 24.96) | 13.26 (10.35, 16.17) | 15.03 (12.78, 17.29) | 15.88 (13.04, 18.71) |
P trend income | 0.10 | 0.71 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 12.89 (9.16, 16.62) | 16.81 (13.98, 19.64) | 12.58 (9.07, 16.08) | 15.97 (12.75, 19.18) | 13.7 (11.22, 16.17) | 10.38 (7.4, 3.37) |
P trend education | 0.42 | < 0.01 | ||||
Overweight | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | −10.43 (−13.77, −7.08) | −5.08 (−7.86, −2.31) | −7.26 (−10.77, −3.75) | 1.47 (−1.86, 4.79) | 5.1 (2.35, 7.85) | 7.14 (3.64, 10.64) |
P trend income | 0.07 | 0.05 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 9.94 (6.16, 13.73) | 13.46 (10.51, 16.41) | 13.16 (9.58, 16.74) | 17.44 (13.74, 21.14) | 14.6 (11.66, 17.54) | 15.54 (11.96, 19.13) |
P trend education | 0.44 | 0.10 |
Self-reported health (SRH)
Self-reported dental health (SRDH)
Overweight
Physical health
Outcome | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | |
Hypertension | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 23.24 (20.31, 26.17) | 23.15 (20.44, 25.86) | 22.61 (19.12, 26.09) | 29.12 (26.42, 31.81) | 32.89 (30.47, 35.31) | 31.16 (28.13, 34.19) |
P trend income | 0.16 | < 0.01 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 22.43 (19.46, 25.4) | 27.5 (24.77, 30.24) | 24.00 (20.6, 27.41) | 25.14 (22.38, 27.9) | 37.56 (35.1, 40.03) | 34.71 (31.69, 37.73) |
P trend education | 0.78 | < 0.01 | ||||
Diabetes | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 11.64 (9.83, 13.44) | 6.73 (5.22, 8.24) | 12.47 (10.3, 14.64) | 11.07 (9.66, 12.49) | 11.81 (10.5, 13.12) | 10.02 (8.68, 11.36) |
P trend income | 0.22 | 0.24 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 9.77 (7.98, 11.56) | 12.26 (10.51, 14.02) | 9.83 (7.72, 11.95) | 7.93 (6.53, 9.34) | 11.10 (9.66, 12.54) | 9.51 (7.93, 11.09) |
P trend education | 0.99 | 0.49 | ||||
Long-term illness | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 18.53 (15.15, 21.91) | 18.49 (15.66, 21.33) | 15.42 (11.82, 19.01) | 11.78 (8.52, 15.05) | 16.72 (14.04, 19.41) | 20.36 (16.99, 23.72) |
P trend income | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 7.86 (3.97, 11.74) | 5.43 (2.38, 8.47) | 00.23 (−3.49, 3.95) | 12.00 (8.32, 15.66) | 6.76 (3.86, 9.65) | 6.36 (2.84, 9.88) |
P trend education | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Hypertension
Diabetes
Long-term illness
Mental health
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | |
Stress | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 8.19 (4.85, 11.53) | 8.67 (5.96, 11.38) | 9.11 (5.67, 12.56) | 0.75 (−2.49, 3.99) | 5.51 (2.87, 8.16) | 1.51 (−1.89, 4.9) |
P trend income | 0.42 | 0.53 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | −5.14 (−9.01, − 1.27) | − 1.79 (−4.74, 1.16) | −5.98 (−9.52, − 2.44) | − 1.61 (− 5.31, 2.09) | −1.9 (− 4.76, 0.96) | −6.69 (− 10.18, − 3.2) |
P trend education | 0.18 | <.0.01 | ||||
Depression | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 16.58 (13.2, 19.96) | 16.99 (14.15, 19.84) | 22.74 (19.13, 26.35) | 11.07 (7.79, 14.35) | 15.02 (12.31, 17.73) | 13.09 (9.6, 16.57) |
P trend income | 0.24 | 0.32 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | −0.66 (−5.57, 3.26) | 4.67 (1.59, 7.75) | 1.94 (−1.83, 5.71) | 8.49 (4.76, 12.23) | 8.46 (5.51, 11.4) | 4.91 (1.27, 8.54) |
P trend education | 0.47 | 0.37 | ||||
Psychological distress | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 8.49 (6.47, 10.5) | 9.74 (7.93, 11.55) | 12.69 (10.67, 14.7) | 5.53 (3.22, 7.84) | 8.67 (6.67, 10.65) | 5.77 (3.41, 8.12) |
P trend income | 0.01 | 0.92 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | −2.85 (−5.28, −0.41) | 0.34 (−1.71, 2.4) | 0.31 (−1.94, 2.56) | 00.55 (−1.97, 3.08) | 2.9 (00.76, 5.03) | −1.52 (−3.88, 0.84) |
P trend education | 0.77 | 0.01 |
Stress
Depression
Psychological distress
Lifestyle habits
Outcome | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | |
Smoking | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 7.9 (5.82, 9.97) | 7.71 (6.04, 9.37) | 9.83 (7.88, 11.77) | −3.23 (−5.62, −0.83) | 2.12 (0.36, 3.88) | 2.61 (0.58, 4.64) |
P trend income | 0.14 | < 0.01 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 11.7 (9.28, 14.12) | 11.69 (9.94, 13.43) | 10.71 (8.75, 12.68) | 20.9 (18.36, 23.43) | 14.00 (12.21, 15.78) | 12.9 (10.95, 14.84) |
P trend education | 0.25 | < 0.01 | ||||
Alcohol Use | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | −0.09 (−2.43, 2.24) | −2.64 (−4.59, 0.7) | 3.08 (0.93, 5.23) | − 0.73 (−1.96, 0.49) | −0.15 (−1.29, 0.99) | −0.87 (− 2.05, 0.31) |
P trend income | 0.48 | 0.34 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 2.24 (1.16, 4.31) | −3.84 (−6.06, −1.61) | 00.81 (−1.39, 3.01) | −0.97 (− 2.4, 0.47) | −1.13 (− 2.33, − 0.06) | −0.25 (− 1.01, 1.51) |
P trend education | 0.92 | 0.07 | ||||
Physical Inactivity | ||||||
Income SII (CI) | 9.36 (7.00, 11.72) | 10.97 (9.03, 12.91) | 12.36 (9.84, 14.89) | 10.67 (8.47, 12.87) | 13.55 (11.72, 15.37) | 12.06 (9.84, 14.28) |
P trend income | 0.04 | 0.43 | ||||
Education SII (CI) | 10.89 (8.32, 13.46) | 12.48 (10.4, 14.57) | 7.83 (5.21, 10.45) | 10.3 (7.98, 12.62) | 13.97 (11.98, 15.96) | 10.72 (8.28, 13.16) |
P trend education | 0.47 | 0.21 |