Background
Methods
Setting and study population
Explanatory measures
Demographics
Employment
WLB
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Company 1 n = 30 (13.4) | Company 2 n = 108 (48.2) | Company 3 n = 86 (38.4) | Total n = 224 (100) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | Male | 20 (66.7) | 81 (75.0) | 63 (73.3) | 164 (73.2) |
Female | 10 (33.3) | 27 (25.0) | 23 (26.7) | 60 (26.8) | |
Age | Md, Mean (±SD) | 48, 47.1 (10.4) | 47, 47.3 (9.2) | 48, 46.6 (10.0) | 48, 47.0 (9.6) |
Education, n (%) | Primary school | 8 (26.7)* | 11 (10.2)* | 22 (25.6)* | 41 (18.3) |
Secondary school or equal | 10 (33.3)* | 67 (62.0)* | 43 (50.0)* | 120 (53.6) | |
University | 12 (40.0)* | 30 (27.8)* | 21 (24.4)* | 63 (28.1) | |
Position at work, n (%) | Production | 9 (31) | 29 (26.9) | 34 (39.5) | 72 (32.4) |
Administration | 14 (48.3) | 62 (57.4) | 35 (40.7) | 111 (49.8) | |
Manager | 6 (20.7) | 17 (15.7) | 17 (19.8) | 40 (17.9) | |
Experience of leadership qualitya | Md, Mean (±SD) | 4.0, 4.0 (0.8) | 4.0, 3.9 (0.9) | 4.0, 3.9 (0.9) | 4.0, 3.9 (0.9) |
Work-life balance | WIPL, Mean (±SD)b | 3.49 (1.1) | 3.79 (0.9) | 3.76 (0.9) | 3.74 (0.9) |
PLIW, Mean (±SD)b | 4.67 (0.5) | 4.58 (0.5) | 4.58 (0.6) | 4.59 (0.5) |
Work-life balance
Work ability among the employees
Baseline (T0) | Follow-up (T1) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Work ability compared to lifetime best | Md, Mean (±SD)a | 7.0, 6.5 (1.4) | 9.0, 8.3 (1.5) |
Poor/moderate work ability compared to lifetime bestb | 73.7 | 25.1 | |
Good/excellent work ability compared to lifetime bestb | 26.3 | 74.9 | |
Work ability regarding physical demands | Md, Mean (±SD)c | 5.0, 4.4 (0.7) | 5.0, 4.5 (0.6) |
Lower work ability regarding physical demandsd | 46.0 | 41.3 | |
Higher work ability regarding physical demandsd | 54.0 | 58.7 | |
Work ability regarding mental demands | Md, Mean (±SD)c | 4.0, 4.2 (0.8) | 4.0, 4.2 (0.8) |
Lower work ability regarding mental demandsd | 65.6 | 59.2 | |
Higher work ability regarding mental demandsd | 34.4 | 40.8 |
Correlation matrix and logistic regressions
Min - max | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sex | 1–2 | |||||||||||||
2. Age | 21–64 | -,09 | ||||||||||||
3. Education level | 1–3 | .26** | −.25** | |||||||||||
4. Company | 1–3 | −.02 | −.02 | −.11 | ||||||||||
5. Position at work | 1–3 | .14* | −.01 | .38** | −.07 | |||||||||
6. Experience with leadership qualitya | 1–6 | .06 | .04 | .07 | .03 | .19** | ||||||||
7. WIPLb | 1–5 | −.20** | .07 | −.27** | .04 | −.24** | −.02 | |||||||
8. PLIWb | 1–5 | .00 | .14* | −.23** | −.024 | −.11 | −.02 | .39** | ||||||
9. Work ability compared with the lifetime best at T0 | 0–10 | −.03 | −.10 | −.10 | −.14* | −.08 | .06 | .38** | .40** | |||||
10. Work ability regarding physical demands at T0 | 1–5 | −.13* | −.07 | .10 | .10 | .14* | .19** | .24** | .14* | .46** | ||||
11. Work ability regarding mental demands at T0 | 1–5 | −.09 | −.05 | −.06 | .046 | −.06 | .20** | .36** | .27** | .68** | .59** | |||
12. Work ability compared with the lifetime best at T1 | 0–10 | −.02 | −.07 | −.02 | .03 | .02 | .09 | .34** | .37** | .56** | .38** | .48** | ||
13. Work ability regarding physical demands at T1 | 1–5 | .08 | −.09 | .17* | .03 | .16* | .22** | .22** | .17* | .33** | .44** | .36** | .53** | |
14. Work ability regarding mental demands at T1 | 1–5 | −.10 | −.01 | .03 | −.05 | −.02 | .14* | .36** | .28** | .45** | .32** | .46** | .65** | .56** |
Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | Model 3 OR 95% CI | Model 4 OR 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work-life balance | WIPLa | 2.12** (1.49 to 2.98) | 1.72** (1.18 to 2.49) | 1.90** (1.27 to 2.84) | 1.93** (1.26 to 2.94) | 1.77** (1.15 to 2.73) |
PLIWa | 4.67** (2.59 to 8.43) | 3.70** (2.01 to 6.80) | 3.82** (2.01 to 7.26) | 4.13** (2.08 to 8.21) | 3.34** (1.66 to 6.74) | |
Employment | Company | |||||
Company 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Company 2 | 1.18 (0.45 to 3.09) | 1.39 (0.46 to 4.25) | 1.65 (0.52 to 5.25) | 1.87 (0.58 to 6.08) | ||
Company 3 | 0.67 (0.25 to 1.74) | 0.60 (0.20 to 1.81) | 0.61 (0.20 to 1.88) | 0.65 (0.21 to 2.07) | ||
Position at work | ||||||
Production | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Administration | 1.23 (0.68 to 2.22) | 1.04 (0.46 to 2.36) | 1.10 (0.45 to 2.67) | 1.12 (0.46 to 2.73) | ||
Manager | 1.77 (0.81 to 3.88) | 2.85 (0.90 to 9.03) | 3.41 (0.99 to 11.70) | 3.55* (1.02 to 12.36) | ||
Experience of leadership qualityb | 1.37 (0.96 to 1.94) | 1.45 (0.95 to 2.23) | 1.45 (0.94 to 2.23) | 1.48 (0.94 to 2.35) | ||
Demographic | Gender | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.42) | 0.97 (0.41 to 2.30) | 1.01 (0.42 to 2.42) | |||
Age | 0.96 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) | |||
Education level | ||||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Secondary school or equal | 0.64 (0.29 to 1.43) | 0.48 (0.16 to 1.43) | 0.43 (0.14 to 1.33) | |||
Compulsory school | 0.55 (0.24 to 1.28) | 0.56 (0.15 to 1.20) | 0.48 (0.13 to 1.79) | |||
Baseline work ability regarding work ability compared with the lifetime best | Poor/moderate at T0 | 1 | 1 | |||
Good/excellent at T0 | 8.91** (2.67 to 29.79) | 4.63* (1.28 to 16.76) | ||||
Nagelkerke R Square (R2) | 24% | 31% | 32% | 36% | ||
ΔR2 | 7% | 1% | 4% |
Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | Model 3 OR 95% CI | Model 4 OR 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work-life balance | WIPLa | 1.49** (1.10 to 2.00) | 1.41* (1.03 to 1.93) | 1.62** (1.15 to 2.30) | 1.84** (1.27 to 2.69) | 1.60* (1.07 to 2.40) |
PLIWa | 1.61 (0.98 to 2.65) | 1.33 (0.78 to 2.26) | 1.39 (0.79 to 2.45) | 1.60 (0.86 to 2.98) | 1.41 (0.72 to 2.76) | |
Employment | Company | |||||
Company 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Company 2 | 1.81 (0.99 to 3.30) | 1.54 (0.64 to 3.72) | 1.81 (0.72 to 4.57) | 1.52 (0.55 to 4.17) | ||
Company 3 | 2.61* (1.15 to 5.92) | 1.70 (0.69 to 4.20) | 2.00 (0.78 to 5.12) | 1.42 (0.51 to 3.98) | ||
Position at work | ||||||
Production | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Administration | 0.77 (0.40 to 1.47) | 2.28* (1.17 to 4.46) | 1.61 (0.77 to 3.39) | 1.55 (0.69 to 3.49) | ||
Manager | 1.15 (0.48 to 2.79) | 3.31** (1.33 to 8.26) | 2.49 (0.94 to 6.59) | 1.91 (0.67 to 5.40) | ||
Experience of leadership qualityb | 1.68** (1.21 to 2.33) | 1.59** (1.12 to 2.27) | 1.62** (1.13 to 2.33) | 1.51* (1.02 to 2.22) | ||
Demographic | Gender | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 1.53 (0.92 to 2.56) | 1.36 (0.64 to 2.89) | 1.95 (0.85 to 4.49) | |||
Age | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) | |||
Education level | ||||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Secondary school or equal | 1.40 (0.76 to 2.58) | 0.98 (0.42 to 2.30) | 0.96 (0.38 to 2.44) | |||
Compulsory school | 3.49** (1.72 to 7.08) | 2.75 (0.92 to 8.25) | 2.06 (0.63 to 6.76) | |||
Baseline work ability regarding physical demands | Lower at T0 | 1 | 1 | |||
Higher at T0 | 6.70** (3.70 to 12.14) | 5.43** (2.78 to 10.62) | ||||
Nagelkerke R Square (R2) | 5% | 17% | 22% | 35% | ||
ΔR2 | 12% | 5% | 13% |
Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | Model 3 OR 95% CI | Model 4 OR 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work-life balance | WIPLa | 2.05** (1.46 to 2.88) | 1.76** (1.23 to 2.51) | 1.78** (1.22 to 2.59) | 1.92** (1.29 to 2.87) | 1.59* (1.03 to 2.44) |
PLIWa | 3.35** (1.78 to 6.34) | 2.44** (1.27 to 4.68) | 2.60** (1.33 to 5.11) | 3.38** (1.64 to 6.96) | 2.88** (1.31 to 6.32) | |
Employment | Company | |||||
Company 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Company 2 | 2.36* (1.12 to 4.90) | 2.20 (0.84 to 5.74) | 2.47 (0.91 to 6.71) | 2.38 (0.83 to 6.83) | ||
Company 3 | 1.38 (0.64 to 2.97) | 1.30 (0.49 to 3.48) | 1.46 (0.54 to 3.99) | 1.27 (0.44 to 3.68) | ||
Position at work | ||||||
Production | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Administration | 0.80 (0.44 to 1.47) | 0.95 (0.48 to 1.87) | 0.71 (0.32 to 1.56) | 0.66 (0.28 to 1.56) | ||
Manager | 0.83 (0.38 to 1.83) | 1.02 (0.41 to 2.50) | 0.71 (0.270 to 1.87) | 0.80 (0.29 to 2.23) | ||
Experience of leadership qualityb | 1.46* (1.05 to 2.04) | 1.58* (1.10 to 2.28) | 1.65** (1.13 to 2.40) | 1.49* (1.003 to 2.21) | ||
Demographic | Gender | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 0.86 (0.53 to 1.42) | 0.72 (0.33 to 1.55) | 0.68 (0.29 to 1.58) | |||
Age | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.03) | |||
Education level | ||||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Secondary school or equal | 0.83 (0.45 to 1.54) | 1.11 (0.44 to 2.77) | 1.28 (0.46 to 3.53) | |||
Compulsory school | 1.51 (0.78 to 2.95) | 3.39* (1.06 to 10.82) | 3.85* (1.07 to 13.86) | |||
Baseline work ability regarding mental demands | Lower at T0 | 1 | 1 | |||
Higher at T0 | 6.92** (3.74 to 12.78) | 5.55** (2.75 to 11.20) | ||||
Nagelkerke R Square (R2) | 16% | 21% | 26% | 38% | ||
ΔR2 | 5% | 5% | 12% |