Chemoresistance in solid tumors is conveyed by different mechanisms. The classical are based on MDR genes and transporter proteins, all reported to contribute to chemoresistance in PDAC [
3,
4,
41]. We therefore evaluated the mRNA expression of genes involved in drug resistance by RT-PCR in 2D and 3D Panc-1 cultures. The ATP binding cassette ABCC1 was up-regulated during the initial sphere formation period (Figure
4A). Furthermore, expression of miRNAs miR-21 and miR-335 associated with elevated chemoresistance [
42‐
44] was increasing in 2D culture until day 4 and then constantly decreasing until day 10. In contrast, in 3D culture the expression of miR-21 and miR-335 peaked later on day 8, decreasing slightly thereafter, resulting in higher expression (Figure
4B). There are other molecules described more recently. PPP1R1B (protein phosphatase1, regulatory subunit1B) formerly called DARPP-32, is a bifunctional signal transduction molecule acting both as kinase and phosphatase inhibitor, that has been detected in several solid tumours including some carcinomas of the GI tract. The truncated form, t-DARPP-32, has been demonstrated to confer drug resistance, e.g. against trastuzumab in breast cancer via the AKT pathway, or against gefitinib in gastric cancer via EGFR/ERBB3 [
45] and by reducing drug-related apoptosis via CREB/PKA [
46]. T-DARPP is also responsible for the nuclear translocation of ß-catenin [
47]. We found it highly upregulated in the 3D culture system. SNED1, as described above, conveys drug resistance against platinum [
37]. Finally, PDAC cells become more resistant to drugs if cultivated on fibronectin or collagen I, both found upregulated (see above), indicating a role for these ECM proteins in protecting cells from chemotherapy [
48,
49]. Due to increased extracellular matrix
in vitro 3D systems provide mechanical properties that act as a barrier to drug diffusion [
49,
50]. Collagen I, for example, a major component of ECM, is expressed at a higher level in 3D than in 2D breast cancer cell cultures [
9]. This observation is of particular interest, as collagen I is involved in gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer [
51]. Fibronectin-1, which mediates cell and tissue cohesion, is also up-regulated in pancreatic and other cancers [
52‐
54].