RETRACTED ARTICLE: 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin suppress stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by co-culture of liver cancer stem-like cells with hepatic stellate cells
Our previous works have demonstrated that 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin suppressed stemness of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line SMMC-7721 induced by condition medium from hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 that was activated by liver cancer stem-like cells (LCSCs). However, whether and whereby BrMC inhibits the stemness induced by co-culture of LCSCs and LX-2 cells remains to be investigated.
Methods
The second-generation spheres by sphere culture were identified and used as SMMC-7721-and MHCC97H-derived LCSLCs. SMMC-7721-and MHCC97-derived LCSCs/LX-2 cells transwell co-culture system was treated with BrMC and its lead compound chrysin. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, HGF and PDGF in condition medium from co-culture were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The stemness of SMMC-7721 cells was evaluated by sphere formation assay and western blot analysis for expression levels of cancer stem cell markers (CD133 and CD44).The expression levels of cancer-associated fibroblast markers (FAP-α and α-SMA) were employed to evaluate pathologic activation of LX-2 cells. Addition of IL-6 and/or HGF or deletion of IL-6 and/or HGF was conducted to investigate the mechanisms for BrMC and chrysin treatment in SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs co-cultured with LX-2cells.
Results
The co-culture of LCSLCs with LX-2 cells increased sphere formation capability as well as expression of CD133 and CD44 in SMMC-7721 cells, meanwhile, upregulated expression of FAP-α in LX-2 cells. ELISA indicated that the concentrations of IL-6 and HGF were significantly elevated in Co-CM than that of condition media from co-cultured SMMC-7721 cells/LX-2 cells. Treatment of BrMC and chrysin with co-cultures of SMMC-7721- and MHCC97H-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells effectively inhibited the above responses. Moreover, addition of IL-6 and/or HGF induced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells, conversely, deletion of IL-6 and/or HGF suppressed those. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of BrMC and chrysin on stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells were attenuated by addition of IL-6 or HGF, and enhanced by deletion of IL-6 or HGF.
Conclusions
Our results suggest IL-6 and HGF may be the key communication molecules for the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs, and BrMC and chrysin could block these effects and be the novel therapeutic candidates for HCC management.
Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) may be responsible for tumor recurrence following therapy and to tumor development and metastasis [1].CSLCs not always be a fixed cell population and may show plasticity regulated by tumor microenvironmental factors [2], which has been showed with colon cancer-associated fibroblasts and with breast cancer bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [3, 4]. We have previously demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stemness was induced by condition mediumfrom hepatic stellate cellline LX-2(HSC-CM) that was activated by liver cancer stem-like cells (LCSLCs) derived from SMMC-7721 cell line (SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs) [5]. However, whether and whereby co-culture of LCSLCs and HSCs induces the stemness of HCC cells remains unclear.
Recent studies suggested that IL-6 would promote tumorigenesis in multiple aspect [6‐10]. IL-6 is closely related with STAT3 [11].Won C et al reported that interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/STAT3) signaling up-regulates expression of CD133 and promotes HCC progression [12]. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a polypeptide growth factor that acts on the growth, migration and morphogenesis of many cell types. In addition, it is also involved in the proliferation and migration of many kinds of cells and plays a key role in the invasion and metastasis of various types of tumors. Yu G et al. reported that the mechanism of HSC secreting HGF inducing chemoresistance [13]. And Lau EY et al. reported that tumor-associated fibroblasts regulate tumor initiating cell plasticity through the hepatocyte growth factor pathway in hepatoma cells [14]. However, whether induction of stemnesss for HCC cells by co-culture of LCSLCs and HSCs are mediated by IL-6 or HGF or both need to be examined.
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Chrysin, a natural flavones, has been reported antitumor activities in various cancers [15, 16]. Importantly, chrysin and its novel synthetic analogue 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin (BrMC) targeted for inhibiting stemness in HCC cells [17‐19]. Interestingly, 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin (BrMC) suppressed stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by HSC-CM from LX-2 cells activated by SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs [5]. However, whether and whereby BrMC inhibits the stemness of HCC cells induced by co-culture of LCSLCs and HSCs remains to be investigated.
In the present study, we firstly provide evidence that co-cultured SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs with LX-2 cells induced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells, including the increased sphere formation capability and expression of CD133 and CD44; meanwhile, upregulated expression of fibroblast activation protein α (FAP-α) in LX-2 cells.IL-6 and HGF may be the key communication molecules for the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs, and that BrMC and chrysin could block these effects, thereby suppress co-culture-induced stemness of HCC.
Methods
Reagents and antibodies
Chrysin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat No. C80105, St. Louis, MO, USA).BrMC was synthesized with previously described protocols [20].EGF (Carlsbad, CA, USA, 0.1 μg/mL), bFGF (0.1 μg/mL) and B27 (without Vitamin A) from Invitrogen. Accutase from PromoCell (Cat No. C-41310, Germany), insulin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Additional reagents were: horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (1:2000) (Cat. No. A0216 and A0239, respectively; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shang Hai, China); Rabbit anti-human CD133 polyclonal antibody (1:2000), CD44 and α-SMA(1:2000), No. ab66141, No. ab41478, No.ab75273,Abcam,Inc.,Burlingame,CA,USA; β-actin (1:2000), FAP-α(1:2000) and IL-6 neutralizing antibody, Cat. No. sc-7210, Cat.No.sc-54,538,Cat.No.sc-57,315, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Beverly, MA, USA; HGF neutralizing antibody, Cat.No.ab24865, Abcam Company, Cambridge, MA, USA; human recombinant IL-6 and human recombinant HGF, Cat. No. 200–06, Cat.No.100–39, PeproTech Inc. Rocky Hill, NJ, USA; and enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (ECL), Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, USA; ELISA kits, Neobioscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Cell culture and sphere formation assay
Human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 and MHCC97Hcells were purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China).Human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 cells were purchased from Haibo Valley Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). According to the method of literature [5], SMMC-7721 andMHCC97H cells as well as LX-2 cells were maintained in high glucose DMEM cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 IU/mL penicillin G, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Cell cultures were incubated at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2.
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Cells at a density of 1, 000 cells/well were seeded into ultralow attachment 6-well plates (Corning, USA) using the free-serum stem cell conditioned medium. After culturing for 5-6 days, three-dimensional clonal growth of non-adherent spheres was obtained, and the sphere diameter was ≥50.0 μm. Spheres were collected by centrifugation at 600 rpm (200×g), digested by accutase, dispersed into single cell suspensions, sphere cultivate again. The second-generation spheroids served as LCSLCs. Colonies were then scored under ten independent fields of view by light microscopy (Olympus, Japan). The sphere formation rate is calculated as follows (%): Average number of spheroid per well/total number of inoculated living cells (1000 cells) × 100%.
Transwell co-culture experiments
LX-2 cells were washed with 2 mL PBS twice, then washed by 2 mL serum-free medium. Cells suspended in serum-free stem cell-conditioned medium, cell density adjusted in 2 × 105/mL and seeded into transwell cell co-culture chamber (lower chamber) (6 wells, Corning Inc., Cat No: 3414, Corning, NY, USA), incubated at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2overnight. Then suspended the SMMC-7721-or MHCC97H-derived LCSLCs in chrysin (final concentration: 20 μmol/L) or BrMC (final concentration: 5, 10 μmol/L) or 0.1% a serum-free stem cell medium, cell density adjusted 1 × 105/mL inoculate 1.0 mL into inseter (upper chamber), co-culture at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2for 24 h. The conditioned media in transwell co-culture plates (Co-CM or Co-CM treated with BrMC or chrysin) were collected, respectively.
Addition of IL-6 and/or HGF in LCSLC-CM and LX-2-CM as well as deletion of IL-6 and/or HGF in co-CM
Human recombinant IL-6 (10 ng/mL) or human recombinant HGF (10 ng/mL) or both were immediately added into the conditioned medium from SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs (LCSLC-CM) or the conditioned medium from LX-2 cells (LX-2-CM) for preparing the corresponding cytokine addition conditioned media. To prepare IL-6 and/or HGF deletion Co-CM, IL-6 neutralizing antibody(50 nmol/L) or HGF neutralizing antibody(50 nmol/L) or both were incorporated into Co-CM, and incubated overnight at 4 °C, then 12,000 g centrifuged for 10 min, the supernatant is the corresponding cytokine depletion Co-CM.
Western blot assay
Western blot analysis was performedas described previously [5]. Cells were lysed on ice with RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) containing 1% phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF; Sigma-AldrichSt.) followed by determining protein content using the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The extracted protein (40 μg) was separated by 7.5–12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a polyvinylidenedifluoride membrane (PVDF, Millipore, Invitrogen, ON, Canada) using a Trans-blot device (Billerica, MA, USA). Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA (bovine serum albumin) for 2 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with anti-CD133 (dilution, 1:2000;), CD44 (dilution, 1:2000), α-SMA(1:2000), FAP-α(1:2000), and β-actin (dilution, 1:2000) primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, Then, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodieswasadded for incubation at room temperature. The blots were detected with enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Amersham Biosciences). Analyzed and calculated separately using image analysis software (Alphaimager™ 2200).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
The SMMC-772-or MHCC97H-derived LCSLCs/LX-2 cells co-culture, SMMC-7721cells/LX-2 cells co-culture, SMMC-7721 cell, SMMC-7721-derivedLCSLCs, and LX-2 cell conditioned media were separately prepared. IL-6, IL-8, HGF and PDGF levels in these conditioned media were measured by ELISA using specific kits (Neobioscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A450 nm on a microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) was used.
In vivo xenograft tumor experiments
SPF-mutated female BALB/c-nu mice (4 weeks old, weighing 12-14 g) were purchased from Nanjing University Institute of Biopharmaceuticals. Animal welfare and experimental procedures were carried out strictly in accordance with the care and use of laboratory animals (National Research Council, 1996). All the animals were well regulated and animal ethics were approved in this research. All experiments in mice were based on protocol standards approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University and the Board of Laboratory Animal Feeding and Use Management Committee. These animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 4). SMMC-7721 cells and LCSLCs were taken separately and mixed with matrigel (1: 1), then subcutaneously injected in different cell numbers on the near forelimbs of mice. LCSLCs were subcutaneously injected 1 × 102(group 1), 1 × 103(group2) and 1 × 104(group3) cells near the left forelimb. SMMC-7721 cells were corresponding subcutaneously inoculated 1 × 103(group 1) 1 × 104(group2) and 1 × 105(group3) cells near the right forelimb, respectively. Observation subcutaneous site of tumor formation time after 2 months, and the volume of xenograft tumors were calculated according to the formula: V (xenograft volume, mm3) = L × (W)2 × 0.5. After experiment, the xenograft-bearing BALB/c-nu mice were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and the tumor tissue specimens were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Tissue sections were stained with H&E for histopathological examination by optical microscopy.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were using SPSS 20.0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA)to establish a database. The data present as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between the groups were examined for statistical significance using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test and independent samples t-test. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Characteristics of liver cancer stem-like cells derived from SMMC-7721 cell line
Many studies have described hepatoma cells could form anchorage-independent, self-renewing spheres [1]. Furthermore, CD133 and CD44 were demonstrated to be the markers of CSCs [21]. In the present study, we first compared sphere forming rate of the different generation spheres derived from SMMC-7721 cell line using sphere formation assay. Figure 1 a shows that the second-generation spheres possess the stronger potential for sphere-forming capacity than that of other generation spheres. Western blot analysis showed the expression of CD133 and CD44 were increased in LCSLCs compared with SMMC-7721 cells (Fig. 1 b). In addition, the tumorigenicity in vivo of LCSLCs was elevated compared with SMMC-7721 cells (Fig. 1 c). These results indicated that the second-generation spheres possess CSC characteristics, can serve as SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs.
Fig. 1
Comparison of stemness between SMMC-7721 cells and LCSLCs. a The representative images of the first- to the fourth-generation spheres(left), and sphere forming rate was determined by sphere formation assay (right; *P < 0.05 vs the primary sphere culture; #P < 0.05 vs the second-or the fourth- sphere formation.). b Western blot analyzed the expression of CD133 and CD44 in SMMC-7721 cell and LCSLCs, β-actin was used as a loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 respectively (*P < 0.05 vs SMMC-7721 cells) (right). c Data of the incidence, latency, tumor volume, and tumor weight of xenografts in the nude mouse model (left) and representative images of H&E staining (× 100, right;*P < 0.05 vs105 SMMC-7721 cell group.)
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Co-culture of LCSLCs and LX-2 cells induced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells
Previous study has shown that LX-2 cells could be activated by LCSLC-CM [5]. To further investigate the role of cross-talk of LCSLCs and HSCs in HCC pathogenesis, co-culture of SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells was used. Figure 2 a shows that co-culture of LCSLCs and LX-2 cells induced the elevated expression levels of fibroblast activation protein α (FAP-α) in LX-2 cells. ELISA indicated that the concentrations of IL-6 and HGF were significantly elevated in Co-CM than that of the conditioned medium from co-cultured SMMC-7721with LX-2 cells system, and SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs, SMMC-7721 cells or LX-2 cells alone (Fig. 2 b and c). The concentrations of IL-8 and PDGF were significantly elevated in both Co-CM and co-culture condition media of SMMC-7721 cells with LX-2 cells, but there was no statistical difference (Fig. 2 b and c). In addition, sphere-forming rate (Fig. 2 d) and expression of CD133 and CD44 (Fig. 2 e) were increased by co-culture. The findings suggest that co-culture of SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells could induce stemness of SMMC-7721 cells likely by secretion of IL-6 and HGF in response to co-culture.
Fig. 2
Co-culture of SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells induced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells. a Western blot was performed to assess the α-SMA and FAP-α expression inLX-2 cells co-cultured with SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs. β-actin was used as a loading control (left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of α-SMA and FAP-α respectively (*P < 0.05 vs without co-culture) (right). b and c ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, HGF and PDGF in condition media from co-cultured LX-2 cells and LCSLC or SMMC-7721 cells and LX-2 cells or LCSLCs or SMMC-7721 cells or LX-2 cells alone (*P < 0.05 vs condition media from LX-2 cells or LCSLCs or SMMC-7721 cells or LX-2 cells alone; #P < 0.05 vs condition media from co-cultured SMMC-7721 cells and LX-2 cells). d Representative images of sphere forming cells from SMMC-7721 cells treated with or without Co-CM(× 100, left), the efficiency of sphere forming(right; *P < 0.05 vs SMMC-7721 cells treated without Co-CM). e Western blot analyzed the expression of CD133 and CD44 in SMMC-7721 cells treated with or without Co-CM. β-actin was used as a loading control (left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 respectively (*P < 0.05 vs SMMC-7721 cells treated without Co-CM) (right)
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BrMC suppressed stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by co-culture
We previously demonstrated that BrMC suppressed stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by LX-2-CM activated by LCSLC-CM [5]. Thus we attempted to validate whether BrMC and chrysin suppress stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cell induced by co-cultured SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells.Figure 3 a shows that BrMC and chrysin significantly downregulated expression of FAP-α protein induced by co-culture. Figure 3 b shows that BrMC and chrysin could effectively reduce the levels of IL-6 and HGF induced by co-culture. Furthermore, induction of sphere formation (Fig. 3 c) and expression of CD133 and CD44 proteins(Fig. 3 d) by co-culture was attenuated by BrMC and chrysin. These results indicate that BrMC and chrysin exerted inhibitory effects of stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cell induced by co-cultured SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells.
Fig. 3
BrMC inhibited SMMC-7721 sphere formation capacity induced by co-culture. a Western blot analyzed effects of BrMC and chrysin on the expressions of α-SMA and FAP-α of LX-2 cells co-cultured with SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs, β-actin was used as loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of α-SMA and FAP-α respectively (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO; #P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin) (right). b Effects of BrMC and chrysin on concentrations of IL-6 (left) and HGF (right) in Co-CM (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO;#P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin). C Representative images of sphere forming cells in SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM treated with BrMC and Chrysin (left). Effects of BrMC and Chrysin on sphere forming rate of SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO;#P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin)(right). d Western blot analyzed effects of BrMC and chrysin on the expressions of CD133 and CD44 of SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM treated with BrMC and Chrysin, β-actin was used as loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 respectively (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO; #P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin) (right)
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Addition of IL-6 combined with HGF cooperatively induced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells
In order to examine the role of IL-6 and HGF in stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cell, we added IL-6 or HGF or both into LCSLC-CM and LX-2-CM. We found that Addition of IL-6 combined with HGF in LCSLC-CM cooperatively increased sphere-forming rate (Fig. 4 a) of SMMC-7721 cells and upregulated expressions of FAP-α (Fig. 4 b) in LX-2 cells. The results suggest that IL-6 and HGF may be the key functional molecules for induction of stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells by co-culture of SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells.
Fig. 4
Effects of addtion or deletion of IL-6 combined with HGF on stemness of SMMC-7721 cells. a The representative images of sphere forming cells in SMMC-7721 cells induced by LCSLC-CM added into IL-6 or HGF or both(left). Effects of LCSLC-CM added IL-6 or HGF or both on sphere forming rate of SMMC-7721 cells (*P < 0.05 vs treated with LCSLC-CM;#P < 0.05 vs LCSLC-CM added with IL-6 or HGF alone.) (right). b Western blot analyzed the expressions of FAP-α in LX-2 cells induced by LX-2-CM added into IL-6 or HGF or both. β-actin was used as loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of FAP-α (*P < 0.05 vs treated with LX-2-CM;#P < 0.05 vs LX-2-CM added into IL-6 or HGF alone.) (right). c The representative images of sphere forming cells in SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM treated with IL-6 Ab or HGF Ab or both(left). Effects of Co-CM added IL-6 Ab or HGF Ab or both on sphere forming rate of SMMC-7721 cells (*P < 0.05 vs treated with Co-CM;#P < 0.05 vs Co-CM added into IL-6 Ab or HGF Ab alone.) (right). d Western blot analyzed the expressions of FAP-α in LX-2 cells induced by Co-CM treated with IL-6 Ab or HGF Ab or both (left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of FAP-α (*P < 0.05 vs treated with Co-CM;#P < 0.05 vs Co-CM added into IL-6 Ab or HGF Ab alone.) (right)
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Deletion of IL-6 combined with HGF in co-CM cooperatively reduced stemness of SMMC-7721 cells
In order to further confirm the role of IL-6 and HGF in stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by co-culture, we next used the corresponding neutralizing antibodies to exhaust IL-6 or HGF or both in Co-CM. Figure 4 c shows that deletion of IL-6 combined with HGF in Co-CM cooperatively reduced sphere-forming rate of SMMC-7721 cells. In addition, deletion of IL-6 combined with HGF in Co-CM cooperatively down-regulated expressions of FAP-α (Fig. 4 d)in LX-2 cells. Our results demonstrate that IL-6 and HGF are the key communication molecules for the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs.
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Addition of HGF antagonisted inhibitory effects of BrMC on induction of stemness of SMMC-7721 cells
Given that the above results demonstrated HGF involved in BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by co-culture, we sought to examine whether BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells induced by co-culture are dependent on inhibition of HGF secretion. Addition of HGF in LCSLC-CM was able to oppose BrMC and chrysin inhibited sphere formation capability (Fig. 5 a) and expression of CD133 and CD44 proteins(Fig. 5 b) of SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, Addition of HGF in LX-2-CM was able to attenuate BrMC and chrysin downregulated expressions of FAP-α (Fig. 5 c)in LX-2 cells induced by co-culture. Together, these results suggest that BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells induced by co-culture through inhibiting HGF secretion.
Fig. 5
Addition of HGF attenuated inhibitory effect of BrMC and chrysin on stemness of SMMC-7721 cells. a The representative images of sphere forming cells from SMMC-7721 cells incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF treated with chryin or BrMC(left). Sphere forming rate was determined by sphere formation assay (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF treated with chryin or BrMC) (right). b Western blot analyzed the expressions of CD133 and CD44 in SMMC-7721 cells incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF treated with chryin or BrMC. β-actin was used as loading control (left).Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF treated with chryin or BrMC) (right).c Western blot analyzed the expressions of FAP-α. β-actin was used as a loading control (left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of FAP-α. (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added HGF treated with chryin or BrMC) (right)
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Addition of IL-6 attenuated inhibitory effects of BrMC on induction of stemness of SMMC-7721 cells
Because that the above results showed that IL-6 may be involved in BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells, we want to determine whether BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells are dependent on inhibition of IL-6 secretion. Fig. 6Ashows that addition of IL-6 in LCSLC-CM was able to oppose BrMC and chrysin inhibited sphere formation capability of SMMC-7721 cells. Figure 6 b shows that addition of IL-6 in LCSLC-CM reduced inhibitory effects of BrMC and chrysin on protein expressions of CD133 and CD44. Figure 6 c shows that addition of IL-6 in LX-2-CM was also able to attenuate BrMC and chrysin downregulated expressions of FAP-α in LX-2 cells. These results suggest that BrMC and chrysin inhibited stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells induced by co-culture through reducing IL-6 secretion.
Fig. 6
Addition of LI-6 attenuated inhibitory effect of BrMC and chrysin on stemness of SMMC-7721 cells. a The representative images of sphere forming cells from SMMC-7721 cells incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6 treated with BrMC or chryin (left). Sphere forming rate was determined by sphere formation assay (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6 treated with BrMC or chryin) (right). b Western blot analyzed the expressions of CD133 and CD44 in SMMC-7721 cells incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6 treated with BrMC or chryin. β-actin was used as loading control (left).Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6 treated with BrMC or chryin) (right). c Western blot analyzed the expressions of FAP-α. β-actin was used as a loading control (left). Densitometry analysis quantify of the expression of FAP-α. (*P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6; #P < 0.05 vs incubated with LCSLC-CM added IL-6 treated with BrMC or chryin) (right)
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BrMC also repressed stemness of MHCC97H cells induced by co-culture
To demonstrate the universality of inhibition of BrMC on stemness of HCC cells, we also evaluated the inhibitory effects of BrMC and chrysin on stemness of MHCC97Hcells and activation of LX-2 cell induced by co-culture ofMHCC97H-derived LCSLCs and LX-2 cells. Figure 7 a shows that BrMC and chrysin significantly downregulated expression of FAP-α protein induced by co-culture. Figure 7 b indicates that BrMC and chrysin could effectively reduce the levels of IL-6 and HGF induced by co-culture. Furthermore, the inductions of sphere formation (Fig. 7 c) and expression of CD133 and CD44 proteins (Fig. 7 d) by co-culture were repressed by BrMC and chrysin. These results suggest that BrMC and chrysin could repress stemness of HCC cells induced by co-culture of LCSLCs and HSCs through diminishing the secretions of IL-6 and HGF.
Fig. 7
BrMC inhibited MHCC97H sphere formation capacity induced by co-culture. a Western blot analyzed effects of BrMC and chrysin on the expression of FAP-α of LX-2 cells co-cultured with MHCC97H-derived LCSLCs, β-actin was used as loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of α-SMA and FAP-α respectively (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO; #P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin) (right). b. Effects of BrMC and chrysin on concentrations of IL-6 (left) and HGF (right) in Co-CM (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO; #P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin). c. Representative images of sphere forming cells in SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM treated with BrMC and Chrysin (left). Effects of BrMC and Chrysin on sphere forming rate of SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO; #P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin)(right). d Western blot analyzed effects of BrMC and chrysin on the expressions of CD133 and CD44 of SMMC-7721 cells induced by Co-CM treated with BrMC and Chrysin, β-actin was used as loading control(left). Densitometry analysis quantify the expression of CD133 and CD44 respectively (*P < 0.05 vs treated with 0.1% DMSO;#P < 0.05 vs treated with 20 μmol/L chrysin) (right)
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Discussion
The current study revealed that the pathomechanism by which the interaction of LCSLCs with HSCs induce stemness of HCC cells and pathologic-activated of HSCs via secreted high levels of IL-6 and HGF and the pharmacological mechanism underlying BrMC repress the secretion of IL-6 and HGF in Co-CM, thereby blocking the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs. Our data highlight the recognition with regard to targeting LCSLCs for treatment of HCC with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis through blocking the communication between LCSLCs and HSCs.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) caused tumor initiation and development [22], which have plasticity [23]. And interaction of cancer microenvironment with CSCs maintain and contribute to the properties of CSCs [11]. Many studies from the build co-culture model have shown that HCC cells co-cultured with HSCs increased tumor stemness, metastasis [24], chemo-resistance [13], and promoted HCC progression by formed the inflammatory liver cancer microenvironment. However, whether the co-culture of LCSLCs/LX-2 cells induced the stemness of HCC and HSCs transdifferentiation into liver cancer-associated stellate cells is still lack of literature. Our previous study demonstrated BrMC effectively inhibited the stemness of HCC cells induced by CM from LX-2 cells that activated by SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs, but did not explore the role of IL-6 and HGF in these processes [5]. In the current study, we utilized co-culture system to investigate whether the interaction of LCSLCs with LX-2 cells induce stemness of HCC cells and pathologic-activated of LX-2 cells. Although the roles of IL-6 and HGF in the interaction between HCC cells and HSCs or cancer-associated fibroblasts individually were investigated [6, 13, 25],we here found the levels of IL-6 and HGF were increased in these co-culture systems. Previous study showed tumor-associated macrophages produce IL-6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells [11]. There is also paper published IL-6 affects the transcription of HGF and involved in the gene activation after liver injury [26].In the study on interaction HCC and microenvironment, IL-6 and HGF have been demonstrated to be functional cytokines respectively for cross-talk between HCC and HSCs or HCC and macrophages [11, 17, 24].In the current study, our results conformed to the observations from study by Zhu L et al., which reported that murine bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts (BMFs)secreted high levels of murine IL-6 and HGF in co-cultured BMFs and murine gastric cancer MFC cells, thereby induced the formation of spheres of MFC cells [27].Accordingly,IL-6 and HGF may be the key communication molecules for the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs.
It has been showed that LX2 cells secreted HGF into the culture medium that driven CSC characteristics and drug resistance [13, 28]. Kinoshita H et al. reported that IL-6 production from fibroblasts was increased when fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of gastric cancer cell–conditioned media [29].Zhu L et al. revealed that BMFs secreted high levels of murine IL-6 and HGF in co-cultured with murine gastric cancer MFC cells [27]. Our previous work showed that the conditional medium from liver cancer-associated HSCs could promote sphere forming capability of SMMC-7721 cells. In the current study, higher IL-6 and HGF secretion levels in co-culture SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs/LX-2 cells were found compared with those of SMMC-7721/LX-2 cell co-culture. In addition, simultaneous addition of IL-6 and HGF to LCSLC-CM cooperatively enhanced the induction of SMMC-7721 cell stemness. Depletion of IL-6 combined with HGF inhibition in Co-CM cooperatively reduced stemness in SMMC-7721 cells and LX-2 cell activation induced by co-culture. Therefore, we presume high level ofIL-6 and HGF was fundamentally from LX-2 cells activated by LCSLCs in co-culture system, but LCSLCs were utilized as origin of IL-6 and HGF did not rule.
Based on the results indicating that BrMC could block the interaction of LCSLCs with HSCs induced stemness of HCC cells and pathologic-activated of LX-2 cells by CM from LX-2 cells that activated by SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs [5] or in co-culture system demonstrated by the current study, we wondered where by BrMC to suppress co-culture of LCSLCs with HSCs induce stemness of HCC cells and pathologic-activation of HSCs. Interestingly, we demonstrated that BrMC and chrysin attenuated the co-culture of LCSLCs and LX-2 cells induced the stemness of HCC cells, including SMMC-7721 and MHCC97H cells and pathological activation of LX-2 cells by inhibiting the secretion of IL-6 and HGF. Therefore, we illuminate that BrMC and chrysin may reduce the secretion of IL-6 and HGF in Co-CM, thereby diminishing CSLC properties through inhibiting the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs.
It has been suggested that IL-8 and PDGF involved in the regulation of cross-talk between cancer cells and microenvironment and promote the properties of CSCs [30, 31]. Our results also revealed that the levels of IL-8 and PDGF were also significantly increased in SMMC-7721/HSCs and SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs/LX-2 cells co-culture model systems, however, there were no significant difference in the concentration of the both model systems. Therefore, the functional of cytokines such as IL-8 and PDGF in the interaction of LCSLCs/LX-2 cells on SMMC-7721 or other HCC cell lines, and the effects of BrMC and chrysin on these cytokines requirebe further studied.
Conclusion
In this study, we first provide evidence that co-culture of SMMC-7721-derived LCSLCs / LX-2 cells induce the CSC characteristics of HCC cells and HSC activation by enhancing the secretion of IL-6 and HGF. In addition, our findings suggest that chrysin and its semisynthetic analogue BrMC partially reduce the secretion of IL-6 and HGF by interaction of LCSLCs / LX-2 cells, thus inhibiting the interaction between LCSLCs and HSCs to induce stemness of SMMC-7721 cells and activation of LX-2 cells. Thereby, BrMC and chrysin may interfere in interaction of cancer stem cell-like cells and pathologic-activated storm cells, and serve as the candidates for treatment of HCC.
Acknowledgements
We thank the support of Key Laboratory of Study and Discover of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province.
Funding
This work was supported by the Project of the National Natural Science Fund (No. 81172375, No.3150913), and the Provincial Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (No.201610542037). The funding body had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and analyses during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The animal experiment was strictly implemented in accordance with the regulations of the Hunan Normal University Management Committee, and passed the ethics committee of the Hunan Normal University (No.146, 2015).
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: 8-bromo-7-methoxychrysin suppress stemness of SMMC-7721 cells induced by co-culture of liver cancer stem-like cells with hepatic stellate cells
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