Introduction and overview of muscle ions, excitability and contraction
Early work on muscle K+ and Na+ and their movements, leading to the Na+, K+-pump discovery
Early studies determining K+ and Na+ contents in resting muscle in various species
References | Species | n | Muscle(s) | K+c (mmol·kg ww−1) | Na+c (mmol·kg ww−1) | Cl–c (mmol·kg ww−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katz (1896) | Human | 2, after suicide | nra | 81.9 | 34.8 | 19.8 |
Pig | 2 | nra | 64.9 | 67.8 | 13.7 | |
Beef | nr | nra | 93.7 | 28.4 | 16.0 | |
Deer | 1 | nra | 85.9 | 30.6 | 11.4 | |
Rabbit | 2 adults | Thigh, backa | 101.8 | 19.9 | 14.4 | |
Dog | 1 young | Thigh, backa | 83.2 | 41.0 | 22.7 | |
Cat | 2 adults | Thigh, backa | 97.9 | 31.7 | 16.0 | |
Chicken | 1 | Chest, thigha | 118.9 | 41.4 | 17.0 | |
Frog | 50 | “Upper tendon musculature”a | 78.8 | 24.0 | 11.4 | |
Meigs and Ryan (1912) | Frog | 2 | nr | 89.5 | 24.0 | |
Mitchell and Wilson (1921) | Frog | 19 | m. gastrocnemius, m. sartorius, m. vastus | 87.0 | ||
Boutiron (1928) | Dog | nr | m. grand oblique, m. biceps brachii, m. diaphragm | 37.3, 50.9, 41.4 | 37.9, 30.1, 33.4 | 15.5, 1.4, 11.8 |
Rabbit | nr | m. biceps brachii, m. diaphragm, m. grand oblique | 49.6, 47.1, 48.3 | 20.0, 14.8, 6.5 | 6.2, 17.1, 2.5 | |
Norn (1929) | Human | 1 (F), deceased after severe placental bleed | nr | 89.3 | 27.8 | |
Pig | 1 | nr | 102.6 | 20.0 | ||
Rabbit | 3 | m. psoas, upper extremity extensors and flexors | 108.2 | 19.6 | ||
Horse | 1 | nr | 95.4 | 23.9 | ||
Goat | 1 | nr | 93.6 | 26.1 | ||
Dog | 3 | Neck, upper and lower extremity, gluteal, back | 90.5 | 28.3 | ||
Ernst and Scheffer (1928) | Frog | 10 | m. gastrocnemius | 87.0 | ||
Lematte et al. (1928) | Human | nr | m. psoas | 96.7 | 143.1 | |
Beef | nr | 138.2 | 34.9 | |||
Ernst and Csúcs (1930) | Frog | 7 | m. gastrocnemius | 82.1 | 90.9 | 43.7 |
Cullen et al. (1933) | Human | 19 deceased patients (4 F/15 M) | m. gastrocnemius | 82 | 40 | |
Harrison et al. (1930) | Human | 4 deceased heart failure, 2 non-heart failure patients | m. gastrocnemius m. gastrocnemius | 49.1 89.0 | ||
Pilcher et al. (1930) | Human | 5 patients with cardiac disease | m. gastrocnemius | 44.2 | ||
Fenn and Cobb (1934) | Frog | 134 | 83.1 | |||
Fenn et al. (1934) | Frog | 10 | 25.4 | 10.9 | ||
Fenn and Cobb (1935) | Frog | 6–8 | m. sartorius, m. semitendinosis, m. tibialis anticus longus | 82.0, 79.0, 76.2 | 8.2 | |
Fenn (1936) | Frog | 83.0 | 25.4 | 10.9 | ||
Hastings and Eichelberger (1937) | Dog | 20 | m. rectus femoris | 82.1 mmol·kg fat free−1 | 32.4 mmol·kg fat free−1 | 21.5 mmol·kg fat free−1 |
Fenn et al. (1938) | Cat | 46 (K+),11 (Na+), 17 (Cl−) | m. tibialis, m. EDL, m. gastrocnemius | 113.5 | 21.4 | 13.5 |
Mudge and Vislocky (1949) | Human | Three “normal” patients | m. rectus abdominalis | 31.7 mmol·kg fat free−1 | 39.7 mmol·kg fat free−1 | 28.4 mmol·kg fat free−1 |
Eliel et al. (1951) | Human | 6 “normal patients” | pectoral | 100.4 mmol·kg dry fat free−1 | 18.1 mmol·kg dry fat free−1 | |
Iseri et al. (1952) | Human | 16 “control” patients dying from non-cardiac causes | m. pectoralis major | 94.2 | 40.6 | 29.7 |
Talso et al. (1953) | Human | 16 patients with various non-cardiac disease | m. rectus abdominus (13), m. latissimus dorsi (2) and m. quadratus femoris (1) | 94 | 33.7 | 19.1 |
Horvath et al. (1955) | Human | 4 controls | m. quadriceps | 103 | 32.5 | |
Williams et al. (1957) | Human | 5 “normal” patients (no evidence of any muscular disorder) | m. deltoid, m. gastrocnemius | 108 | 32.5 | |
Bergström (1962) | Human | 46 healthy participants (13 women, 33 men, 19–59 years), | m. quadriceps femoris | 110.9 mmol·kg fat free muscle−1 | 26.0 mmol·kg fat free muscle−1 | 19.4 mmol·kg fat free muscle−1 |
Early studies demonstrating muscle contraction effects on muscle K+ and Na+ contents
References | Species | n | Muscle(s) | Stimulation/exercise | K+c (mmol·kg ww−1) | Na+c (mmol·kg ww−1) | Cl–c (mmol·kg ww−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rest | Post | Rest | Post | Rest | Post | |||||
Mitchell and Wilson (1921) | Frog | m. gastrocnemius | Perfused K+-free ringer 5.3 h (no stim) Plus Stim via lumbar plexus (30 min 1 s tetani .03TPS, 30 min rest) for: | 74.7 | 59.6 | |||||
1.5 h | 89.5 | 78.3 | ||||||||
for 2.5 h | 76.5 | 60.6 | ||||||||
for 8.5 h | 58.8 | 51.9 | ||||||||
for 2 h then direct stim until fail to respond | 68.0 | 36.1 | ||||||||
for 6.25 h to exhaustion | 56.5 | 26.1 | ||||||||
Ernst and Scheffer (1928) | Frog | 10 | m. gastrocnemius | Stim nr | 87.0 | 77.0 | ||||
Ernst and Csúcs (1930) | Frog | 7 | m. gastrocnemius | Direct stim 0.3–0.4 s tetani to fatigue | 82.0 | 43 | 90.9 | 146.0 | 43.8 | 27.8 |
Calhoun et al. (1930b) | Dog | 10 | m. gastrocnemius | Stim via sciatic n | ||||||
Twitches: 0.5–200 Hz for 5–8 h | 90.5 | 81.3 | ||||||||
for 11–13 h | 94.9 | 72.3 | ||||||||
Fenn and Cobb (1936) | Frog | 8 6 | nr | 10–400 tetani.min−1, 10–30 min | ||||||
Stim “Indirect”—via sciatic nerve | 46.6a | 45.7a | ||||||||
Stim “Direct”—via electrodes on knee/ankle | 46.2a | 43.6a | ||||||||
Fenn and Cobb (1936) | Rat | 14 (11 for Cl−) | m. gastrocnemius | Stim via sciatic n 1 Hz, 5–30 min | 47.3a | 41.2a | 7.6 | 15.9a | 5.4a | 8.2a |
Fenn (1937) | Rat | 9 8 8 9 | m. gastrocnemius m. tibalis m. biceps femoris m. semi-membranosus | Swim to exhaustion 15–120 min | 48.0a 46.4a 46.7a 50.7a | 44.6a,b 45.0a,b 43.9a,b 45.5a,b | ||||
Fenn et al. (1938) | Cat | 46 (K+),11 (Na+),17 (Cl−) | m.gastrocnemius m. tibialis, m.EDL | Stim: 25 s tetani at 1 Hz, 30–60 min | 43.1a | 38.2a | 8.8a | 17.2a | 5.5a | 9.7a |
Tipton (1938) | Cat | 15 | m. gastrocnemius | Stim: maximal shocks, 660 Hz, 30 min | 40.2a | 33.0a | 7.8a | 14.8a | 5.5a | 7.8a |
Early studies demonstrating K+ and Na+ fluxes in muscle at rest and after contractions
Identification of NKA by Jens Skou, the Nobel Prize and the Post-Albers pump cycle
NKA activity in skeletal muscle and the effects of muscle contractions and exercise
Activity determined by ATP hydrolysis rates
Activity determined by labelled K+, Rb+ and Na+ ion fluxes and by rate of ouabain binding
Activity in intact muscles and muscle pieces
NKA activity in muscle transverse tubule membranes
K+-dependent phosphatase activity
Summary of NKA activity measurements in resting muscle during the 1960s–1980s
NKA activity method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
ATP hydrolysis rate | Enables measures in-vitro Ouabain-inhibitable indicating specific measure of NKA activity (total—ouabain-inhibitable ATPase activity) Detects activity utilising full NKA cycle Can be used to indicate maximal NKA activity High sensitivity measure of NKA activity if linked with measures of radiolabeled P | Does not indicate activity in-vivo Dual measures (total—ouabain-inhibitable ATPase activity) increase measurement variability High ouabain concentrations are needed to inhibit the α1 isoform in rat and mouse muscle |
Normally used in muscle homogenates, which allows recovery of all NKA molecules in muscle | Homogenate measures includes small risk of contamination by non-muscle tissue including blood, interstitial fluid, nerve, adipose tissue In animals and humans, NKA activity is low compared with myosin ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities increasing risk of measurement error from smaller percentage ATPase | |
Can be used in isolated membrane preparations (e.g., sarcolemma, transverse tubules, vesicles), enabling detection of highest NKA activity | Isolated membrane preparation measures have very low yield, require relatively large tissue mass, extensive preparation time and may be unrepresentative of NKA population in tissue studied. Includes moderate-high risk of contamination by membranes from other sources | |
Radiolabelled K+, Rb+ and Na+ fluxes | Enables measures in-vitro and in-situ Ouabain-inhibitable, NKA specific activity Detects activity utilising full NKA cycle can be used to indicate maximal NKA activity High sensitivity measure of NKA activity can be used with intact muscles and isolated membrane vesicle preparations | Does not indicate activity in-vivo Dual measures (total—ouabain-inhibitable fluxes) increase measurement variability Requires use of radioactive compounds Cannot be used in biopsies without prior preparation of membrane vesicles |
Rate of [3H]-ouabain binding | Enables measures in-vitro and in-situ Ouabain-inhibitable, NKA specific activity Detects activity of functional NKA but stopped at ouabain binding | Does not indicate activity in-vivo Requires use of radioactive compounds |
p-NPPase activity | Enables measures in-vitro Ouabain-inhibitable, NKA specific activity with ouabain inhibition allows specific measurement of NKA activity Specific for NKA ouabain inhibitable, K+-stimulated Suitable for small muscle pieces from animals and human muscle biopsy samples | Does not indicate activity in-vivo Detects only phosphatase activity which is terminal step in NKA activity cycle, not full ATPase cycle |
3-O-MFPase activity | Enables measures in-vitro Ouabain-inhibitable, NKA specific activity Suitable for small muscle pieces from animals and human muscle biopsy samples | Does not indicate activity in-vivo Detects only phosphatase activity which is terminal step in NKA activity cycle, not full ATPase cycle Is not Na+-dependent |
NKA protein measures | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
[3H]-ouabain-binding site content | Enables measures in-vitro In animal models and humans fully quantifies content in molar units of the most abundant α2 isoform (~ 80%) Suitable for small muscle pieces from animals and human muscle biopsy sample | In many animals, standard assay does not detect low affinity α1 and α3 isoforms (~ 20%) and detection of α isoforms thus varies with the ouabain sensitivity of tissue and thus the ouabain concentration used Requires use of radioactive compounds |
In human muscle assay fully detects all α isoforms (100%), which have similar ouabain affinities, hence measures NKA content | In humans cannot be used in-vivo due to ubiquitous expression and relatively high prevalence of NKA in all tissues | |
Western blotting using specific antibodies against NKA isoforms | Enables measures in-vitro Determines relative abundance of NKA isoforms (relative to other tissues, rest samples, a control sample etc.) Requires only very small tissue sample High sensitivity measure of NKA isoforms Suitable for small muscle pieces from animals and human muscle biopsy samples | Non-quantitative as not quantified in molar terms and is expressed relative to other tissues, rest samples etc. Does not measure content of NKA isoforms Non cross-reactivity of antibodies against other isoforms needs to be established |
Detection through imaging in tissue, using specific antibodies against NKA isoforms | Enables measures in-vitro Allows isoform detection in transverse slices, longitudinal sections of muscle Is quantitative when coupled with immuno-gold labelling and detection using EM Can be applied to very small samples | Non cross-reactivity of antibodies against other isoforms needs to be established Most studies demonstrate presence at site only, but which is not quantified |
Increased muscle NKA activity with muscle contractions
Immediate effects of contraction on NKA activity measured in intact muscles
Effects of muscle contraction on NKA activity, measured in muscle membrane fractions and homogenates
NKA activity in human muscle at rest and with exercise
Resting muscle
Exercise and recovery
Conclusions on measurement of NKA activity in human muscle and functional implications
NKA content in skeletal muscle, including the effects of insulin, exercise, training and aging
[3H]-ouabain-binding site content in animal muscles
NKA content in human muscle
Insulin, contraction and exercise effects on muscle [3H]-ouabain-binding site content
Insulin
Electrical stimulation
Acute exercise in humans
Effects of training, inactivity and aging on muscle [3H]-ouabain-binding site content
Training
Inactivity
Aging
Muscle NKA isoforms, FXYD, localisation, effects of exercise, genetic manipulations and their functional significance
Overview of NKA isoforms and FXYD1 in muscle
NKA isoform and FXYD expression in animal skeletal muscle
Discovery of NKA isoforms in muscle
NKA isoform cellular locations and insulin-induced translocation
NKA isoform muscle-specific expression
References | Species | Muscles compared (in order shown from first red relative to last white muscle) | Preparation | NKA isoform | Ratio(s)a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hundal et al. (1993) | Rat | Pooled red: pooled white muscles, comprising m. soleus, m. gastrocnemius (red) and m. quadriceps (red): m. gastrocnemius (white) and m. quadriceps (white) | SL fraction IC fraction | α1 | ~ ~ |
As above | SL fraction IC fraction | α2 | ~ ~ | ||
As above | SL fraction IC fraction | β1 | 5: 1 ~ | ||
As above | SL fraction IC fraction | β2 | 1: 3 1: 3 | ||
Thompson and McDonough (1996) | Rat | m. diaphragm: m. soleus: m. gastrocnemius (red): m. gastrocnemius (white): m. EDL b | Homogenate | α1 | 4.3: 3.3: 1.7: 0.8: 1 |
As above | Homogenate | α2 | 1.4: 0.7: 1.1: 0.6: 1 | ||
As above | Homogenate | β1 | 2.0: 2.5: 1.5: ND: 1 | ||
As above | Homogenate | β2 | ND: ND: 0.8: 1.3: 1 | ||
Lavoie et al. (1996) | Rat | m. soleus: m. gastrocnemius (white) (immuno-gold labelling) | Ultrathin cryosection | α2 | 1: 1.4 |
Juel et al. (2001) | Pooled oxidative: pooled glycolytic muscles, comprising m. soleus, m. vastus intermedius, m. gastrocnemius (red): m. vastus lateralis (white), m. gastrocnemius(white) and m. tibialis anterior(white) | SL (giant vesicle) | α1 | 2.4: 1 | |
As above | SL | α2 | 1.6: 1 | ||
As above | SL | β1 | > 30: 1 | ||
As above | SL | β2 | 0.8: 1 | ||
Fowles et al. (2004) | Rat | m. soleus: m. gastrocnemius (red): m. EDL: m. gastrocnemius (white) | Homogenate | α1 | 6.7: 4.3: 1.7: 1 |
As above | Homogenate | α2 | 1.2: 1.4: 1.4: 1 | ||
As above | Homogenate | β1 | 2.0: 1.3: 1.2: 1 | ||
As above | Homogenate | β2 | 0.4: 0.9: 0.8: 1 | ||
m. soleus: m. gastrocnemius (red): m. EDL: m. gastrocnemius (white) | Crude membrane | α1 | 2.5: 1.4: 0.9: 1 | ||
As above | Crude membrane | α2 | 1.3: 1.2: 1.0: 1 | ||
As above | Crude membrane | β1 | 50: 35: 18: 1 | ||
As above | Crude membrane | β2 | 0.1: 0.2: 0.7: 1 | ||
Ammar et al. (2015) | Mouse | m. FDB: m. soleus: m. diaphragm: m. EDL | Homogenate lysate | α1 | 3.2: 2.7: 2.8: 1 |
As above | Homogenate lysate | α2 | 1.6: 1.4: 1.1: 1 | ||
Kutz et al. (2018) | Mice | m. soleus: m. gastrocnemius (red): m. gastrocnemius (white): m. plantaris: m. EDL | Homogenate lysate | α1 | 20: 10: 5: 4: 1 |
As above | Homogenate lysate | α2 | 2.5: 1.8: 0.3: 1.3: 1 |
Contraction-induced translocation of NKA isoforms to surface membranes in muscle
Effects of training and inactivity in animals on muscle NKA isoforms
NKA isoform-specific Na+ and K+ affinities
Genetic manipulation of NKA α isoforms in muscle and their functional implications
FXYD expression in skeletal muscle in animals at rest and with exercise
NKA isoform and FXYD expression in human skeletal muscle
NKA gene expression in human muscle
References | n, sex (F, M) | Age (years) | Muscle (fibre type) | α1 | α2 | α3 | α4 | β1 | β2 | β3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mRNA | ||||||||||
Shamraj and Lingrel (1994) | nr | nr | nr | + | ||||||
Keryanov and Gardner (2002) | nr | nr | nr | + | ||||||
Malik et al. (1998) | nr | nr | nr | + | ||||||
Nordsborg et al. (2003a) | 6 M | 25 | v. lat | + | + | + | ||||
Murphy et al. (2004) | 7F,7 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Petersen et al. (2005) | 7F,8 M | 25 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Nordsborg et al. (2005a) | 10 M | 25 | v. lat Deltoid | + + | + + | + + | + + | − + * | ||
Nordsborg et al. (2005b) | 8 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | + * | + | + | + |
Murphy et al. (2006) | 5F, 6 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | - | + | + | + |
Perry et al. (2013) | 10F,9 M OA 8F, 9 M | 70 70 | v. lat | + + | + + | + + | + + | + + | + + | |
Christiansen et al. (2018a) | 19 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Proteina | ||||||||||
Hundal et al. (1994) | 5, nr PVD | nr | Soleus | + | + | + | + | - | ||
Murphy et al. (2004) | 7F, 7 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Murphy et al. (2006) | 5F,6 M | 24 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Mohr et al. (2006) | 13 M | 26 | + | + | + | |||||
Thomassen et al. (2010) | 18 M | 23 | v. lat | + | + | + | ||||
Thomassen et al. (2013) | 6 M | 27 | v. lat. Type I v. lat. Type IIA | + + | + + | + + | ||||
Petersen et al. (2012) | 3F,7 M | 40 | v. lat | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Wyckelsma et al. (2016) | 8F,6 M 7F,10 M | 26 69 | v. lat. homog v. lat. Type I v. lat. Type IIA | + + + | + + + | + + + | + + + | + + + | + + + | |
Wyckelsma et al. (2017) | 6F,9 M | 69 | v. lat. homog v. lat. Type I v. lat. Type IIA | + + + | + + + | + + + | ||||
Christiansen et al. (2018a) | 19 M | 24 | v. lat. Type I v. lat. Type IIA | + + | + + | + + | + + | + + | + + |
NKA isoform protein abundances and their localisation in human muscle
Ouabain, Na+ and K+ affinities
Effects of acute exercise on NKA isoform gene expression
Effects of acute exercise on NKA isoform protein abundances
Effects of training and inactivity on NKA isoform protein abundances
FXYD expression in human muscle at rest and after exercise
References | n, sex (F/M) | Age | Exercise, train or inactivity details | FXYD1 | FXYD1 phosphorylation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute exercise | Exercise mode, type, intensity (%VO2max) | Dur min) | Total (%∆) | Non-specific (%∆) | Ser63 (%∆) | Ser68 (%∆) | Thre69 (%∆) | Ser68 + Thre69 (%∆) | ||
Benziane et al. (2011) | 8 M | 23 | CE, C, S; 1 leg 72% VO2peak | 60 | nr | ↑107% | ↑35% | nc | ||
Thomassen et al. (2011) | 10 M | 27 | CE, C, HI; 166% VO2max CE, C, S; 79% VO2max | 0.5 20 | ↑16% ↑32% | nc ↑43% | nc ↑26% | nc ↑26% | ||
Thomassen et al. (2013) | 6 M | 27 | CE, C, Max; 95% VO2peak Overall | 5 | ↑19% | |||||
Type I, Type II fibres | ↑28, ↑46% | nc, ↑90% | ||||||||
Thomassen et al. (2016) | 8 M | 33 | CE, Int; 6 min @ 50%, 70%, 70% peak PO 2 min 90%, to exh @ 90% peak PO (356W) (PreTrain Rest vs Exh) | ↑100% | nc | ↑ ~ 60% | ↑ ~ 150% | |||
Kalsen et al. (2016) | 13 M | 32 | CE, C, HI maximal sprint | 0.5 | nc |
Training, reduced activity or inactivity/injury | Mode, type of training/inactivity/injury details | (d/wk/mo) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thomassen et al. (2010) | 7, nr 11, nr | 23 | FR. HIT, ↓ vol.; 5 × small sided soccer (84–88% HRmax); SET: 4× (10–12 × 25–30 s all-out EB; 20 min); SET: 1 × 16 × 40–60 s EB;14 min | 2 wk | nc | ↑27% | ||||
Reduced Activity After final match season, maint. d. activities | 2 wk | nc | ↓18% | |||||||
Benziane et al. (2011) | 9 M | 23 | CE, Aerobic + HIT; 6 d × 75% VO2peak, 45–90 min; 4 d × 6 × 5 min @ 95–100% VO2peak | 10 d | nc | nc | nc | nc | ||
Boon et al. (2012) | 6 M 7 M/1F 6 M | 44 33 49 | Inactive; chronic, complete cervical spinal cord injury | ↓52% | nc | nc | ||||
Acute, complete cervical spinal cord injury | 12 mo | ~ ↓60% | nc | ~ ↑30% | ||||||
Acute, incomplete cervical spinal cord injury | nc | nc | nc | |||||||
Thomassen et al. (2016) | 8 M | 33 | FR, HIT, ↓vol, (↓70%); SET: 2–3 dx 10–12 × 30 s all-out EB;20 min; | 7 wk | ↑30% | ↑30% | nc | ↑ ~ 90% | ↑ | |
Aerobic HIT 1-2d × 4–5 × 2 km run ~ 4 min, 90–95% HRmax (data shown as Pre Train Rest vs Post Train Rest, Ex: Pre Train Ex vs Post Train Ex) | Ex:↑ ~ 10–50% | nc | Ex:↑ ~ 35–53% | Ex:↑ ~ 39% | ||||||
Skovgaard et al. (2017) | 8 M/3F 6 M/1F | 29 | FR SET: 20 sessions × 8–12 × 30 s all-out EB (high Freq 4 per 8 d; low freq 2 per 8 d); AM Aerobic moderate intensity train 30–60 min @ 60–80%HRmax | 40 d 80 d | ↑57% nc | ↑46% nc | ||||
Mohr et al. (2017) | 21F 21F 21F | 45 | Swim/soccer; Train 3/wk. HIS 6–10 × 30 s all out swim, | 15 wk | nc, nc | |||||
MOS 1 h max distance continuous swim; | nc,↑42% | |||||||||
SOC 1 h small-sided soccer games (data shown for Muscles: deltoid; v. lat.) | nc, nc | |||||||||
Skovgaard et al. (2018) | 8 M/3F | 30/27 | FR, Training High vol. SET: 4 sessions × 8–12 × 30 s all-out EB and 2 sessions AM train 30–60 min @ 60–85%HRmax every 8 d | 40 d | ↑ ~ 90% | nc | ||||
Tapering; SET 4 × and AM 3 × every 8 d. Post vs Pre | 18 d | ↑ ~ 50% | nc | |||||||
Fransson et al. (2018) | 21 M 18 M | 21 | SET: 6 × 30 s all-out EB; Soccer: 2 × 7–9 min small-sided games 3x/wk added to normal training | 4 wks | nc |
Effects of exercise training and inactivity on FXYD expression and phosphorylation in human muscle
Na+ and K+ ion concentrations in human skeletal muscle with exercise
Measurements of [K+] and [Na+] in human skeletal muscle biopsies
Reference | n, sex (F/M) | Age | Exercise | Post-exercise muscle biopsy time (min) | [K+]i (mmol·L−1) | [Na+]i (mmol·L−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Type | Intensity | Dur (min) | Rest | Post | (∆) | Rest | Post | (∆) | ||||
Bergström et al. (1971) | 3, nr | 22 | CE | C, S | 163 W | 17–20 | 5 20 | 150 | 134 131 | − 16 − 19 | 9.5 | 11.7 16.8 | + 2.2 + 7.3 |
Costill and Saltin (1975) | 6 M | nr | CE | C, S | 80–85%VO2max | ||||||||
First run | |||||||||||||
1.5–2.5 h to dehydration | 5 | < 1 | 178 | 165 | − 13 | nr | nr | ||||||
Then Second run 2–2.5 h fluid rehydration | 5 | < 1 | 196 | 174 | − 22 | ||||||||
Then Third run | 5 | < 1 | 176 | 162 | − 14 | ||||||||
Sahlin et al. (1977)-Rest Sahlin et al. (1978)-CE | 8 M | 23–31 | CE | C, HI | 50%Wmax + Wmax until Exh | 10–11 (total) | 1 8 20 | 161 | 139 147 150 | − 22 − 14 − 11 | 8.2 | 11.0 11.6 10.9 | + 2.8 + 3.4 + 2.7 |
Saltin et al. (1981) | 8 M | nr | Iso KE | C, S C, HI C, HI | 15% MVC 25% MVC, Exh 50% MVC, Exh | 5–7 | 146 | 146 | 0 | nr | nr | ||
3–4 | |||||||||||||
1–1.5 | 146 | 145 | |||||||||||
Sjøgaard (1983) | 6 M | 25 | CE | 120%VO2max (Three bouts of 3 min) | 9 | 0.25 | 161 | 141 | − 20 | ~ 25 | 23 | − 2 | |
Sjøgaard et al. (1985) | 6 M | nr | KE | S HI | 50–70%VO2max then 100%VO2max to Exh | 10 6 | 168 | 150 129 | − 18 − 39 | 6 | 20 24 | + 14 + 18 | |
Kowalchuk et al. (1988b) | 6 M | nr | CE | C, HI | Maximal sprint (mean P = 845W) | 0.5 | 0.5 3.5 9.5 | 142 | 138 123 128 | − 4 − 19 − 14 | 9.3 | 11.4 11.5 9.7 | + 2.1 + 2.2 + 0.4 |
Non-invasive measurements of Na+c and K+c in human skeletal muscles
Human skeletal muscle interstitial [K+] with exercise
Plasma [K+] during and following exercise in humans
Introduction and definitions
Fundamental discoveries on plasma [K+] and exercise in the early to mid-twentieth century
Resting [K+] normative data
Foundational studies on exercise and plasma [K+] during the 1930s through 1960s
References | n/sex | Age | Exercise | Sample time (min) | Plasma [K+] (mM) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Type | Intensity | Dur (min) | Rest/Ex/PEx | [K+]a | Vein | Venous [K+] | a–v difference | |||
Dill et al. (1930) | 9 M | 30 | TMR | C, S | 9.3 km.h−1, VO2 ~ 2 L min−1 | 20 | Rest, PEx: + 1 | acv | Serum 3.3, 3.2 | ||
Keys (1937)a | 15 M | nr | nr | C, HI | “Violent”, Exh | ~ 1 | PEx: immed., 10-15 | acv | serum ↑25%, ↓15% (mM data nr) | ||
Farber et al. (1951) | 12 nr 12 nr 6 nr | nr | HGRest | Int, S | Open/close fist 10 times | nr | Rest, Ex: “end” PEx: + 2 | sv sv sv | 4.4 5.1 4.4 | ||
2 nr 2 nr 2 nr | KE | Int, S | KE every 2 s | 2 | Rest, Ex: “end” PEx: + 2 | No change (nr) No change (nr) | fv fv fv | 4.0 4.7 4.2 | |||
Skinner (1961) | 6 M | nr | HG | Int, S | “Intense” contractions | Rest Ex: “during” PEx: + 0.25–0.5 | acv, sv acv, sv acv, sv | 4.1, 4.2 5.4, 4.6 5.3, 5.0 | |||
10 nr | HG | Int, S | “Slight” contractions | “Rest” | sv | 0.1–0.8 greater than controls | |||||
Thiebault et al. (1963) | 40 M | nr | CE | C, S | 200 W | 10 | Rest, PEx: “immed.” | acv acv | 4.7 4.7 | ||
Kilburn (1966) | 7 M | 22–33 | TMW | C, S | 4–5.6 km.h−1, VO2 ~ 2 L min−1 | 6 | Rest Ex: 5 | 3.8 5.0 | |||
9 M | HG | Int, S | 60 contractions | 6 | Rest Ex: final min | 4.2 4.2 | acv | 4.1 4.8 | |||
Laurell and Pernow (1966) | 6 M | nr | CE | Incr-Max | Up to 245–294 W | nr | Rest Ex: “during” PEx: 0.5, 5, 20 | 4.5 5.9 5.4, 4.3, 4.8 | fv fv fv | 4.6 6.2 5.2, 3.9, 4.9 | − 0.08 − 0.24 + 0.21, + 0.42, − 0.06 |
3 M | nr | HE | nr | nr | nr | Rest Ex: “during” PEx: 0.5, 5, 20 | 4.7 5.1 5.1, 4.8, 4.9 | acv acv acv | 4.7 5.7 5.1, 4.8, 4.9 | − 0.03 − 0.62 + 0.23, + 0.45, + 0.12 | |
Bergström and Hultman (1966) | 1 nr | nr | CEsup | C, S | 49 W | 30 | Rest Ex: 2, 10, 22 PEx: + 7, + 35 | 3.5 3.9, 3.9, 3.8 3.6, 3.4 | fv fv fv | 3.7 4.3, 4.2, 4.0 3.5, 3.5 | − 0.13 − 0.43, − 0.28, − 0.20 |
+ 0.07, − 0.06 | |||||||||||
Rest Ex: 2, 10, 22 PEx: + 7, + 35 | acv acv acv | 3.8 3.8, 3.9, 3.9 3.7, 3.6 | − 0.23 + 0.07, + 0.07,− 0.08 − 0.1, − 0.13 | ||||||||
Saltin et al. (1968) | 3–5 M | 20 | CE | C, Incr-Max | Rest Ex: "during" Ex, Ex, Ex | 4.3 4.6 4.3, 4.6, 4.8 | fv fv fv | 4.2 4.7 4.4, 4.6, 4.8 | − 0.1 − 0.1 − 0.1, − 0.1, − 0.1 | ||
CEsup | 98 W 40, 60, 80% VO2max | ||||||||||
TMRb | Max | Ex | 5.5 | fv | 5.4 | − 0.05 | |||||
Rest Ex Ex, Ex, Ex Ex | acv acv acv acv | 4.2 4.3 4.0, 3.9, 4.5 4.5 | + 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.3, + 0.7, + 0.5 + 0.9 | ||||||||
1 M | TMR | C | 80% VO2max | ~ 31 | Ex 6–7 | 5.6 | 6.1 | − 0.5 |
Elevated [K+], paralysis and death: new understanding during the 1940s
Detailed knowledge on plasma [K+] and exercise: studies during 1975–1999
References | n/sex | Age | Exercise details | Blood sampling time (min) | Plasma [K+] (mM) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Description | Dur (min) | [K+]a | Vein | [K+]v | a–v difference | ||||
(9A) Isometric exercise | ||||||||||
Saltin et al. (1981) | 8 M | nr | KE | Rest | 4.3 | fv | 4.3 | 0.0 | ||
10–15%, 25%, 50% MVC | 5, 3, 1 | 5, 3, 1 | 4.6, 4.6, 4.8 | 5.2, 5.8, 5.7 | − 0.6, − 1.2, − 0.9 | |||||
Post-exercise | 3, 5 | 4.4, 4.3 | 4.4, 4.4 | + 0.0, + 0.1 | ||||||
Sjøgaard (1988) | 6 M | 27 | KE | Rest | 4.3 | fv | 4.3 | 0.0 | ||
5%, 15%, 25%, 50% MVC | 30, 5, 3 1 | 30, 5, 3, 1 | 4.5, 4.3, 4.8, 4.8 | 4.7, 4.8, 5.7, 5.7 | − 0.2, − 0.5, − 0.9, − 0.9 | |||||
Post-exercise | 2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.0 | ||||||
Fallentin et al. (1992) | 7 M | 28–43 | HG | Rest | acv | 3.9 | ||||
15% MVC | 3 | 1, 3 | 4.8, 5.0 | |||||||
30% MVC | 3 | 1, 3 | 5.1, 5.8 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 3.7 | |||||||||
Hallén and Sejersted (1993) | 1 | nr | KE | MVC | 0.17 | 0.17 | fv | ↑ 0.2 | ||
Post-exercise | 0.23 | ↑ 1.2 | ||||||||
Post-exercise | 1.0 | 0.2 below pre-Ex | ||||||||
1 | nr | KE | MVC | 1 | 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 | fv | ↑ 0.2, ↑ 1.0, ↑ 2.0 | |||
Post-exercise | 1.0 | 0.5 above pre-Ex | ||||||||
1 | nr | KE Int | 45% MVC 36X 6:4 s W:R) | 6 | 0.17, 0.5, 6.0 | fv | ↑ 0.4, ↑ 1.5, ↑ 1.9 | |||
Post-exercise | 1.0 | ↑ 0.4 above pre-Ex | ||||||||
West et al. (1996) | 10 M | 22 | KE | Rest | 4.1 | fv | 4.0 | + 0.1 | ||
30% MVC | 3 | 3 (+ 5 s) | 5.1 | 5.9 | − 0.8 | |||||
Post-exercise | 5 | 3.8 | 3.7 | + 0.1 | ||||||
Verburg et al. (1999) | 7 M 2F | 26 | 2 leg KE | Rest | 4.1 | fv | 4.0 | + 0.1 | ||
30% MVC (6:4 s W:R) | 60 | 1, 29, Exh | 4.3, 4.7, 4.8 | 5.9, 4.8, 5.1 | − 0.6, − 0.1, − 0.2 | |||||
Post-exercise | 1, 20 | 4.5, 3.9 | 4.2, 3.9 | + 0.3, 0.00 | ||||||
(9B) Continuous submaximal up to maximal intensity exercise | ||||||||||
Linton et al. (1984) | 3 M | CE | Rest | 3.8 | ||||||
100 W | 5–7 | 2, 5 | 5.4, 5.4 | |||||||
Sjøgaard et al. (1985) | A) 3 M | nr | KE | Rest | 4.4 | fv | 4.6 | − 0.2 | ||
A) 50–70% VO2max | 8 | 2, 8 | 4.8, 4.7 | 5.5, 4.8 | − 0.7, − 0.1 | |||||
B) 3 M | B) 50–70% VO2max | 20 | 3, 17 | 4.9, 5.0 | 5.3, 5.2 | − 0.4, − 0.2 | ||||
Sahlin and Broberg (1989) | 8 M | 31 | CE | Rest | 4.0 | fv | 4.0 | − 0.03 | ||
67% VO2max | 65 | 20, 40 | 5.1, 5.1 | 5.2, 5.3 | − 0.09, − 0.15 | |||||
Exh | 60–65 | 5.4 | 5.6 | − 0.19 | ||||||
Rolett et al. (1990) | 12 M | 25 | KE | Rest | 4.1 | fv | 4.1 | 0.0 | ||
67% (38 W) | 20 | 5, 20 | 4.4, 4.4 | 4.6, 4.6 | − 0.2, − 0.1 | |||||
Lindinger et al. (1994) | 4 M | 23 | CE | Rest | 4.6 | fv | 4.3 | + 0.3 | ||
75% VO2max | 50 | 0.5, 2, 30 | 5.0, 5.6, 5.4 | 5.6, 5.7, 5.4 | − 0.6, − 0.2, 0.0 | |||||
Exh | 50 | 5.5 | 5.6 | − 0.1 | ||||||
(9C) Single short continuous exercise bout at high intensity | ||||||||||
Sejersted et al. (1982) | 1 M, ST | 33 | TMR | Rest | 4.0 | |||||
Exercise to Exh | 1 | 1 (+ Immed. after) | 6.5 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 3, 6 | 3.6, 3.5 | ||||||||
1 M, ET | 26 | TMR | Rest | 3.6 | ||||||
EB to Exh | 1 | 1 | 6.1 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 3, 6 | 3.2, 3.1 | ||||||||
Sjøgaard et al. (1985) | 3 M | nr | KE | (A) Rest | 4.4 | fv | 4.6 | − 0.2 | ||
100% VO2max to Exh | 6–8 | 5 | 5.5 | 6.3 | − 0.8 | |||||
Post-exercise | 3 | 4.6 | 3.9 | + 0.7 | ||||||
3 M | nr | KE | (B) Rest | 4.5 | fv | 4.4 | + 0.1 | |||
100% VO2max | 5–7 | 6 | 5.5 | 6.0 | − 0.5 | |||||
Post-exercise | 30 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.0 | ||||||
Medbø and Sejersted (1985) | 6 ST | 25 | TMR | Rest | 4.0 | |||||
Exercise to Exh | 1 | 1 (+ 10–15 s) | 6.6 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 6, 60 | 3.5, 4.2 | ||||||||
6 ET | 25 | TMR | Rest | 3.8 | ||||||
EB to Exh | 1 | 1 | 6.8 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 6, 60 | 3.4, 3.8 | ||||||||
Kowalchuk et al. (1988b) | 3 M | ~ 25 | CE | Max sprint (mean power 700W) | ||||||
Rest | 4.5 | fv | 5.4 | − 0.9 | ||||||
Exercise to Exh | 0.5 | 0.5 (+ immed. after) | 6.9 | 7.8 | − 0.9 | |||||
Post-exercise | 0.5, 1, 1.5,2.5 | 6.3,5.6,5.2,4.8 | 6.9, 6.1, 5.7, 5.3 | − 0.6, − 0.5, − 0.5, − 0.5 | ||||||
Kowalchuk et al. (1988a) | 6 M | 30 | CE | EB Max Sprint to Exh (mean power 845 W) | ||||||
Rest | 4.3 | acv | 4.3 | 0.0 | ||||||
Unexercised arm | 0.5 | 0.5 (+ immed. after) | 7.2 | 5.9 | + 1.3 | |||||
Post-exercise | 0.5, 1, 1.5,2.5 | 6.3,5.6,5.1,4.5 | 5.4, 5.1, 4.9, 4.5 | + 0.9, + 0.5, + 0.2, 0.0 | ||||||
Paterson et al. (1989) | 6 M | 21 | CE | Rest | 3.6 | |||||
100 W | 6 | 1, 2, End | 4.2, 4.5, 4.6 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 1, 3 | 4.1, 3.9 | ||||||||
Rest | 4.0 | |||||||||
Sprint to Exh | 1.7 | End | 7.0 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 1, 3 | 3.9, 3.8 | ||||||||
Medbø and Sejersted (1990) | 12 M (ST ET) | ~ 25 | TMR | (A) Rest | 3.9 | fv | 3.8 | + 0.1 | ||
Max speed to Exh | 1 | 1 (+ 10 s) | 8.2 | 8.3 | − 0.1 | |||||
Post-exercise | 1, 3, 6 | 4.7, 3.5, 3.3 | 4.4, 3.2, 3.3 | + 0.3, + 0.3, + 0.0 | ||||||
6-8 M (ST ET) | ~ 25 | TMR | (B) 40% max speed 70% max speed | 1 1 | Rest, 1 (+ 10 s), PExnadir | fv | 4.1, 5.5, 3.7 3.8, 6.4, 3.5 | |||
92% max speed 100% max speed 100% max speed | 1 0.4 0.7 | nr, 7.5, nr | 3.8, 7.7, 3.2 3.7, 6.5, 3.3 3.5, 7.4, 3.2 | − 0.2 | ||||||
Juel et al. (1990) | 10 M | 23–29 | KEsup | Rest | 4.2 | fv | 4.1 | + 0.1 | ||
65 W to Exh | 3.18 | 0.5,1.5,3 | 4.5, 5.1, 5.8 | 5.7, 6.6, 6.8 | − 1.2, − 1.5, − 1.0 | |||||
Post-exercise | 1.5, 6, 8 | 4.0, 3.8, 4.0 | 3.6, 3.2, 3.8 | + 0.4, + 0.6, + 0.2 | ||||||
Hallén and Sejersted (1993) | 1 | nr | KE | (A) Rest | 3.6 | fv | 3.7 | − 0.1 | ||
95% power (70W) | 8 | 1,10 | 4.0, 4.6 | 4.3, 4.7 | − 0.3, − 0.1 | |||||
Post-exercise | 2 | 3.7 | 3.5 | + 0.2 | ||||||
1 | nr | CE | (B) Rest | fv | 4.0 | |||||
85% VO2max | 6.5 | 6 | 5.5 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 1.5 | 4.0 | ||||||||
(9D) Intense intermittent exercise | ||||||||||
Costill and Saltin (1975) | 6 M | nr | CE | 80–85% VO2max | 3 × 5 | EB1–EB3 | acv | ~ 4.4 | ||
Hermansen et al. (1984) | 4 ST | TMR | Rest | 3.9 | ||||||
5xEB at a speed causing Exh in 60 s for the 2nd bout, with 4–4.5 min rest periods | 0.6–1 | EB1 (+ 10 s), PEx4 min | 6.8, 3.1 | |||||||
EB2 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 7.0, 3.1 | |||||||||
EB3 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 5.9, 3.0 | |||||||||
EB4 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 5.9, 3.1 | |||||||||
EB5 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 6.0, 3.1 | |||||||||
Post-exercise | 10, 30 | 3.3, 3.8 | ||||||||
4 ET | TMR | Rest | 4.1 | |||||||
5xEB at a speed causing Exh in 60 s for the 2nd bout, with 4–4.5 min rest periods | 0.6–1 | EB1 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB2 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB3 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB4 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB5 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 7.2, 3.3 6.9, 3.2 6.8, 3.1 5.7, 3.0 5.7, 3.0 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 10, 30 | 3.3, 3.6 | ||||||||
Katz et al. (1985) | 4F, 4 M | 25 | CE | Rest | 3.7 | fv | 3.8 5.7, 4.4 5.2, 4.2 | − 0.1 − 0.6, + 0.1 − 0.4, + 0.2 | ||
4xEB at 100% VO2max, with 1 min rest periods | 1 | EB2, PEx1min EB4, PEx5min | 5.1, 4.5 4.8, 4.4 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 10, 30 | 3.5, 3.7 | 3.4, 3.7 | + 0.1, + 0.1 | ||||||
McKelvie et al. (1989) | 5 M | 30 | CE | Rest | 4.7 | |||||
4xEB at max effort Mean power EB1-EB4: 800, 700, 600, 533 W, with 4 min rest periods | 0.5 | EB1 (+ 15 s) EB2 (+ 15 s) EB3 (+ 15 s) EB4 (+ 15 s) | 6.6 6.4 5.9 5.9 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 5, 15, 90 | 4.3, 4.4, 4.2 | ||||||||
Lindinger et al. (1990a) | 8 M | 22–44 | CE | Rest | 4.3 | acv | 4.5 5.5 5.2 5.2 4.8 | − 0.2 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.6 | ||
Leg exercise/resting arm muscle 4xEB at max effort Mean power EB1-EB4: 803, 707, 611, 562 W, with 4 min rest periods | 0.5 | EB1 (+ 15 s) EB2 (+ 15 s) EB3 (+ 15 s) EB4 (+ 15 s) | 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.4 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 5, 15, 90 | 3.8, 3.9, 3.8 | 3.8, 4.0, 4.2 | 0.0, − 0.1, − 0.4 | ||||||
Medbø and Sejersted (1990) | 4 M ST | ~ 25 | TMR | Rest | 3.8 | |||||
5xEB at speed causing Exh in 60 s for 2nd bout, with 4 min rest periods | 1 | EB1 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB2 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB3 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB4 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB5(+ 10 s), PEx4min | 7.2, 3.3 7.4, 3.3 6.2, 3.4 6.2, 3.4 6.3, 3.5 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 10, 30, 60 | 3.5, 4.0, 4.0 | ||||||||
4 M ET | ~ 25 | TMR | Rest | 4.0 | ||||||
5xEB at speed causing Exh in 60 s for 2nd bout, with 4 min rest periods | 1 | EB1 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB2 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB3 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB4 (+ 10 s), PEx4min EB5 (+ 10 s), PEx4min | 7.9, 3.4 7.6, 3.4 7.6, 3.3 7.0, 3.3 6.5, 3.4 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 10, 30, 60 | 3.5, 3.7, 3.9 | ||||||||
Lindinger et al. (1992) | 5 M | 24 | CE | Rest | 4.7 | fv | 4.8 | − 0.1 | ||
4 EB at max speed Mean power EB1-EB4: 800, 680, 552, 504 W, with 4 min rest periods | 0.5 | EB1 (+ 15 s) | 6.5 | fv | 6.1 | + 0.4 | ||||
EB2 (+ 15 s) | 6.2 | fv | 6.2 | 0.0 | ||||||
EB3 (+ 15 s) | 5.7 | fv | 5.7 | 0.0 | ||||||
EB4 (+ 15 s) | 5.8 | fv | 5.4 | + 0.4 | ||||||
Post-exercise | 5, 15, 90 | 4.2, 4.3, 4.1 | 3.9, 4.1, 4.2 | + 0.3, + 0.2, − 0.1 | ||||||
Bangsbo et al. (1992a) | 6 M | 22–26 | KEsup | Exh EB1 130%VO2peak (61W); 7 × 15 s Ex/Rest; Exh EB2 (63W) | 3.73, 2.98 | EB1, EB2 | 5.6, 5.3 | fv | 6.2, 5.9 | |
(9E) Incremental exercise and different exercise modalities | ||||||||||
Greenleaf et al. (1979) | 4 M | 26–45 | CE CEsup | PEx: 0.5,5 | acv | nc small ↑, ↓ | ||||
Wilkerson et al. (1982) | 5 M | 29 | TMR | Rest | acv | 4.4 | ||||
30% VO2max 45% VO2max 60% VO2max 75% VO2max 90% VO2max | 20 | 9, 19 | 4.6, 4.6 5.0, 4.9 5.0, 5.0 5.0, 5.3 5.5, 6.0 | |||||||
Pivarnik et al. (1988) | 10 M | 26 | CE (50 rpm) | Rest | acv | 4.1 | ||||
20% VO2max 30% VO2max 40% VO2max 50% VO2max 60% VO2max 70% VO2max | 5 | 5 | 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.0 | |||||||
Paterson et al. (1990) | 6 M | 19 | CE | Rest | 3.8 | |||||
50 W 100 W 150 W 200 W 250 W WExh (Varied between participants) | 9–14 (varied between participants) | 2 4 6 8 10 9–14 | 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.5 6.4 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 8 | 3.8 | ||||||||
Vøllestad et al. (1994) | 3-4 M | 28 | CE | Rest | fv | 4.4 | 0.0 | |||
60% VO2max 85% VO2max 110% VO2max 140% VO2max | 10 10 2.5Exh 1.5Exh | Peak1.5, End, Post1 Peak1.5, End, Post1 Peak2.5, Post1 Peak2, Post1 | 6.0, 5.2,3.6 6.4, 5.9, 3.5 8.2, 3.4 8.0, 3.2a | |||||||
6 M | 28 | CE | Rest | 3.8 | fv | 3.8 | 0.0 | |||
60% | 20 | Peak2min, End20min | 5.7, 5.2 | 6.0, 5.3 | − 0.3, − 0.1 | |||||
85% | 10 | Peak2min, End10min | 6.0, 5.8 | 6.4, 6.0 | − 0.4, − 0.2 | |||||
110% | 3.8Exh | 1, 3.8Peak | 5.0, 8.0 | 5.6, 8.2 | − 0.4, − 0.2 | |||||
Post 1, 6 | 6.1, 3.7 | 5.4, 3.8 | + 0.7, − 0.1 | |||||||
Hallén et al. (1994) | 6F | 21 | CE | Rest | 22.2 | 4.2 | fv | 4.3 | − 0.01 | |
Start 30–40 W, increment 30–40 W every 4 min until Exh | 3.5, 15.5, 19.5 | 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 | 4.5, 5.0, 5.6 | − 0.1, − 0.1, − 0.1 | ||||||
22.2Exh | 6.4 | 6.8 | − 0.3 | |||||||
Post-exercise | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 0.1 | ||||||
Juel et al. (1999) | 7 M | 24–27 | 2 leg KE | Rest | 4.0 | 4.1 | − 0.1 | |||
KE + AE | 72 W (total) | 10 | 10 | 4.4 | fv | 4.5 | − 0.1 | |||
72 incremented to 300 W (total) | 10 | 19 | 5.6 | 5.2 | + 0.4 | |||||
2 leg KE | 72 W (total) | 10 | 30 | 4.4 | 4.5 | − 0.1 |