Background
Materials and methods
Animal handling
Tissue collection and processing
Specificity of antibodies
Cell and fiber counts and analysis
Results
Orexin cell bodies
General
Brain region | LE rat | Grass rat | Hamster | Degu | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
| |
Dorsal hypothalamic area | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ||
Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Lateral hypothalamic area | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, magnocellular | +++ | - | ++++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Perifornical nucleus | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Posterior hypothalamic area | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Retrochiasmatic area | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |
Subincertal thalamic nucleus | + | + | ++ | + | + | + | + | + |
Supramammillary nucleus | - | - | - | - | + | + | ||
Supraoptic nucleus | ++++ | - | ++++ | - | ++ | - | - | - |
Supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic | ++ | - | +++ | - | + | - | - | - |
Tuberum cinerum | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Orexin cell bodies in the LE Rat
Orexin cell bodies in the grass rat
Orexin cell bodies in the hamster
Orexin cell bodies in the degu
Orexin fiber distribution
General
Brain region | LE rat | Grass rat | Hamster | Degu | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
|
A
|
B
| |
Hypothalamus
| ||||||||
Anterior hypothalamic area | ++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Anterodorsal preoptic nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Anteroventral periventricular nucleus | ++ | + | + | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Arcuate nucleus | +++ | +++ | +++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Circular nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Dorsal hypothalamic area | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Dorsomedial nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Lateral hypothalamic area | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Lateral mammillary nucleus | + | + | + | + | +++ | +++ | + | + |
Lateral preoptic area | +++ | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Lateroanterior nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Medial mammillary nucleus, medial part | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Medial mammillary nucleus, median part | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |
Medial preoptic area | ++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial preoptic nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Median preoptic nucleus | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Parastrial nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + |
Paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular | ++++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Perifornical nucleus | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | +++ |
Periventricular nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Posterior hypothalamic area | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Posterodorsal preoptic nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Preoptic nucleus, ventromedial | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Retrochiasmatic area | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Subincertal nucleus | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + |
Submammillothalamic nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, anterior | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Supramammillary nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Supraoptic nucleus | ++++ | + | ++++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + |
Supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic | ++++ | ++ | +++ | + | ++ | + | +++ | +++ |
Tuberomammillary nucleus | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Tuberum cinereum | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Ventrolateral preoptic area | +++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Ventromedial nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Ventromedial nucleus, anterior | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++++ | ++++ |
Zona incerta, caudal | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Zona incerta, rostral | ++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Thalamus
| ||||||||
Anterodorsal nucleus | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + |
Anteromedial nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Anteroventral nucleus | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - |
Central medial nucleus | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | - | ++ | + |
Centrolateral nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | +++ | +++ |
Dorsolateral geniculate nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Interanterodorsal nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | - | - |
Interanteromedial nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Intergeniculate leaflet | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Intermediodorsal nucleus | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Lateral posterior nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Laterodorsal thalamic nucleus | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Medial geniculate nucleus | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | - |
Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Nucleus of the fields of Forel | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Paracentral nucleus | ++ | ++ | - | - | + | + | +++ | +++ |
Parafascicular nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | - |
Paratenial nucleus | - | - | ++ | + | + | + | + | + |
Paraventricular nucleus | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Posterior intralaminar nucleus | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Posterior limitans | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Posterior nuclear complex | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Reticular thalamic nucleus | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Reuniens nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + |
Rhomboid nucleus | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - |
Submedius nucleus | - | - | + | + | + | - | - | - |
Subparafascicular nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Ventral anterior nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ventral posteriolateral nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ventral posteriomedial nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ventrolateral geniculate nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ventromedial thalamic nucleus | ++ | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Xiphoid nucleus | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | + | + |
Epithalamus
| ||||||||
Lateral habenular nucleus | ++ | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Medial habenular nucleus | - | - | ++ | + | ++ | - | - | - |
Stria medullaris | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Cerebral isocortex
| ||||||||
Layer 1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Layer 2 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Layer 3 | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ |
Layer 4 | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ | -/+ |
Layer 5 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Layer 6 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Agranular insular cortex | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Cingulate and retrosplenial agranular cortex | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Frontal cortex | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Granular insular cortex | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Occipital cortex | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Orbital cortex | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Parietal cortex | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Amygdala
| ||||||||
Anterior amygdaloid area | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nuclei | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Basomedial amygdaloid nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis* | ||||||||
Intraamygdaloid division | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Lateral division | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | N/A | N/A | + | + |
Lateral division, dorsal (Rat), anterolateral (Hamster) | ++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Lateral division, posterior (Rat), posterolateral (Hamster) | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Lateral division, ventral (Rat), anteroventral (Hamster) | +++ | +++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial division, anterior (Rat), anteromedial (Hamster) | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial division, posterointermediate (Rat), posteromedial (Hamster) | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial division, posterolateral (Rat), posterointermediate (Hamster) | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Central amygdaloid nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Intercalated amygdaloid nucleus | ++ | + | + | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Lateral amygdalohippocampal area | + | + | + | - | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Medial amygdaloid nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | +++ | +++ | + | + |
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Posteromedial amygdalohippocampal area | + | + | + | + | + | + | +++ | +++ |
Hippocampus
| ||||||||
CA1 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - |
CA2 | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
CA3 | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Dentate gyrus | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Tenia tecta | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Entorhinal cortex | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Indusium griseum | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | - | - |
Subiculum | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Olfactory
| ||||||||
Anterior olfactory nuclei | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Islands of Calleja | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Olfactory bulb | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Olfactory tubercule | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Piriform cortex | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Other Forebrain
| ||||||||
Bed nucleus of the anterior commissure | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Claustrum | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Dorsal endopiriform nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Septal nuclei
| ||||||||
Lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | + | + | + |
Lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | - |
Lateral septal nucleus, ventral part | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Medial septal nucleus | ++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca | +++ | + | + | + | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Septofimbrial nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Septohippocampal nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Triangular septal nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Basal ganglia
| ||||||||
Accumbens nucleus, core | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Accumbens nucleus, shell | + | + | ++ | + | - | - | + | + |
Accumbens shell, lateral | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Caudate putamen | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Dorsal peduncular pontine nucleus | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + |
Globus pallidus, lateral | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - |
Globus pallidus, medial | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Peripeduncular nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Substantia innominata | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Substantia nigra, compact part | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Substantia nigra, lateral part | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Substantia nigra, reticular part | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Subthalamic nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | - | - |
Ventral pallidum | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Ventral tegmental area | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Ventral tegmental nucleus | ++ | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Brainstem reticular nuclei
| ||||||||
B9 serotoin cells | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | - | - |
Cuneiform nucleus | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Deep mesencephalic nucleus | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | + | + |
Dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part | ++ | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, α part | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Intermediate reticular nucleus | +++ | + | - | - | ++ | + | + | + |
Lateral paragigantocellular nucleus | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Lateral reticular nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Medullary reticular nuclei, dorsal part | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Medullary reticular nuclei, ventral part | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Paramedian reticular nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Parvocellular reticular nucleus | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | + | + |
Pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Pontine reticular nucleus, oral part | ++ | + | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Pontine reticular nucleus, ventral part | - | - | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + |
Subcoeruleus nucleus, dorsal part | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Subcoeruleus nucleus, ventral part | ++ | ++ | + | - | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Subcoeruleus nucleus, á part | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Sensory, somatic and motor nuclei
| ||||||||
Abducens nucleus (VI) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ambiguus nucleus | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Barrington's nucleus | ++++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ |
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (X) | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | + |
Facial nucleus (VII) | ++ | + | ++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Gracile nucleus | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | + | + |
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + |
Kölliker-Fuse nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Lateral parabrachial nucleus | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Medial parabrachial nucleus | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Nucleus of the solitary tract | ||||||||
Central | ++ | ++ | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Dorsal | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ |
Medial | + | + | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Ventrolateral | +++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Oculomotor nucleus (III) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Trigeminal motor nucleus (V) | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |
Trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (V) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Trigeminal spinal nucleus, caudal part | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Trigeminal spinal nucleus, interpolar part | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Trigeminal spinal nucleus, oral part | - | - | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Trochlear motor nucleus (IV) | + | + | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Raphé nuclei
| ||||||||
Dorsal raphé nucleus | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ |
Linear nucleus of the raphé | +++ | +++ | ++ | + | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Median raphé nucleus | ++++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Pontine raphé nucleus | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Raphé magnus nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Raphé obscurus nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ |
Raphé pallidus nucleus | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Rhabdoid nucleus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Periaqueductal gray
| ||||||||
Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
Dorsomedial periaqueductal gray | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Lateral periaqueductal gray | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Thalamic periaqueductal gray | ++ | ++ | + | + | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Other midbrain
| ||||||||
Dorsolateral pontine nucleus | + | + | ++ | ++ | - | - | + | + |
Inferior colliculus | + | + | - | - | ++ | + | ++ | ++ |
Interpeduncular nucleus | + | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | - | - |
Pretectal nuclei | ||||||||
Anterior pretectal nucleus | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |
Medial pretectal nucleus | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Posterior pretectal nucleus | ++ | + | + | + | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Red nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
Superior colliculus | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | + |
Tegmental nuclei | ||||||||
Anterior tegmental nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Dorsal tegmental nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Cerebellum
| ||||||||
Cerebellar cortex | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | + |
Interposed, lateral, and medial cerebellar nuclei | + | + | + | + | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Other hindbrain
| ||||||||
Central tegmental tract | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | + | + | + |
Cochlear nuclei | ||||||||
Dorsal cochlear nucleus | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Ventral cochlear nucleus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Inferior olive | ++ | + | +++ | ++ | - | - | - | - |
Lateral lemniscus | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Locus coeruleus | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | ++++ | +++ | +++ |
Nucleus of Darkschewitsch | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | + | + |
Parabigeminal nucleus | + | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
Prepositus nucleus | ++ | + | - | - | + | + | ++ | ++ |
Superior olivary nuclei | ||||||||
Nucleus of the trapezoid body | ++ | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |
Superior olive | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Trapezoid body | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | - |
Vestibular nuclei | + | + | + | + | + | - | ++ | + |
Circumventricular and non-neuronal
| ||||||||
Area postrema | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Choroid plexus | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Ependyma | + | + | ++ | + | + | + | + | + |
Median eminence | ++++ | + | ++++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Subcommisural organ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Subfornical organ | + | + | + | - | - | - | ++ | + |
Orexin A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
LE rat
|
Grass rat
|
Hamster
|
Degu
| |
LE rat
| 1.0000 | |||
Grass rat
| 0.7220 | 1.0000 | ||
Hamster
| 0.6982 | 0.6086 | 1.0000 | |
Degu
| 0.6412 | 0.5706 | 0.6458 | 1.0000 |
Orexin B
| ||||
LE rat
|
Grass rat
|
Hamster
|
Degu
| |
LE rat
| 1.0000 | |||
Grass rat
| 0.6989 | 1.0000 | ||
Hamster
| 0.6862 | 0.6054 | 1.0000 | |
Degu
| 0.6321 | 0.5709 | 0.6401 | 1.0000 |