Introduction
Materials and methods
Limit of detection
Bottle type | Microorganism | Strain |
---|---|---|
FA Plus and PF Plus |
Candida albicans
| ATCC 14053 |
Enterococcus faecalis
| NCTC 12697 | |
Escherichia coli
| NCTC 12923 | |
Haemophilus influenzae
a
| ATCC 10211 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| ATCC 9027 | |
Staphylococcus aureus
| NCTC 10788 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| ATCC 6305 | |
FN Plus |
Bacteroides fragilis
c
| ATCC 25285 |
Clostridium perfringens
| NCTC 8789 | |
Enterococcus faecalis
| NCTC 12697 | |
Escherichia coli
| NCTC 12923 | |
Staphylococcus aureus
| NCTC 10788 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| ATCC 6305 | |
SA |
Aspergillus brasiliensis
| NCPF 2275 |
Candida albicans
| ATCC 14053 | |
Enterococcus faecalis
| ATCC 12697 | |
Escherichia coli
| NCTC 12923 | |
Haemophilus influenzae
a
| ATCC 10211 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| ATCC 9027 | |
Staphylococcus aureus
| NCTC 10788 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
b
| ATCC 6305 | |
SN |
Bacteroides fragilis
| ATCC 25285 |
Clostridium perfringens
| NCTC 8789 | |
Enterococcus faecalis
| NCTC 12697 | |
Escherichia coli
| NCTC 12923 | |
Staphylococcus aureus
| NCTC 10788 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
b
| ATCC 6305 |
Comparison of detection systems
Bottle type | Organism | Bottles per organism in 3D | Bottles per organism in VIRTUO™ | Blood volume (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
FA Plus, PF Plus, and SA |
Abiotrophia defectiva
| 27 | 27 | 0a, 4b, 10c
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
d
| ||||
Aspergillus fumigatus
| ||||
Aspergillus brasiliensis
| ||||
Campylobacter jejuni
e
| ||||
Candida albicans
| ||||
Candida glabrata
| ||||
Candida krusei
| ||||
Cardiobacterium hominis
| ||||
Corynebacterium jeikeium
d
| ||||
Cryptococcus neoformans
| ||||
Eikenella corrodens
d
| ||||
Enterobacter aerogenes
| ||||
Enterococcus faecalis
| ||||
Escherichia coli
| ||||
Haemophilus influenzae
d
| ||||
Klebsiella pneumoniae
| ||||
Listeria monocytogenes
| ||||
Micrococcus luteus
| ||||
Neisseria meningitidis
d
| ||||
Proteus vulgaris
| ||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| ||||
Salmonella enterica
| ||||
Serratia marcescens
| ||||
Staphylococcus aureus
| ||||
Staphylococcus epidermidis
| ||||
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
| ||||
Streptococcus agalactiae
| ||||
Streptococcus mitis
| ||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| ||||
Streptococcus pyogenes
| ||||
FN Plus and SN |
Bacteroides fragilis
| |||
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
| ||||
Bacteroides vulgatus
| ||||
Clostridium perfringens
| ||||
Clostridium septicum
| ||||
Eggerthella lenta
| ||||
Enterococcus faecalis
| ||||
Escherichia coli
| ||||
Fusobacterium nucleatum
| ||||
Parvimonas micra
| ||||
Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
| ||||
Staphylococcus aureus
| ||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| ||||
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
Results
Limit of detection
Comparison of time to detection between systems
Bottle type | Blood volume (mL) | 3D | VIRTUO™ | TTD difference (3D - VIRTUO™) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# (+)/# | Detection rate (%) | # (+)/# | Detection rate (%) | Mean TTD difference (h) | 95% CI for mean TTD difference (h) | ||
FA Plus | 0 | 227/239 | 95.0 | 233/233 | 100.0* | 3.62 | (3.37, 3.86) |
4**
| 271/272 | 99.6 | 275/275 | 100.0 | 3.94 | (3.47, 4.41) | |
10 | 273/278 | 98.2 | 279/279 | 100.0* | 3.24 | (2.96, 3.51) | |
Combined | 771/789 | 97.7 | 787/787 | 100.0* | 3.59 | (3.39, 3.80) | |
FN Plus | 0 | 93/93 | 100.0 | 91/91 | 100.0 | 3.62 | (3.14, 4.10) |
4 | 117/121 | 96.7 | 122/122 | 100.0*
| 3.78 | (3.27, 4.29) | |
10 | 110/115 | 95.7 | 114/114 | 100.0* | 4.28 | (3.93, 4.64) | |
Combined | 320/329 | 97.3 | 327/327 | 100.0* | 3.90 | (3.64, 4.17) | |
SA | 0 | 215/215 | 100.0 | 213/213 | 100.0 | 2.35 | (2.13, 2.56) |
4 | 276/276 | 100.0 | 279/279 | 100.0 | 3.47 | (3.33, 3.61) | |
10 | 270/270 | 100.0 | 276/276 | 100.0 | 3.38 | (3.14, 3.62) | |
Combined | 761/761 | 100.0 | 768/768 | 100.0 | 3.14 | (3.02, 3.25) | |
SN | 0 | 125/125 | 100.0 | 123/123 | 100.0 | 4.65 | (4.46, 4.84) |
4 | 124/124 | 100.0 | 116/117 | 99.1 | 4.02 | (3.76, 4.29) | |
10 | 119/120 | 99.2 | 119/120 | 99.2 | 2.20 | (1.58, 2.82) | |
Combined | 368/369 | 99.7 | 358/360 | 99.4 | 3.65 | (3.42, 3.88) | |
Overall | 2220/2248 | 98.8 | 2240/2242 | 99.9* | 3.48 | (3.38, 3.58) |
Group | Organism | 3D | VIRTUO™ | Comparison ratio (VIRTUO™ TTD/3D TTD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean TTD (h) | Recovery rate (%) | Mean TTD (h) | Recovery rate (%) | |||
Gram-positive |
Abiotrophia defectiva
| 25.7 | 100.0 | 17.0 | 100.0 | 0.66 |
Clostridium perfringens
| 12.1 | 100.0 | 9.1 | 100.0 | 0.76 | |
Clostridium septicum
| 16.6 | 100.0 | 12.3 | 100.0 | 0.74 | |
Corynebacterium jeikeium
| 50.5 | 100.0 | 32.8 | 100.0 | 0.65 | |
Eggerthella lenta
| 35.3 | 94.4 | 34.7 | 96.2 | 0.98 | |
Enterococcus faecalis
| 14.2 | 100.0 | 11.3 | 100.0 | 0.80 | |
Listeria monocytogenes
| 21.7 | 100.0 | 20.2 | 100.0 | 0.93 | |
Micrococcus luteus
| 35.1 | 100.0 | 32.5 | 100.0 | 0.93 | |
Parvimonas micra
| 47.0 | 100.0 | 41.0 | 100.0 | 0.87 | |
Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
| 51.3 | 100.0 | 46.9 | 100.0 | 0.91 | |
Staphylococcus aureus
| 16.1 | 100.0 | 13.1 | 100.0 | 0.81 | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
| 19.8 | 100.0 | 17.1 | 100.0 | 0.86 | |
Streptococcus agalactiae
| 15.1 | 100.0 | 11.6 | 100.0 | 0.77 | |
Streptococcus mitis
| 13.2 | 100.0 | 10.2 | 100.0 | 0.77 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| 17.1 | 100.0 | 14.5 | 100.0 | 0.85 | |
Streptococcus pyogenes
| 15.3 | 100.0 | 12.6 | 100.0 | 0.82 | |
Gram-negative |
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
| 46.5 | 100.0 | 43.4 | 100.0 | 0.93 |
Bacteroides fragilis
| 34.7 | 100.0 | 32.4 | 100.0 | 0.94 | |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
| 42.9 | 100.0 | 36.7 | 100.0 | 0.86 | |
Bacteroides vulgatus
| 43.3 | 100.0 | 40.7 | 100.0 | 0.94 | |
Campylobacter jejuni
| 46.1 | 100.0 | 41.6 | 100.0 | 0.90 | |
Cardiobacterium hominis
| 54.9 | 80.0 | 47.9 | 100.0 | 0.87 | |
Eikenella corrodens
| 26.2 | 100.0 | 22.5 | 100.0 | 0.86 | |
Enterobacter aerogenes
| 12.9 | 100.0 | 10.7 | 100.0 | 0.83 | |
Escherichia coli
| 11.4 | 100.0 | 9.0 | 100.0 | 0.79 | |
Fusobacterium nucleatum
| 53.9 | 84.4 | 43.7 | 100.0 | 0.81 | |
Haemophilus influenzae
| 20.0 | 100.0 | 16.9 | 100.0 | 0.85 | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae
| 12.2 | 100.0 | 9.7 | 100.0 | 0.80 | |
Neisseria meningitidis
| 22.3 | 100.0 | 19.3 | 100.0 | 0.86 | |
Proteus vulgaris
| 13.8 | 100.0 | 11.4 | 100.0 | 0.82 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
| 17.6 | 100.0 | 14.3 | 100.0 | 0.81 | |
Salmonella enterica
| 13.6 | 100.0 | 11.1 | 100.0 | 0.82 | |
Serratia marcescens
| 15.1 | 100.0 | 11.3 | 100.0 | 0.75 | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
| 29.4 | 100.0 | 36.6 | 100.0 | 1.25 | |
Mould |
Aspergillus fumigatus
| 34.9 | 100.0 | 30.2 | 100.0 | 0.87 |
Aspergillus brasiliensis
| 58.4 | 83.0 | 46.3 | 100.0 | 0.79 | |
Yeast |
Candida albicans
| 27.3 | 100.0 | 26.1 | 100.0 | 0.95 |
Candida glabrata
| 51.9 | 100.0 | 44.3 | 100.0 | 0.85 | |
Candida krusei
| 21.9 | 100.0 | 19.8 | 100.0 | 0.90 | |
Cryptococcus neoformans
| 63.2 | 100.0 | 63.2 | 100.0 | 1.00 |