Introduction
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First, to identify and delimit the existing research lenses (frameworks, concepts, terminologies) that are concerned with maternity care provision and the experience thereof (Explanatory model).
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Second, to assess the themes that have been quantitatively measured in research on maternity care provision and birth experiences (Operationalization).
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Third, to synthesize the explanatory models and operationalizations into a new framework that conceptualizes the interwovenness between the provision of maternity care and articulates them as determinants of birth perceptions (Synthesis).
Materials and methods
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Results
Conceptual approaches to measuring care provision and birth experiences in health research
Conceptual cluster | Key concept |
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D&A, MISC | Disrespect and abuse reflect any form of inhumane treatment or uncaring behavior towards a woman during labor and birth. D&A represents a fundamental violation of women’s human rights and undermines the safety and effectiveness of health systems, e.g., through non-dignified care, non-consented care, neglect or abandonment, or lack of privacy. Mistreatment (MISC) in childbirth describes childbirth-related mistreatment at an interpersonal but also at the health-system level and comprises seven domains: 1. physical abuse, 2. sexual abuse, 3. verbal abuse, 4. stigma and discrimination, 5. failure to meet professional standards, 6. poor rapport between women and providers 7. health system conditions and constraints. Drivers of D&A/MISC can include systemic failures, such as overwhelmed health care administration, poor staffing, and inadequate infrastructure |
RMC | RMC is a universal human right due to every childbearing woman in every health system around the world in which maternity care goes beyond the prevention of morbidity or mortality to encompass respect for women’s basic human rights. Components of RMC are freedom from harm and ill-treatment; Right to information, informed consent and refusal, and respect for choices and preferences, including the right to companionship of choice whenever possible; Confidentiality, privacy; Dignity, respect; Equality, freedom from discrimination, equitable care; Right to timely health care and to the highest attainable level of health; and Liberty, autonomy, self-determination, and freedom from coercion |
OV | OV addresses facets of dehumanized care and any action or omission by both health personnel and the health care system that physically or psychologically damaged or denigrated a woman. OV includes medical negligence, improper medication, pathologizing of/inconsideration for natural processes of childbirth, postpartum and female reproductive processes, and forced sterilization. OV links to the concepts of structural and gender violence. Structural violence includes the lack of access to health care services and any kind of health discrimination due to a woman’s education, poverty, ethnicity, or other social vulnerabilities |
PCC | Person-centered care is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences and needs, ensuring that the patients’ values guide all clinical decisions. Elements of PCC are 1. treating the patient with respect, 2. providing care in a non-threatening manner, 3. working in collaboration as equal partners, and 4. giving priority to the patient’s preferences over that of the healthcare provider |
CE | Childbirth experiences and especially a woman’s relationship with her health care providers in maternity settings significantly impact her health. It has long-term implications for her future emotional, physical, and reproductive health and wellbeing. Negative CE increases the risk for postpartum depression, secondary fear of childbirth, and post-traumatic stress disorder |
MS | Maternal satisfaction refers to a woman’s subjective and dynamic evaluation of her birth experience. This multifaceted construct includes elements of perceived quality of care, coping efficacy, and reflections of the birth experience as a whole and in context. Low MS can affect the mother’s and infant’s health. Low levels of MS are associated with greater odds of postnatal depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, requests for future elective cesarean section, sterilization, and abortion |
Others | |
Medical ethics (ME) | Medical ethics comprises the four ethical principles patient autonomy, nonmaleficence, justice, and beneficence |
Patient’s verbal participation (PVP) | A patient’s verbal participation influences the quality of care, which is, in turn, related to health outcomes. Predisposing factors influence how a person communicates with a health provider. Enabling factors affect communication participation levels. Communication by the health care provider is the final factor that influences the ways and extent to which patients participate |
Informed consent (IC) | Informed consent plays a vital role in clinical decision-making. It is a basis of self-determination in health care. In ideal situations, health care professionals inform their patients about all relevant aspects of care and alternative care options, map the value system of the patients, and adjust the information process accordingly. Patients and health care professionals have shared responsibility in the process |
Self-efficacy, control (SEC) | Self-efficacy during birth is associated with less anxiety and a greater perception of control during birth. Support from healthcare professionals is more important than the event of birth |
Responsive-ness (RESP) | Responsiveness addresses non-clinical aspects of health service quality relevant regardless of provider, country, health system, or health condition. It comprises factors related to health system interactions and health system environments, e.g., respect for human dignity and client orientation |
Support and Control (SC) | Caregivers must be supportive and create an atmosphere that allows a woman to gain autonomy over birth. Supportive care helps women obtain their control and enhances dignity during childbirth |
Maternal welfare (MW) | Maternal welfare includes six domains: Quality of relationship during care, self-care, and comfort, conditions that allow contact between mother and child, personalized care, continuous participation of the family, and timely and respectful care |
Mothers on Respect (MOR) | Mothers on respect captures the mother’s sense of disrespect and dismissal, especially when engaging in conversations with providers. This concept is closely related to autonomy and informed consent |
Categories identified through meta-ethnography
Synthesis: The multilevel birth integrity framework
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Propose a concept that includes the care conditions (like D&A/MISC, RMC, OV, and PCC) and the individual’s experiences and perception thereof (like MS and CE);
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Include within this concept the desirable and functionable expressions of ‘good’ care conditions and the poor and non-functionable expressions of care;
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Reflect and contextualize birthing within its structural and gender dimensions;
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Justify the concept through a fundamental rights and ethical perspective.
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Determinants of birth experiences, e.g., drivers that shape the care condition, care culture or the provision of care, and the parturient’s subjective expectations towards giving birth.
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As childbirth is experienced differently by everyone, we propose a subjective outcome measure that reflects how the birth experience is individually perceived.
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Potential health and wellbeing consequences of one’s birth perception.
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Determinants of birth integrity,
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Birth integrity itself, and
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(potential) consequences of violated birth integrity.