Background
Methods
Aim
Subjects
Survey methods
Survey content
Analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Status of questionnaire collection and subject characteristics
Items | n (%) | Mean (SD) | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years; n = 629*) | 35.7 (4.9) | 23–51 | |
Number of children in the family | 2.2 (0.9) | 1–8 | |
Child age (years; n = 914*) | 3.6 (1.8) | 0–6 | |
Child sex (n = 869*) | |||
Boys | 463 (53.3) | ||
Girls | 406 (46.7) | ||
Child weight at birth (g) | 3005.7 (423.5) | 722–4320 | |
< 2500 | 89 (9.7) | 2201.7 (333.8) | 722–2498 |
≥2500 | 827 (90.3) | 3092.2 (331.1) | 2500–4320 |
Gestational age at birth (weeks; n = 884) | 38.7 (1.7) | 25–42 | |
Maternal age at birth (years; n = 909) | 31.2 (4.6) | 20–50 | |
Birth history | |||
Primipara | 347 (37.9) | ||
Multipara | 569 (62.1) | ||
Maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg; n = 895) | 10.1 (3.7) | −4.0–27.0 | |
Maternal employment status during pregnancy | |||
Non-working | 397 (43.3) | ||
Working | 519 (56.7) |
Developing the scale
Items | Response rate n = 916% | Strongly Disagree n (%) | Slightly Disagree n (%) | Slightly Agree n (%) | Strongly Agree n (%) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) I had severe morning sickness | 99.9 | 149 (16.3) | 251 (27.4) | 298 (32.5) | 217 (23.7) | 2.6 ± 1.0 |
(2) At one point, I believed that severe morning sickness must be hereditary | 99.2 | 379 (41.4) | 357 (39.0) | 119 (13.0) | 54 (5.9) | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
(3) I experienced unpleasant symptoms such as headaches | 100.0 | 263 (28.7) | 291 (31.8) | 249 (27.2) | 113 (12.3) | 2.2 ± 1.0 |
(4) During pregnancy checkups, I was given advice on my health statusa | 99.8 | 294 (32.1) | 272 (29.7) | 243 (26.5) | 105 (11.5) | 2.2 ± 1.0 |
(5) I consumed alcohola | 100.0 | 813 (90.7) | 56 (6.1) | 20 (2.2) | 9 (1.0) | 1.1 ± 0.5 |
(6) I thought about the effects of alcohol consumption on the fetus | 99.3 | 203 (22.2) | 45 (4.9) | 118 (12.9) | 544 (59.4) | 3.1 ± 1.2 |
(7) I thought about the effects of smoking on the fetus | 99.8 | 143 (15.6) | 42 (4.6) | 95 (10.4) | 634 (69.2) | 3.3 ± 1.1 |
(8) I was always concerned about weight gain | 100.0 | 66 (7.2) | 186 (20.3) | 311 (34.0) | 353 (38.5) | 3.0 ± 0.9 |
(9) During pregnancy checkups, I was often given advice about my weight gain by medical staff | 100.0 | 284 (31.0) | 273 (29.8) | 234 (25.5) | 125 (13.6) | 2.2 ± 1.0 |
(10) I did not like going to checkups because the medical staff frequently advised me about my weight gain during previous pregnancy checkups | 99.6 | 504 (55.0) | 243 (26.5) | 103 (11.2) | 62 (6.8) | 1.7 ± 0.9 |
(11) I restricted my food intake as I was concerned about gaining weight | 99.8 | 316 (34.5) | 302 (33.0) | 211 (23.0) | 85 (9.3) | 2.1 ± 1.0 |
(12) I restricted my salt intake as I was concerned about my blood pressure | 99.9 | 443 (48.4) | 269 (29.4) | 147 (16.0) | 56 (6.1) | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
(13) I often experienced abdominal bloatinga | 99.9 | 192 (21.0) | 282 (30.8) | 237 (25.9) | 204 (22.3) | 2.5 ± 1.1 |
(14) I was able to lead an orderly lifestyle | 100.0 | 47 (5.1) | 223 (24.3) | 456 (49.8) | 190 (20.7) | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
(15) I tried to eat well-balanced meals | 100.0 | 38 (4.1) | 193 (21.1) | 503 (54.9) | 182 (19.9) | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
(16) I exercised adequately | 100.0 | 100 (10.9) | 376 (41.0) | 334 (36.5) | 106 (11.6) | 2.5 ± 0.8 |
(17) I slept well | 100.0 | 65 (7.1) | 278 (30.3) | 370 (40.4) | 203 (22.2) | 2.8 ± 0.9 |
(18) When I woke from my sleep, I felt refreshed | 100.0 | 78 (8.5) | 343 (37.4) | 378 (41.3) | 117 (12.8) | 2.6 ± 0.8 |
(19) I took holidays | 100.0 | 58 (6.3) | 231 (25.2) | 371 (40.5) | 256 (27.9) | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
(20) I took adequate rest | 99.9 | 51 (5.6) | 219 (23.9) | 401 (43.8) | 244 (26.6) | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
(21) At times I felt stresseda | 99.8 | 84 (9.2) | 251 (27.4) | 393 (42.9) | 186 (20.3) | 2.8 ± 0.9 |
(22) I switched to shoes with low heels | 99.7 | 29 (3.2) | 28 (3.1) | 101 (11.0) | 755 (82.4) | 3.7 ± 0.7 |
(23) I was careful not to fall | 100.0 | 13 (1.4) | 26 (2.8) | 135 (14.7) | 742 (81.0) | 3.8 ± 0.6 |
(24) I refrained from driving a cara | 99.7 | 640 (69.9) | 137 (15.0) | 62 (6.8) | 74 (8.1) | 1.5 ± 0.9 |
(25) There were some changes in my lifestyle compared to my pre-pregnancy daysa | 99.7 | 110 (12.0) | 285 (31.1) | 283 (30.9) | 235 (25.7) | 2.7 ± 1.0 |
(26) My husband thoroughly supported me | 99.9 | 71 (7.8) | 220 (24.0) | 309 (33.7) | 315 (34.4) | 3.0 ± 0.9 |
(27) My parents (including in-laws) thoroughly supported me | 100.0 | 55 (6.0) | 125 (13.6) | 286 (31.2) | 450 (49.1) | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
(28) People other than my husband and parents (including in-laws) thoroughly supported me | 99.9 | 199 (21.7) | 247 (27.0) | 290 (31.7) | 179 (19.5) | 2.5 ± 1.0 |
(29) I am satisfied with my husband’s support | 99.8 | 112 (12.2) | 216 (23.6) | 293 (32.0) | 293 (32.0) | 2.8 ± 1.0 |
(30) I am satisfied with my parents’ (including in-laws) support | 100.0 | 42 (4.6) | 121 (13.2) | 301 (32.9) | 452 (49.3) | 3.3 ± 0.9 |
(31) I am satisfied with the support that I received from others besides my husband and parents (including in-laws) | 99.8 | 149 (16.3) | 186 (20.3) | 298 (32.5) | 281 (30.7) | 2.8 ± 1.1 |
(32) I took advantage of the Maternity Mark (a symbol for expectant mothers) and experienced the effectiveness of the symbol in public settingsa | 99.5 | 443 (48.4) | 278 (30.3) | 132 (14.4) | 58 (6.3) | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
(33) I thought that the saying, “deliver them small and raise them big”, held true for me and my child(ren)a | 99.7 | 191 (20.9) | 294 (32.1) | 248 (27.1) | 180 (19.7) | 2.5 ± 1.0 |
Items | Reliability (Cronbach’s α) | Factor loadings | n | Mean | SD | Range | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||
1. Guidance at each checkup | 0.775 | 909 | 10.8 | 3.5 | 5–20 | |||||||||
I restricted my food intake as I was concerned about gaining weight | 0.727 | |||||||||||||
During pregnancy checkups, I was often given advice about my weight gain by medical staff | 0.723 | |||||||||||||
I did not like going to checkups because the medical staff frequently advised me about my weight gain during previous pregnancy checkups | 0.716 | |||||||||||||
I was always concerned about weight gain | 0.630 | |||||||||||||
I restricted my food intake as I was concerned about gaining weight | 0.425 | |||||||||||||
2. Adequate rest | 0.778 | 915 | 11.2 | 2.7 | 4–16 | |||||||||
I took adequate rest | 0.923 | |||||||||||||
I took holidays | 0.898 | |||||||||||||
I slept well | 0.428 | |||||||||||||
When I woke from my sleep, I felt refreshed | 0.399 | |||||||||||||
3. Support from husband | 0.900 | 914 | 5.8 | 1.9 | 2–8 | |||||||||
I am satisfied with my husband’s support | 0.901 | |||||||||||||
My husband thoroughly supported me | 0.898 | |||||||||||||
4. Effects on fetus | 0.895 | 910 | 6.4 | 2.3 | 2–8 | |||||||||
I thought about the effects of alcohol consumption on the fetus | 0.910 | |||||||||||||
I thought about the effects of smoking on the fetus | 0.899 | |||||||||||||
5. Support from society | 0.861 | 913 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 2–8 | |||||||||
People other than my husband and parents (including in-laws) thoroughly supported me | 0.904 | |||||||||||||
I am satisfied with the support that I received from others besides my husband and parents (including in-laws) | 0.809 | |||||||||||||
6. Support from family | 0.853 | 916 | 6.5 | 1.7 | 2–8 | |||||||||
I am satisfied with my parents’ (including in-laws) support | 0.901 | |||||||||||||
My parents (including in-laws) thoroughly supported me | 0.798 | |||||||||||||
7. Effects of minor troubles | 0.648 | 908 | 6.7 | 2.2 | 3–12 | |||||||||
I had severe morning sickness | 0.818 | |||||||||||||
At one point, I believed that severe morning sickness must be hereditary | 0.647 | |||||||||||||
I experienced unpleasant symptoms such as headaches | 0.416 | |||||||||||||
8. Good lifestyle habits | 0.585 | 916 | 8.3 | 1.8 | 3–12 | |||||||||
I tried to eat well-balanced meals | 0.687 | |||||||||||||
I was able to lead a regular lifestyle | 0.520 | |||||||||||||
I exercised adequately | 0.415 | |||||||||||||
9. Fall risk and lifestyle changes | 0.697 | 913 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 2–8 | |||||||||
I was careful not to fall | 0.795 | |||||||||||||
I switched to shoes with low heels | 0.676 | |||||||||||||
Scale total scores | 888 | 68.5 | 8.1 | 32–93 | ||||||||||
Inter-factor correlation | 1 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
2 | −0.107 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
3 | −0.005 | 0.191 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
4 | 0.069 | − 0.007 | −0.034 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
5 | −0.018 | 0.132 | 0.342 | 0.016 | 1.00 | |||||||||
6 | 0.009 | 0.186 | 0.395 | 0.026 | 0.417 | 1.00 | ||||||||
7 | 0.147 | −0.084 | −0.018 | 0.136 | −0.015 | 0.056 | 1.00 | |||||||
8 | 0.045 | 0.336 | 0.135 | 0.158 | 0.071 | 0.033 | −0.117 | 1.00 | ||||||
9 | 0.135 | 0.051 | 0.084 | 0.234 | 0.080 | 0.135 | 0.053 | 0.131 |
Association between factors of the scale
Scale and item reliability
Scale and item validity
Items | Group | t | F |
p
| Tukey–Kramer HSD test (p value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birth weight (g) | < 2500 | ≥2500 g | |||||||
Mean | 65.9 | 68.7 | −3.153 | 0.002 | |||||
(SD) | (8.8) | (8.0) | |||||||
n | 86 | 802 | |||||||
Birth history | Primipara | Multipara | |||||||
Mean | 69.7 | 67.7 | 3.534 | p < 0.0001 | |||||
(SD) | (8.6) | (7.7) | |||||||
n | 334 | 554 | |||||||
Maternal smoking status | No history of smoking | Stopped smoking before this pregnancy | Permanently stopped smoking during this pregnancy | Temporarily stopped smoking during this pregnancy | Continued smoking throughout this pregnancy | No history of smoking > Continued smoking throughout this pregnancy (p < 0.0001) Stopped smoking before this pregnancy > Continued smoking throughout this pregnancy (p < 0.0001) Permanently stopped smoking during this pregnancy > Continued smoking throughout this pregnancy (p < 0.0001) | |||
Mean | 68.9 | 69.6 | 69.2 | 65.8 | 59.8 | 7.894 | p < 0.0001 | ||
(SD) | (7.7) | (8.4) | (7.8) | (6.9) | (8.5) | ||||
n | 579 | 130 | 53 | 17 | 21 |