Background
More than 50 different viruses are known to infect wheat (
Triticum aestivum) worldwide, causing severe symptoms which can affect negatively the yield and quality production [
1]. In China, several virus species have been reported to infect cereals:
Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)/
Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) (genus
Luteovirus/
Polerovirus),
Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) (genus
Bymovirus),
North cereal mosaic virus (NCMV) (genus
Cytorhabdovirus) and
Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) (genus
Mastrevirus) [
2‐
4]. They are transmitted by different species of aphids, planthoppers or the fungus-like organism
Polymyxa graminis in a persistent manner [
1,
2]. Statistical data showed that the disease area was more than 6000,000 ha in the 2000s, and the yield loss was estimated within the range 10–20% and up to 40–50% in some years with serious occurrence [
2].
Since the mid-1970s, wheat yellow mosaic disease has been reported in different regions of China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Sichuan basin, the wheat belt along the Huaihe River, and the Weihe River basin of Shanxi Province [
5,
6]. Filamentous viruses transmitted by
P. graminis cause similar diseases of wheat in Europe, Asia and North America [
7,
8]. These viruses have been described as
Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) and WYMV in different countries [
7,
9,
10]. Until now, the virus causing wheat soil-borne mosaic diseases has been identified as WYMV in most areas of China [
11,
12]. The genome of WYMV is comprised of two (+) single-stranded RNAs. RNA1 encodes for the coat protein (CP) and six others: P3, 7 KDa, nuclear inclusion protein a (NIa), nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb), cytoplasmic inclusion protein (CI) and 14 KDa; RNA2 encodes for a polyprotein that contains 28- and 72-kDa proteins [
13,
14].
Symptoms of WYMV infection are similar to those caused by WSSMV and other biotic and abiotic agents. For this reason and the fact that several virus species exist together in the field, detection and diagnosis of WYMV is an important area of study. Several diagnostic methods are available for WYMV detection in wheat plants, including biological assay (virus inoculation and symptom expression in diagnostic plant species), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) [
15], immunoelectron microscopy, RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; [
16] and RT-LAMP (reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification; [
17] However, biological assays are time-consuming and have low levels of sensitivity and specificity. ELISA and immunoelectron microscopy are limited by the supply and quality of antiserum or the specific probe, as well as by the type of sampling. Because information on the virus titre in local fields is very important for forecasting and releasing warning schemes to advise farmers on the potential threat to their crops, a sensitive, reliable and quantitative method is required to detect WYMV in wheat. Nowadays, real-time PCR technology has been proven as an efficient tool for the detection of many plant RNA and DNA viruses [
18‐
24]. This work presents a new real time RT-PCR assay for the detection of WYMV in infected plant tissue. The assay’s sensitivity was investigated and compared with indirect ELISA and evaluated for virus detection in field samples.
Discussion
The wheat diseases caused by WYMV have been responsible for significant economic loss in recent years in China since 1970 [
2]. Diseases caused by WYMV were difficult to distinguish from other wheat virus disease because of their similar symptom. Now RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, and serological methods are most commonly used for detecting plant viruses, but by none of these methods it is possible to differentiate these wheat viruses precisely. In this study, a one step RT-qPCR assay was established for the detection, discrimination, and quantification of WYMV in wheat plants. This method could detect quantitatively WYMV in a short time and got a more sensitive result by using fluorescence signal.
The development of the TaqMan RT-PCR assays represents a significant advance in nucleic acid quantification. This approach utilizes the 5′ – 3′ exonuclease activity of
Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase to cleave a dual-labeled probe annealed to a target sequence during amplification. The release of a fluorogenic tag from the 5′ end of the probe is proportional to the target sequence concentration or copy number, and then the increase in emission intensity can be monitored at each cycle in real-time [
21]. The titer of
Rice stripe virus and
Wheat dwarf virus in field samples have been reported as few as 10 copies [
22,
23]. A minimum titer of
Tomato spotted wilt virus was as less as 50 fg/100 mg [
21]. In this assay, the virus titre of WYDV infected field samples were ranged from 21.1 pg to 648 ng/100 mg, similarly with above studies. The high virus titer was detected in the samples collected from the regions where wheat yellow mosaic disease has seriously epidemics for long time.
In RT-qPCR assay, the Ct value is a parameter reflecting the quantity of template presented in the reaction [
18,
22,
26]. Usually, lower Ct values indicate a high concentration of template and higher Ct values indicate a low concentration of template [
27]. This study showed that standard serial dilution curve was obtained with high RT-qPCR efficiency for WYMV (105.5%). The efficiency proved the balance among enzyme, dNTPs, primers and templates. The rationality of linear equation was determined by the coefficient of determination (R^2). Usually, R^2 value needs to be between 0 and 1, higher value indicates its higher rationality. In this study, the R^2 values of WYMV was 0.989. We therefore suggested that this RT-qPCR could be used to detect quantitatively WYMV in routine virus diagnosis.
The appropriate application of RT-qPCR, however, requires the use of reference genes whose level of expression is not affected by the test, general physiological conditions or inter-individual variability. RNA extraction errors, template loading deviations, and variations of reverse transcription efficiency could be eliminated from data analysis by quantification of the reference genes. The present study established a RT-qPCR assay that can be used for detection and absolute quantification of WYMV in wheat tissues. Wheat β-actin gene and 18S rRNA were selected as internal controls for their stability across all the tissues examined in wheat [
28]. In this assay, there were some difference in stability between the two internal controls, 18s RNA were more stable than β-actin, which proved the necessity for choosing two internal controls.
Comparing with ELISA and gel-based RT-PCR, this assay has its advantages, i.e. not needing specific antibodies, spending less time (2–3 hours only) and having more sensitivity. The decrease of threshold for virus detection leads to an improvement of control schemes for plant virus diseases, especially for perennial soil-borne diseases. So, this quantitative detection of WYMV could be a useful method for epidemiological studying and forecasting and controlling the diseases.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR method was developed and evaluated for WYMV detection of collected wheat samples. Compared with conventional gel-based RT-PCR, RT-qPCR yielded more accurate results, and detected the samples at low virus titer. According to above mentioned results, this RT-qPCR assay is robust and suitable for identification of the large numbers of field primary hosts and alternative hosts such as weeds. This method will provide as a potential application in early diagnosis, screening of resistant wheat varieties and identification of virus reservoirs.
Materials and methods
Plant material and virus sources
WYMV isolates collected from Nanjing in 2011 were detected by RT-PCR using primers targeting the WYMV CP gene and sequencing analysis [
11]. Forty-four field wheat samples showing extreme chlorotic streak or mosaic even necrotic spots were respectively collected from Huangchuang, Jiangyan, Xiaqiao, Nanjing, Zhumadian, Yangzhou, Zhouzhi and Yantai in the years of 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2012, and stored at −70°C. The polyclonal antibody against WYMV was prepared by expressed CP in
Escherichia coli, and then purified CP used as antigens to inject rabbit. The goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) alkaline phosphatase was supplied by Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
Total RNA from wheat leaf (stored at −70°C) was extracted using the RNAiso Reagent (TaKaRa Biotech., Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction: grind the 0.1 g of leaf with the liquid nitrogen in the mortar, add 1ml Trizol reagent to the power, put them at the normal temperature for 5 min; transform the liquid to the 1.5 ml tube, add 200 μl chloroform was added, the tubes were shaken for 15 s, lay aside 15 min at −20°C; centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 15 min; the supernatant was transferred into a new tube, equal amount of isopropanol was added to the supernatant and the samples were put at normal temperature about 30 min; centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min; the pellet was washed using 1ml of 75% ethanol; the ethanol was removed at Rapid Glass Dryer; 40 μl DEPC H2O were added and the samples were stored at −70°C.
The concentration of each RNA sample was measured with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, USA). Only the RNA samples with an A260/A280 ratio (an indication of protein contamination) of 1.9 – 2.1 and an A260/A230 ratio (an indication of reagent contamination) greater than 2.0 were used for the analysis. The integrity of RNA samples was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Primers and probes design
Two different systems of primers and probes were designed to detect the WYMV (WYMV system) and internal control system (wheat housekeeping genes: wheat β-actin gene and 18S rRNA) by using by the PRIMER EXPRESS software (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). For the detection of WYMV system, primers were designed to correspond with the 879 bp long full-length WYMV CP gene fragment. (GenBank accession number AJ130983). For fluorescence detection, a primer–probe combination was designed as WF (upstream), WP (TaqMan probe) and WR (downstream) targeting the conserved region within the WYMV CP gene. For detection of wheat housekeeping genes, two primer–probe combinations were designed as internal control: AF (upstream), AT (TaqMan probe) and AR (downstream) targeted the wheat β-actin gene [
29], and SF (upstream), ST (TaqMan probe) and SR (downstream) targeted the wheat 18s rRNA gene (GenBank accession number BJ217595) [
28]. All TaqMan probes were labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM, excitation wavelength 494 nm, emission wavelength 521 nm) at the 5′-end, and carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA) at the 3′-end. The detail of all primers and probes were listed in Table
3.
Table 3
Primers and probes used for real time RT-PCR in this study
CP full-length | AJ130983 | WCP-F: | 5′GCAGCTGACACACAAAC 3′ | 41 | 53 | 1156–1172 |
WCP-R: | 5′GGTTAGTTCTGGGTGTCC 3′ | 43 | 56 | 2017–2034 |
CP probe | AJ130983 | WF: | [FAM]-GCCGCGTACGCTTTTGACT-[TAMRA] | 55 | 58 | 1843–1861 |
WT: | [FAM]-CTTTGTCCCCCGCCCGTGG-[TAMRA] | 64 | 74 | 1863–1881 |
WR: | [FAM]-TTCGATGTCCTGTGGGTTCA-[TAMRA] | 53 | 50 | 1883–1902 |
Wheat β-actin | AB181991 | AF: | [FAM]-TCCAATCTATGAGGGATACACGC-[TAMRA] | 55 | 48 | 263–286 |
AT: | [FAM]-TTCCTCAAGCTATCCTTCGTTTGGACCTG-[TAMRA] | 65 | 48 | 286–314 |
AR: | [FAM]-TCTTCATTAGATTATCCGTGAGGTC-[TAMRA] | 53 | 40 | 324–348 |
Wheat 18S rRNA | BJ217595 | SF: | [FAM]-CAGGCGATGGGAAA-[TAMRA] | 42 | 57 | 199–212 |
ST: | [FAM]-TCGCTTTGAGTTTGGGCAATTGTGG-[TAMRA] | 65 | 48 | 136–160 |
SR: | [FAM]-CATTGGAGGGCAAGTCT-[TAMRA] | 45 | 53 | 283–299 |
The resulting primers and probes are shown as follow: To the WYMV, the first pair of primers of WYMV: WYMV CP -F: 5′- GCAGCTGACACACAAAC -3′ (upstream, Tm=41 °C) and WYMV CP-R: 5′- GGTTAGTTCTGGGTGTCC -3′ (downstream, Tm=43°C) correspond to the WYMV CP (GenBank accession number AJ130983), and were expected to amplify a fragment of 879bp for the standard sample. For fluorescence detection, one primer–probe combination was also selected from combinations proposed by the PRIMER EXPRESS software (Applied Biosystems, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The first primer–probe combination was designed: 1843F:5′- GCCGCGTACGCTTTTGACT -3′ (upstream, Tm=55°C), 1863T:5′- CTTTGTCCCCCGCCCGTGG -3′ (TaqMan probe, Tm=64°C), and 1883R:5′- TTCGATGTCCTGTGGGTTCA -3′ (downstream, Tm=53°C) targeting the conserved region within WYMV CP (GenBank accession number AJ130983). WYMV probe was labeled at the 5′end with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM, excitation wavelength 494 nm, emission wavelength 521 nm) at the 5′-end, and carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA) at the 3′-end.
For the wheat housekeeping gene, the sequence of the wheat β-actin gene (GenBank accession number AB181991) was selected. The primer–probe combination: 263F: 5′- TCCAATCTATGAGGGATACACGC - 3′ (upstream, Tm=55°C), 286T: 5′- TTCCTCAAGCTATCCTTCGTTTGGACCTG -3′ (TaqMan probe, Tm=65°C) and 324R: 5′- TCTTCATTAGATTATCCGTGAGGTC-3′ (downstream, Tm=53°C) was designed to target the wheat β-actin gene as an internal control. And to another housekeeping gene, the sequence of the wheat 18S rRNA (GenBank accession number BJ217595): the primer–probe combination: 199F: 5′- CAGGCGATGGGAAA-3′ (upstream, Tm=42°C), 136T: 5′- TCGCTTTGAGTTTGGGCAATTGTGG -3′ (TaqMan probe, Tm=65°C) and 283R: 5′- CATTGGAGGGCAAGTCT-3′ (downstream, Tm=45°C) was designed to target the wheat 18S rRNA as another internal control.
All TaqMan probes were labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM, excitation wavelength 494 nm, emission wavelength 521 nm) at the 5′ end and carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA) at the 3′-end.
Preparation for viral RNA standards of one-step RT-qPCR
RNA transcripts were synthesized in vitro, inserting the cDNA fragments of WYMV CP, β-actin and 18S rRNA into the pGEM T-EASY (Promega, USA) respectively, and then transforming them into competent cell of Escherichia coli strain JM110, The right inserted PCR products was monitored by gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme cleavage.
Positive single strand RNA was transcribed using the RiboMAX Large Scale RNA Production Systems-T7 Kit (Promega, USA), using 2 μg linearized plasmid DNA as template, then treated by DNaseI at 37°C for 20 min, purifying the RNA by RNAclean kit (BioTeke, China). The purified RNA was quantified using NanoDrop ND-1000.
One-step real time RT-PCR assay and optimization
One-step real-time RT-PCR assay was performed with the final volume of 20 μl using the One-step PrimeScript RT-PCR Kit (TaKaRa Biotech, Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Each reaction was carried out using 2 μl of total RNA from collected samples on the Bio-Rad iCycler IQ Real-Time PCR Detection System. Data were analyzed with iCycler IQ Real-Time PCR Detection System Software Version 3.1.
Upstream and downstream primers were subjected to a 3 × 3 optimization matrix using a concentration of 100, 200 and 400 nM whereas the probe’s concentration used was 100 nM. RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro were used as template. The concentration of the TaqMan probe was then optimized in order to reduce the quantity used in reactions. The parameters of the reaction program were examined to determine the most suitable program. The most suitable program and parameter were reverse transcription of the viral RNA at 42°C for 5 min. PCR was performed with the hot-start Taq polymerase included an enzyme activation step (95°C for 5 s), followed by 45 cycles of denaturation/annealing–extension (10 s at 95°C; 60 s at 60°C). Gel-based PCR assay was carried out for 35 cycles, each consisting of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 65°C for 45 s, and extension at 72°C for 2 min, with 94°C for 2 min at the beginning and 72°C for 10 min at the final step. The expected PCR products were 879 bp, using the primer pairs of WCP-F: 5′-GCA GCT GAC ACA CAA AC-3′ (upstream) and WCP-R: 5′-GGT TAG TTC TGG GTG TCC-3′ (downstream). The PCR products were detected by 1.0% agarose gels electrophoresis.
Viral RNA transcripts (cloned standard), prepared as described above, were used in tenfold serial dilution to generate standard curves for determination of the assay efficiency. Virus content of collected field samples were analyzed by two different virus tittering: with clone standard for absolute quantiation and with housekeeping genes (wheat β-actin gene and 18S rRNA) for relative quantitation. The data were analyzed by one and two-way analysis of variance.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
WL contributed to the design of the study, primer design, statistical analysis and designing the RT-qPCR protocol. XZ contributed to the RNA extractions, optimization of the RT-qPCR assay, screening of samples, statistical analysis, and drafting the manuscript. PZ contributed to the sample collection, RNA extraction and drafting of the manuscript. TTM contributed to the sample collection, RNA extraction and drafting of the manuscript. YL contributed to the design of the study, sample collection and drafting of the manuscript. ZZ contributed to the sample collection and optimization of the RT-qPCR assay. CH contributed to the design of the study and drafting of the manuscript. XW contributed to the design of the study, sample collection, data analysis and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.