Introduction
Materials and methods
Participants
Study design
Qigong intervention and control group
Adherence to program
Outcome measures and follow-up
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
Variable | Immediate practice group | Wait-list, then delayed practice group |
---|---|---|
Randomized
| N = 53 | N = 47 |
Completed study (%)
| N = 43 (81.1%) | N = 30 (63.8%) |
Gender M:F (% ratio)
| 3:50 (6:94) | 1:46 (2:98) |
Age at enrollment, years (SD)
| 52.81 (8.91) | 52.13 (8.56) |
Duration of FM, years (SD)
| 9.67 (6.87) | 9.62 (7.56) |
Total tender points (IQR)
| 15 (14, 16) | 15 (13, 16) |
BMI at enrollment (IQR)
| 30 (25.4, 34.7) | 29.4 (24.8, 34.8) |
Additional pain diagnoses
| ||
Back
| 23 (43.3%) | 21 (44.7%) |
Cervical sprain
| 16 (30.2%) | 18 (38.3%) |
Diabetic neuropathy
| 2 (3.8%) | 3 (6.4%) |
Post-surgical/post-traumatic
| 4 (7.5%) | 8 (17.0%) |
Headache
| 31 (58.5%) | 27 (57.4%) |
Orofacial pain
| 23 (43.4%) | 33 (70.2%) P < 0.007 |
Osteoarthritis
| 22 (41.5%) | 17 (36.2%) |
Rheumatoid arthritis
| 5 (9.4%) | 4 (8.5%) |
Other
| 16 (30.2%) | 13 (27.7%) |
Previous treatments
| ||
Anticonvulsants
| 14 (26.4%) | 25 (53.2%) |
Antidepressants
| 45 (84.9%) | 34 (72.3%) |
Nerve blocks/injections
| 7 (13.2%) | 4 (8.5%) |
NSAIDs
| 37 (69.8%) | 36 (76.6%) |
Opioids
| 22 (41.5%) | 14 (29.8%) |
Acupuncture
| 24 (45.3%) | 24 (51.1%) |
Chiropractic
| 11 (20.8%) | 17 (36.2%) |
Naturopath/Homeopath/Osteopath
| 17 (32.1%) | 22 (46.8%) |
Massage therapy
| 36 (67.9%) | 32 (68.1%) |
Physiological therapies
| 26 (49.1%) | 23 (48.9%) |
Psychological therapies
| 19 (35.8%) | 20 (42.6%) |
Current pain medications
| ||
Anticonvulsants
| 13 (24.5%) | 14 (29.8%) |
Antidepressants
| 20 (37.7%) | 15 (31.9%) |
NSAIDs
| 26 (49.1%) | 27 (57.4%) |
Opioids
| 19 (35.8%) | 11 (23.4%) |
Other
| 29 (54.7%) | 28 (59.6%) |
Total number (SD)
| 2.43 (1.41) | 2.49 (1.59) |
Pain and impact of fibromyalgia
Baselines Mean (SD) | Immediate practice group | Wait-list group | Delayed practice group |
---|---|---|---|
NRS-PI
| 6.45 (1.45) | 6.55 (1.06) | 6.65 (1.38) |
FIQ
| 65.53 (14.44) | 61.83 (13.36) | 59.73 (15.09) |
PSQI
| 13.79 (2.95) | 13.09 (3.79) | 12.35 (3.76) |
SF-physical
| 29.94 (8.30) | 32.55 (8.82) | 33.22 (8.36) |
SF-mental
| 38.13 (9.62) | 40.38 (10.08) | 39.03 (11.03) |
Sleep and physical and mental function
Combined outcomes in two CFQ groups
Clinically meaningful outcomes
Variable | Usual care | Combined qigong | P-value* |
---|---|---|---|
A. NRS-PI1 | |||
2 months
| 4/45 (8.9%) | 36/76 (47.4%) | P < 0.0001 |
4 months
| 7/44 (15.9%) | 37/73 (50.7%) | P = 0.0002 |
6 months
| 8/44 (18.2%) | 28/73 (38.4%) | P = 0.02 |
B. FIQ
2
| |||
2 months
| 9/45 (20.0%) | 53/75 (70.7%) | P < 0.0001 |
4 months
| 13/44 (29.5%) | 41/73 (56.2%) | P = 0.005 |
6 months
| 15/44 (34.1%) | 41/73 (56.2%) | P = 0.02 |
C. PSQI
3
| |||
2 months
| 11/45 (24.4%) | 39/76 (51.3%) | P = 0.004 |
4 months
| 10/44 (22.7%) | 35/73 (47.9%) | P = 0.007 |
6 months
| 11/44 (25.0%) | 36/73 (49.3%) | P = 0.01 |
D. SF-36 physical
4
| |||
2 months
| 4/45 (8.9%) | 27/76 (35.5%) | P = 0.001 |
4 months
| 5/44 (11.4%) | 24/73 (32.9%) | P = 0.009 |
6 months
| 6/44 (13.6%) | 24/73 (32.9%) | P = 0.02 |
E. SF-36 mental
4
| |||
2 months
| 5/45 (11.1%) | 29/76 (38.2%) | P = 0.001 |
4 months
| 6/44 (13.6%) | 22/73 (30.1%) | P = 0.05 |
6 months
| 12/44 (27.3%) | 26/73 (35.6%) | P = 0.35 |