Background
Methods
Study area
Interviews
Specimens
Quantification of the data
Indices | Attributes | Scores |
---|---|---|
Availability index (AI) | Availability | |
Very common | 4.0 | |
Common | 3.0 | |
Middle | 2.0 | |
Rare | 1.0 | |
Localization of the use | ||
Ubiquity | 0.0 | |
Localized | − 0.5 | |
Very localized | − 1.0 | |
Frequency of utilization index (FUI) | > Once/week | 5.0 |
Once/week | 4.0 | |
Once/month | 3.0 | |
> Once/year but < once/month | 2.0 | |
Once/year | 1.0 | |
No longer used during the past 30 years | 0.5 | |
Part used index (PUI) | Whole aerial parts | 3.0 |
Leaves with a few stems, whole aerial parts of very young plants | 2.0 | |
Root/root stocks, bulbs, leaves, fruits | 1.5 | |
Shoots | 1.25 | |
Bark, younger part of roots, stems, leaf stalks, young whorls of leaves, seeds | 1.0 | |
Younger part of shoots, buds, flowers, receptacles | 0.75 | |
Multifunctional food use index (MFFI) | Chutney, dosa, gravy, sauce, salad | 1.5 |
Jam, porridge, pickles, fried, syrups | 1.0 | |
Soup, milk preparation | 0.75 | |
Raw | 0.5 | |
Taste Score Appreciation Index (TSAI) | Best | 10.0 |
Very good | 9.0 | |
Good | 7.5 | |
Fair | 6.5 | |
Poor | 5.5 | |
Terrible | 4.0 | |
Food Medicinal Role Index (FMRI) | IAR of the taxa > mean + SD | 5.0 |
IAR of the taxa < mean + SD but IAR > mean − SD | 4.0 | |
IAR < mean − SD | 3.0 |
Results
Demographic profile of the informants
Number | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
35–40 | 7 | 8.53 |
41–50 | 44 | 53.65 |
51–60 | 26 | 31.70 |
Above 60 | 5 | 6.09 |
Gender | ||
Male | 80 | 97.56 |
Female | 2 | 2.43 |
Education | ||
Primary school | 5 | 6.09 |
Secondary school | 20 | 24.39 |
Higher secondary | 41 | 50.00 |
Degree | 16 | 19.51 |
Mode of learning | ||
From family members | 13 | 15.85 |
From traditional practitioners | 69 | 62.19 |
Experience | ||
5 years | 1 | 1.21 |
6–20 years | 62 | 75.60 |
21–50 years | 19 | 23.17 |
Nativity to the district | ||
Native | 52 | 63.41 |
Migrated | 30 | 36.58 |
Residence | ||
Urban | 35 | 42.68 |
Semi-urban | 24 | 29.26 |
Rural | 23 | 28.04 |
Occupation | ||
Full time practitioners | 82 | 100 |
Descriptive statistics of the medicinal foods
S.No | Binomial name, Voucher number & Family | Vernacular name | Parts used | Humoral propertya | Reported pharmacological action in Siddhaa | Illnesses treated | Illnesses categories | IAR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench SE201 (Malvaceae) |
Veṇṭaikkāy
| Tender fruits | Cold | Refrigerant, Aphrodisiac, Demulcent, Diuretic, Emollient, To treat diarrhea and dysentary | Diabetes (2), Coolant (1), Oligospermia (1) | Dia. (2), Coo. (1), Mal. (1) | 0.333 |
2. | Abutilon indicum (Link) Sweet SE193 (Malvaceae) |
Tutti
| Leaves | Cold | Demulcent, Tonic, Laxative, Diuretic, Sedative, To treat hemorrhoids, boils, gangrene and warts | Hemorrhoids (3) | Hem. (3) | 1.000 |
3. | Acalypha indica L. SE188 (Euphorbiaceae) |
Kuppaimēṉi
| Leaves | Hot | Anodyne, Anthelmintic, Cathartic, Diuretic, Emetic, Expectorant, Emmenagogue, To treat toothache, burns, organic poisons, stomachache, hemorrhoids, joint pain and bronchitis | Bronchitis (1), Hemorrhoids (2), Intestinal worms (1) | Hem. (2), Kap. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.333 |
4. | Allium cepa L. SE170 (Amaryllidaceae) |
Veṅkāyam
| Bulbs | Hot | Stimulant, Diuretic, Expectorant, Emmenagogue, Rubefacient, Demulcent, Aphrodisiac, To treat hemorrhoids, eczema, hypertension, mouth ulcers, polydipsia and diarrhea | Hemorroids (1), Bleeding through rectum (3), Oligospermia (2), Burning sensation (1) | Hem. (4), Mal. (2), Coo. (1) | 0.666 |
5. | Allium sativum L. SE107 (Amaryllidaceae) |
Veḷḷaippūṇṭu
| Bulbs | Hot | Carminative, Stomahic, Tonic, Alterative, Stimulant, Expectorant, Diuretic, Anthelmintic, To treat boils, cough, wheezing, intestinal worms and hemorrhoids | Indigestion (1), Dysmenorrhea (1), Diabetes (1), Heart ailments (1), Flatulance (1) | Gas. (2), Gyn. (1), Dia. (1), Hea. (1) | 0.250 |
6. | Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. SE108 (Asphodelaceae) |
Kaṟṟāḻai
| Leaves | Cold | Tonic, Alterative, Purgative, Emmenagogue, To treat dermatological ailments, leprosy, hemorrhoids, anal fistula, urolithiasis | Obesity (1), Urolithiasis (1), Liver ailments (1), Dysmenorrhea (2), Metrorrhagia (1), Uteral ailments (1), Gastrointestinal ailments (1) | Gyn. (4), Obe. (1), Uri. (1), Liv. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.428 |
7. | Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. SE159 (Amaranthaceae) |
Poṉṉāṅkaṇṇi
| Leaves | Cold | Alterative, Coolant, Good for eyes | Menstrual migraine (1), To increase memory and vision (1) | Gyn. (1), Psy. (1), Eye. (1) | 0.000 |
8. | Amaranthus viridis L. SE117 (Amaranthaceae) |
Araikkīrai
| Leaves | Hot | Stimulant, Aphrodisiac | Male infertility (1), Anemia (1), General weakness (2) | Wea. (2), Mal. (1), Blo. (1) | 0.333 |
9. | Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson SE113 (Araceae) |
Karuṇaikkiḻaṅku
| Rhizomes | Cold | Alterative, Nutritive, Tonic, To treat pulmonary ailments, Hemorrhoids and anorexia | Hemorrhoids (3), Hypertension (1) | Hem. (3), Hpt. (1) | 0.666 |
10. | Anacardium occidentale L. SE127 (Anacardiaceae) |
Muntiri
| Seeds | Cold | Tonic, Aphrodisiac | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
11. | Annona squamosa L. SE183 (Annonaceae) |
Cītāppaḻam
| Fruits | Cold | Coolant | Coolant (1), Gastric ulcers (1) | Coo. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.000 |
12. | Arachis hypogaea L. SE126 (Fabaceae) |
Vērkkaṭalai
| Seeds | Hot | Nutrient, laxative, Emollient | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
13. | Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. SE200 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Veṇpūcaṇi
| Tender fruits | Cold | Diuretic, Styptic, Tonic, Alterative, Nutrient, To treat dysuria, fever, dermatological ailments, leucorrhea, psychological ailments | Dysuria (1), To gain weight (1) | Uri. (1), Wea. (1) | 0.000 |
14. | Beta vulgaris L. SE150 (Amaranthaceae) |
Pīṭrūṭ
| Rhizomes | -- | -- | Anemia (2), Male infertility (1), Hypotension (1) | Blo. (2), Mal. (1), Hpo. (1) | 0.333 |
15. | Boerhavia diffusa L. SE194 (Nyctaginaceae) |
Mūkkiraṭṭai
| Leaves | Hot | Expectorant, Diuretic, Laxative, Coolant, Anthelmintic, Emetic | Dysuria (3) | Uri. (3) | 1.000 |
16. | Borassus flabellifer L. SE168 (Arecaceae) |
Paṉai
| Inflorescence | Cold | Coolant, Diuretic | Burning sensation (3), Jaundice (1) | Coo. (3), Jau. (1) | 0.666 |
17. | Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. SE199 |
Nūkkal
| Stems | -- | -- | Diabetes (2) | Dia. (2) | 1.000 |
18. | Cardiospermum halicacabum L. SE109 (Sapindaceae) |
Muṭakkottāṉ
| Leaves | Hot | Diuretic, Laxative, Stomachic, Rubefacient, Antirheumatic, Nutritive, To treat musculo-skeletal and dermatological ailments | Rhinitis (1), Cough (1), Somatalgia (3) | Ana. (3), Kap. (2) | 0.750 |
19. | Carica papaya L. SE182 (Caricaceae) |
Pappāḷi
| Fruits | Hot | Laxative, Tonic, Diuretic, Lactogogue | Constipation (1), Lactogogue (1), Joint pain (1) | Gas. (1), Gyn. (1), Vad. (1) | 0.000 |
20. | Cassia fistula L. SE197 (Fabaceae) |
Carakkoṉṟai
| Flowers | Hot | Vermifuge, To treat leucorrhea, anemia, jaundice, dermatological infections and diabetes | Diabetes (1) | Dia. (1) | 0.000 |
21. | Centella asiatica (L.) Urban SE157 (Apiaceae) |
Vallārai
| Leaves | Cold | Alterative, Tonic, Diuretic, Stimulant, Emmenagogue, To treat fever, elephantiasis, scrotal swelling, Swollen lymph nodes, eczema, wounds and swellings | To strengthen memory (2), Hypothyroidism (1) | Psy. (2), Thy. (1) | 0.500 |
22. | Cicer arietinum L. SE129 (Fabaceae) |
Koṇṭaikkaṭalai
| Seeds | Cold | Antibilious, Diuretic, Aphrodisiac | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1), Menstrual cramps (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1), Gyn. (1) | 0.333 |
23. | Cichorium intybus L. SE176 (Asteraceae) |
Kāciṉikkīrai
| Leaves | -- | -- | Male infertility (1) | Mal. (1) | 0.000 |
24. | Cissus quadrangularis L. SE137 (Vitaceae) |
Piraṇṭai
| Stem | Hot | Alterative, Emmenagogue, Stomachic, To treat hemorrhoids, anorexia, ulcers, diarrhea and fatigue | Obesity (1), Gastric ulcers (1), Bone fractures (1), Hemorrhoids (3) | Hem. (3), Obe. (1), Gas. (1), Bon. (1) | 0.400 |
25. | Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai SE178 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Tarpūcaṇi
| Fruits | Cold | Coolant, Diuretic | Hyperacidity (2), Dysuria (1) | Gas. (2), Uri. (1) | 0.500 |
26. | Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck SE167 (Rutaceae) |
Elumiccai
| Fruits | Hot | Carminative, Rubefacient, To treat fainting, nausea, polydipsia, psychological ailments, eye ailments | Indigestion (3), Constipation (1), Heart ailments (1), Acne (1), Diabetes (1), Arthritis (2), To increase vision (1), Hypothyroidism (1) | Gas. (4), Vad. (2), Hea. (1), Der. (1), Dia. (1), Eye. (1), Thy. (1) | 0.400 |
27. | Citrus medica L. SE184 (Rutaceae) |
Nārattai
| Fruits | Cold | Aromatic, Stomachic, Astringent, Sedative, Digestive, Good to treat hypertension | Hyperacidity (1), Heart ailments (2), Gastric ulcers (2), Hypertension (2), Anorexia (2), Dermatological ailments (1) | Gas. (5), Hea. (2), Hpt. (2), Der. (1) | 0.666 |
28. | Citrus reticulata Blanco SE185 (Rutaceae) |
Ārañcu
| Fruits | -- | -- | Heart ailments (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
29. | Cleome gynandra L. SE190 (Cleomaceae) |
Nalla vēḷai
| Leaves | Hot | Rubefacient, Anthelmintic, Antispasmodic, Carminative, Diaphoretic | Joint pain (1), Rhinitis (2), Fever (1), Heart ailments (1) | Kap. (2), Fev. (1), Vad. (1), Hea. (1) | 0.250 |
30. |
Coccinia grandis
(L.) Voigt SE147 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Kōvaikkāy
| Tender fruits | Cold | Expectorant, Antispasmodic, Febrifuge, To treat anorexia, fever, bronchitis and eczema | Gastric ulcers (3), Mouth ulcers (2), Oliguria (1), Diabetes (5), Burning sensation (2), Bronchitis (1) | Gas. (5), Dia. (5), Coo. (2), Uri. (1), Kap. (1) | 0.692 |
31. | Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels SE139 (Menispermaceae) |
Kaṭṭukkoṭi
| Leaves | Hot | Alterative, Laxative, Demulcent, Coolant, To treat diarrhea, metrorrhagia, dysuria and gastric ulcers | Oligospermia (1), Coolant (1) | Mal. (1), Coo. (1) | 0.000 |
32. | Cocos nucifera L. SE154 (Arecaceae) |
Tēṅkāy
| Endosperm | Cold | Coolant, Aperient, Nutrient, Diuretic, To treat mouth ulcers | Male infertility (1), Hypotension (1), Gastric ulcers (1), Mouth ulcers (1) | Gas. (2), Mal. (1), Hpo. (1) | 0.333 |
33. | Cucumis sativus L. SE174 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Veḷḷarikkāy
| Tender fruits | Cold | Diuretic, Nutrient, Demulcent, Coolant | Hyperacidity (2) | Gas. (2) | 0.000 |
34. | Cuminum cyminum L. SE134 (Apiaceae) |
Cīrakam
| Seeds | Cold | Carminative, Stimulant, Stomachic, Astringent, To treat hypertension, liver ailments, urolithiasis, dysentery, wheezing, rhinitis, insomnia | Somatalgia (1), Anemia (1), Anorexia (1), Coolant (2), Hypertension (1), Gastric ulcers (2) | Gas. (3), Coo. (2), Ana. (1), Blo. (1), Hpt. (1) | 0.428 |
35. | Daucus carota L. SE153 (Apiaceae) |
Kāraṭ
| Rhizome | -- | -- | Male infertility (1), Hypotension (1), Bloating (1), Nausea (1) | Gas. (2), Mal. (1), Hpo. (1) | 0.333 |
36. | Digera muricata (L.) Mart. SE192 (Amaranthaceae) |
Toyyakkīrai
| Leaves | Cold | Coolant | Diarrhea (1), Dysentery (1) | Gas. (2) | 1.000 |
37. | Echinochloa frumentacea Link SE123 (Poaceae) |
Kutiraivāli
| Seeds | -- | -- | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
38. | Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. SE177 (Asteraceae) |
Karicalāṅkaṇṇi
| Leaves | Hot | Cholagogue, Tonic, Alterative, Emetic, Laxative, Deobstruent, Hepatoprotective, To treat throat ailments, jaundice, leprosy, ascites, anemia and toothache | To increase memory (1) and vision (1), Liver ailments (2), Anemia (2) | Liv. (2), Blo. (2), Psy. (1), Eye. (1) | 0.400 |
39. | Eleusine coracana Gaertn. SE118 (Poaceae) |
Kēḻvaraku
| Seeds | Cold | Nutrient, Astringent, To treat diabetes | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1), Diabetes (1), To strengthen memory (1), Anemia (2) | Wea. (2), Blo. (2), Fat. (1), Dia. (1), Psy. (1) | 0.333 |
40. | Erythrina variegata L. SE138 (Fabaceae) |
Kalyāṇamuruṅkai
| Leaves | Hot | Diuretic, Laxative, Emmenagogue, Lactogogue | Bronchitis (1) | Kap. (1) | 0.000 |
41. | Ferula assa-foetida L. SE136 (Apiaceae) |
Peruṅkāyam
| Resin | Hot | Stimulant, Carminative, Antispasmodic, Expectorant, Laxative, Anthelmintic, Diuretic, Aphrodisiac, Emmenagogue | Somatalgia (1) | Ana. (1) | 0.000 |
42. | Ficus benghalensis L. SE142 (Moraceae) |
Āl
| Fruits | Cold | Astringent, Tonic, Aphrodisiac | Oligospermia (1) | Mal. (1) | 0.000 |
43. | Ficus racemosa L. SE140 (Moraceae) |
Atti
| Fruits | Cold | Astringent, Laxative, Good to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids and anemia | Oligospermia (1), Anemia (2), Male infertility (1), Constipation (1), Wheezing (1), Gastric ulcers (1), Hemorrhoids (1) | Mal. (2), Blo. (2), Gas. (2), Hem. (1), Kap. (1) | 0.428 |
44. | Ficus religiosa L. SE141 (Moraceae) |
Aracu
| Fruits | Cold | Laxative, Coolant | Oligospermia (1) | Mal. (1) | 0.000 |
45. | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. SE114 (Apiaceae) |
Peruñcīrakam
| Seeds | Hot | Carminative, Stomachic, To treat uteral ailments, fever, indigestion, bloating, cough, liver ailments, wheezing, rhinitis | Heart ailments (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
46. | Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. SE101 (Clusiaceae) |
Koṭampuḷi
| Fruits | Hot | Carminative, Digestive | Obesity (1) | Obe. (1) | 0.000 |
47. | Gossypium spp. SE169 (Malvaceae) |
Parutti
| Seeds | Hot | Laxative, Expectorant, Aphrodisiac | General weakness (1), Somatalgia (1) | Wea. (1), Ana. (1) | 0.000 |
48. | Hibiscus cannabinus L. SE202 (Malvaceae) |
Puḷiccakīrai
| Leaves | Hot | Emollient, Laxative, To treat anorexia and hypertension | Anorexia (1) | Gas. (1) | 0.000 |
49. | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. SE102 (Malvaceae) |
Cemparattai
| Flowers | Cold | Laxative, Aphrodisiac, Emmenagogue, Emollient, Demulcent, Coolant, To treat leucorrhea, metrorrhagia and hypertension | Male infertility (1), Heart ailments (2) | Hea. (2), Mal. (1) | 0.500 |
50. | Hybanthus enneaspermus (G.Don) R.Br. ex Arn. SE162 (Violaceae) |
Oritaḻtāmarai
| Flowers | Cold | Nutritive, Aphrodisiac | Oligospermia (1), Hypothyroidism (1) | Mal. (1), Hpo. (1) | 0.000 |
51. | Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. SE191 (convolvulaceae) |
Vaḷḷaikkīrai
| Leaves | Cold | Coolant, Lactogogue, Aphrodisiac, Antidiabetic | Mouth ulcers (1), Gastric ulcers (2), Oligospermia (2) | Gas. (3), Mal. (2) | 0.750 |
52. | Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. SE104 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Curaikkāy
| Tender fruits | Cold | Coolant, Diuretic, Nutritive, Antibilious | Obesity (1), Coolant (1), To strengthen memory (1), Swelling of the limbs (1), Dysuria (2) | Uri. (3), Obe. (1), Coo. (1), Psy. (1) | 0.500 |
53. | Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link SE112 (Lamiaceae) |
Tumpai
| Leaves | Hot | Laxative, Expectorant, Stimulant, Emmenagogue, To treat headache, throat ailments, polydipsia, cough, bronchitis, sinusitis, leucorrhea, fatigue, somatalgia | Rhinitis (1), Cough (1), Somatalgia (1) | Kap. (2), Ana. (1) | 0.500 |
54. | Limonia acidissima Groff SE148 (Rutaceae) |
Viḷā
| Fruit bulbs | Cold | Aromatic, Coolant, To treat anorexia, bloating, polydipsia, cough and bronchitis | Diabetes (3), Polydipsia (1), Hypertension (1) | Dia. (4), Hpt. (1) | 0.750 |
55. | Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. SE100 (Fabaceae) |
Koḷḷu
| Seeds | Hot | Astringent, Diuretic, Tonic | Obesity (1) | Obe. (1) | 0.000 |
56. | Mangifera indica L. SE181 (Anacardiaceae) |
Mā
| Fruits | Hot | Laxative, Diuretic, Tonic, Aphrodisiac | Male infertility (2), Heart ailments (4), Anorexia (3), To increase vision (1) | Hea. (4), Mal. (2), Gas. (3), Eye. (1) | 0.666 |
57. | Marsilea quadrifolia L. SE195 (Marsileaceae) |
Āraikkīrai
| Leaves | Cold | Coolant, Polyuria | Polyuria (2), Ulcers in urinary tract (2) | Dia. (2), Uri. (2) | 0.666 |
58. | Melochia corchorifolia L. SE189 (Malvaceae) |
Puṇṇākkukkīrai
| Leaves | Cold | Diuretic, Laxative | Pain during menopause (1) | Gyn. (1) | 0.000 |
59. | Mentha arvensis L. SE171 (Lamiaceae) |
Putiṉā
| Leaves | Hot | Stomachic, Diuretic, Stimulant, Carminative, Antispasmodic | Anemia (1), Anorexia (1) | Blo. (1), Ana. (1) | 0.000 |
60. | Momordica charantia L. SE149 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Pākaṟkāy
| Tender fruits | Hot | Tonic, Stomachic, Stimulant, Antibilious, Laxative, Alterative, Anthelmintic | Diabetes (1), Bloating (1), Intestinal worms (1) | Gas. (2), Dia. (1) | 0.500 |
61. | Moringa oleifera Lam. SE111 (Moringaceae) |
Muruṅkai
| Leaves | Cold | Antispasmodic, Stimulant, Expectorant, Diuretic, To treat anorexia, headache, fainting and eye ailments | Rhinitis (1), Cough (1), Somatalgia (2), Anemia (5), General weakness (1), To increase vision (1), Hypertension (2), Diabetes (1), Obesity (1), Anorexia (1), Menstrual migraine (2) | Blo. (5), Ana. (2), Hpt. (2), Gyn. (2), Kap. (2), Wea. (1), Eye. (1), Dia. (1), Obe. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.470 |
62. | Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. SE160 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Mucumucukkai
| Leaves | Hot | Expectorant, To treat cough, bronchitis, wheezing, rhinitis | Asthma (2), Bronchitis (2), Cough (1) | Kap. (5) | 1.000 |
63. | Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel SE106 (Rutaceae) |
Kaṟivēppilai
| Leaves | Hot | Tonic, Stomachic, Diarrhea, Nausea, Fever, Psychological ailments | Indigestion (2), Dysmenorrhea (1), Diabetes (1), Anemia (1), Obesity (1), Anorexia (1), Bloating (1) | Gas. (4), Gyn. (1), Dia. (1), Blo. (1), Obe. (1) | 0.428 |
64. | Musa paradisiaca L. SE145 (Musaceae) |
Vāḻai
| Tender fruits, Flowers | Hot | Demulcent, Laxative, Nutritive, To treat hemorrhoids | Menstrual cramps (3), Gastric ulcers (3), Mouth ulcers (1), Hyperacidity (1), Hemorrhoids (2), Bleeding through rectum (1) | Gas. (5), Hem. (3), Gyn. (3) | 0.800 |
65. | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SE105 (Nelumbonaceae) |
Tāmarai
| Flowers | Cold | Coolant, Astringent, Expectorant, Sedative, To treat fever, polydipsia and liver ailments | Heart ailments (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
66. | Nigella sativa L. SE135 (Ranunculaceae) |
Karuñcīrakam
| Seeds | Hot | Carminative, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Lactogogue, Anthelmintic, Stomachic, Antibiotic, Emmollient, To treat eczema, headache, cough, vomiting, nausea and jaundice | Somatalgia (1), Amenorrhea (1) | Ana. (1), Gyn. (1) | 0.000 |
67. | Oldenlandia umbellata L. SE161 (Rubiaceae) |
Impūral
| Leaves | Cold | Expectorant, Styptic, Cholagogue, Good to treat internal bleeding | Productive cough (1), Bronchitis (1), Sinusitis (1) | Kap. (3) | 1.000 |
68. | Oryza sativa L. SE130 (Poaceae) |
Arici
| Seeds | Cold | Nutrient, Demulcent, Coolant | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1), Diabetes (1), Anemia (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1), Dia. (1), Blo. (1) | 0.250 |
69. | Oxalis corniculata L. SE203 (Oxalidaceae) |
Puḷiyārai
| Leaves | Cold | Stomachic, Coolant, Astringent, To treat fainting, diarrhea, bleeding through anus and hemorrhoids | Hypertension (2), Insomnia (1) | Hpt. (2), Psy. (1) | 0.500 |
70. | Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult. SE121 (Poaceae) |
Cāmai
| Seeds | Cold | Demulcent, Tonic, To treat polydipsia, fever and musculo-skeletal disorders | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
71. | Paspalum scrobiculatum L. SE120 (Poaceae) |
Varaku
| Seeds | Cold | Chologogue | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
72. | Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br. SE119 (Poaceae) |
Kampu
| Seeds | Cold | Tonic | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1), Anemia (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1), Blo. (1) | 0.333 |
73. | Phoenix dactylifera L. SE156 (Arecaceae) |
Pērīṭcai
| Fruits | Hot | Tonic, Nutritive, Demulcent, Laxative, Diuretic, Febrifuge, Coolant, Expectorant, Aphrodisiac, Good to treat polydipsia, anorexia and diabetes | Male infertility (1), Hypotension (1), General weakness (1) | Mal. (1), Hpo. (1), Wea. (1) | 0.000 |
74. | Phyllanthus emblica L. SE152 (Phyllanthaceae) |
Nellikkāy
| Fruits | Cold | Astringent, Coolant, Diuretic, Laxative, To treat bronchitis, sinusitis, nausea, vomiting, giddiness and hypertension | Heart ailments (2), Anemia (2), Constipation (1), Wheezing (1), Burning sensation (1), Diabetes (1), Anorexia (2), Rheumatalgia (1), To increase vision (2), Hypothyroidism (1) | Gas. (3), Hea. (2), Blo. (2), Eye. (2), Kap. (1), Coo. (1), Dia. (1), Vad. (1), Hpo. (1) | 0.384 |
75. | Piper longum L. SE133 (Piperaceae) |
Tippili
| Seeds | Hot | Stimulant, Carminative, To treat cough, gastric ulcers, wheezing, anemia, fainting, anorexia, bloating, headache, sinusitis, throat ailments and oligospermia | Somatalgia (1) | Ana. (1) | 0.000 |
76. | Piper nigrum L. SE132 (Piperaceae) |
Miḷaku
| Seeds | Hot | Acrid, Carminative, Febrifuge, Rubefacient, Stimulant, Resolvent, Antidote | Somatalgia (1), Anemia (1), Anorexia (1) | Ana. (1), Blo. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.000 |
77. | Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. SE143 (Lamiaceae) |
Ōmavalli
| Leaves | Hot | Stimulant, Diaphoretic, Expectorant | Rhinitis (1), Bronchitis (1) | Kap. (2) | 1.000 |
78. | Portulaca quadrifida L. SE173 (Portulacaceae) |
Ciṟu pacalai
| Leaves | Cold | Diuretic, Stomachic, Aphrodisiac, Antibilious | Dysuria (2), Gastric ulcers (2), Hypertension (1), Anemia (1) | Uri. (2), Gas. (2), Hpt. (1), Blo. (1) | 0.400 |
79. | Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb SE128 (Rosaceae) |
Vātumai
| Seeds | Cold | Demulcent, Emollient, Nutrient | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
80. | Psidium guajava L. SE179 (Myrtaceae) |
Koyyā
| Fruits | Hot | Tonic, Astringent | Hyperacidity (1), Constipation (2), Diabetes (1) | Gas. (3), Dia. (1) | 0.666 |
81. | Punica granatum L. SE166 (Lythraceae) |
Mātuḷai
| Fruits | Cold | Astringent, Coolant | Bromhirdosis (1), Hyperacidity (1), Constipation (1), Gastric ulcers (1), Anorexia (2), Wheezing (1), Rheumatalgia (1), To increase vision (1), Hypothyroidism (1) | Gas. (5), Der. (1), Kap. (1), Vad. (1), Eye. (1), Thy. (1) | 0.444 |
82. | Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. SE103 (Fabaceae) |
Āvārai
| Flowers | Cold | Astringent, Tonic, Good to treat Diabetes | Male infertility (1), Lumbago (1), Diabetes (2), Burning sensation (1) | Mal. (1), Vad. (1), Dia. (2), Coo. (1) | 0.000 |
83. | Sesamum indicum L. SE116 Pedaliaceae |
Eḷ
| Seeds | Hot | Emmenagogue, Stimulant, Tonic, Diuretic, Lactogogue, Laxative | Male infertility (1), Diabetes (1), Amenorrhea (1) | Mal. (1), Dia. (1), Gyn. (1) | 0.000 |
84. | Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret SE165 (Fabaceae) |
Akatti
| Leaves | Cold | Antidote, Coolant, Laxative, Vermifuge | Obesity (1), Gastric ulcers (3), Hemorrhoids (1), Burning sensation (1), Dysuria (1), Hypertension (1) | Gas. (3), Obe. (1), Hem. (1), Coo. (1), Uri. (1), Hpt. (1) | 0.285 |
85. | Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois SE122 (Poaceae) |
Tiṉai
| Seeds | Hot | Nutrient, Diuretic, Astringent, Appitizer | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
86. | Solanum americanum Mill. SE158 (Solanaceae) |
Maṇattakkāḷi
| Leaves | Cold | Alterative, Diuretic, Diaphoretic, Expectorant, To treat mouth ulcers and bronchitis | Menstrual migraine (1), Strength bones (1) and nerves (1), Bronchitis (1), Somatalgia (2), Heart ailments (1), Wheezing (1), Gastric ulcers (2), Mouth ulcers (2), Fever (1), Fatigue (1), Convulsions (1), Headache (1), Liver diseases (1), Jaundice (1), Mumps (1), Cough (1), Dermatological ailments (1), Hypertension (1), Constipation (1) | Gas. (5), Kap. (3), Der. (2), Neu. (2), Ana. (2), Gyn. (1), Bon. (1), Hea. (1), Fev. (1), Fat. (1), Hed. (1), Liv. (1), Jau. (1), Hpt. (1) | 0.409 |
87. | Solanum lycopersicum L. SE180 (Solanaceae) |
Takkāḷi
| Fruits | Cold | Tonic, Coolant, To treat anemia | Constipation (1), Heart ailments (1), Diabetes (1), Anorexia (1), Rheumatalgia (1), To increase vision (1) | Gas. (2), Hea. (1), Dia. (1), Vad. (1), Eye. (1) | 0.200 |
88. | Solanum torvum Sw. SE146 (Solanaceae) |
Cuṇṭaikkāy
| Dried fruits | Hot | Expectorant, Germicide, Stomachic, To treat bloating, bronchitis, anorexia, intestinal worms and indigestion | Hypotension (1), Heart ailments (1), Bronchitis (1), Anemia (1), Wheezing (1), Diarrhea (1), Diabetes (1) | Kap. (2), Hpo. (1), Hea. (1), Blo. (1), Gas. (1), Dia. (1) | 0.166 |
89. | Solanum trilobatum L. SE110 (Solanaceae) |
Tūtuvaḷai
| Leaves | Hot | Stimulant, Expectorant, Tonic, Aphrodisiac, To treat bronchitis, cough and rhinitis | Rhinitis (1), Cough (1), Somatalgia (1), To increase memory (1), Male infertility (2), Oligospermia (1) | Mal. (3), Kap. (2), Ana. (1), Psy. (1) | 0.500 |
90. | Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench SE124 (Poaceae) |
Veḷḷaiccōḷam
| Seeds | Cold | Nutrient, Laxative | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
91. | Spinacia oleracea L. SE175 Amaranthaceae |
Pālakkīrai
| Leaves | -- | -- | Hypertension (1) | Hpt. (1) | 0.000 |
92. | Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels SE151 (Myrtaceae) |
Nāval
| Fruits | Cold | Stomachic, Diuretic, Tonic, Astringent, coolant, To treat polyuria, polydipsia and dysuria | Diabetes (2) | Dia. (2) | 1.000 |
93. | Tamarindus indica L. SE198 (Fabaceae) |
Puḷi
| Fruits | Hot | Laxative, To treat vomiting and hypertension | Anorexia (1), Nausea (1) | Gas. (2) | 1.000 |
94. | Trachyspermum ammi Sprague. SE115 (Apiaceae) |
Ōmam
| Seeds | Hot | Stomachic, Antispasmodic, Carminative, Antiseptic, Stimulant, Tonic, Sialogogue, to treat Cough, Diarrhea, Wheezing and Toothache | Heart ailments (1), Somatalgia (1) | Hea. (1), Ana. (1) | 0.000 |
95. | Trianthema portulacastrum L. SE187 (Aizoaceae) |
Cāraṇai
| Leaves | Hot | Laxative, Diuretic, To treat jaundice, swelling, anemia and bronchitis | Heart ailments (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
96. | Tribulus terrestris L. SE196 (Zygophyllaceae) |
Ciṟu neruñcil
| Leaves | Cold | Coolant, Diuretic, Demulcent, Tonic, Aphrodisiac, Astringent, To treat dysuria, fever, urolithiasis, enlargement of prostate, leucorrhea and polydipsia | Dysuria (2), Oligospermia (2), Burning sensation (1) | Uri. (2), Mal. (2), Coo. (1) | 0.500 |
97. | Trichosanthes cucumerina L. SE172 (Cucurbitaceae) |
Puṭal
| Tender fruits | Cold | Coolant, Aphrodisiac | Oliguria (1) | Uri. (1) | 0.000 |
98. | Trigonella foenum-graecum L. SE163 (Fabaceae) |
Ventayam
| Seeds | Cold | Coolant, Laxative, Diuretic, Demulcent, Astringent, Emollient, Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Tonic, To treat diarrhea, burning sensation, hypertension, fever, polydipsia and cough | Diabetes (1), Burning sensation (1), Anemia (2) | Blo. (2), Dia. (1), Coo. (1) | 0.333 |
99. | Triticum aestivum L. SE164 (Poaceae) |
Kōtumai
| Seeds | Cold | Nutritive, Demulcent, Aphrodisiac, Antirheumatic | Diabetes (1) | Dia. (1) | 0.000 |
100. | Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper SE144 (Fabaceae) |
Uḷuntu
| Seeds | Cold | Demulcent, Coolant, Aphrodisiac, Lactogogue, Nervine tonic, Nutritive, Good to strengthen pelvic bones | General weakness (3), Burning sensation (1), Cervicalgia (1), Lumbago (1), Ovulation problems (1), As supplement after puberty (1), Diabetes (1), Anemia (1) | Wea. (3), Vad. (2), Gyn. (2), Coo. (1), Dia. (1), Blo. (1) | 0.444 |
101. | Vitis vinifera L. SE155 (Vitaceae) |
Tirāṭcai
| Fruits | Cold | Laxative, Coolant, Diuretic, Nutritive, to treat anemia, bleeding and heart ailments | Male infertility (1), Hypotension (1), Anemia (2), Anorexia (2), Constipation (1), Wheezing (1), Rheumatalgia (1) | Gas. (3), Blo. (2), Mal. (1), Hpo. (1), Kap. (1), Vad. (1) | 0.375 |
102. | Zea mays L. SE125 (Poaceae) |
Makkāccōḷam
| Seeds | Cold | Tonic, Aphrodisiac | General weakness (2), Fatigue (1) | Wea. (2), Fat. (1) | 0.500 |
103. | Zingiber officinale Roscoe. SE131 (Zingiberaceae) |
Iñci
| Rhizomes | Hot | Carminative, Stomachic, Sialogogue, Digestive, Stimulant, Rubefacient | Somatalgia (1), Bloating (1) | Ana. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.000 |
104. | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. SE186 (Rhamnaceae) |
Ilantai
| Fruits | Cold | Astringent, Emollient, Appitizer, Antiemetic | Anorexia (3), Nausea (1), Diabetes (1) | Gas. (4), Dia. (1) | 0.750 |
S.No | Binomial name | Vernacular name | Parts used | Humoral propertya | Reported pharmacological action in Siddhaa | Illnesses treated | Illnesses categories | IAR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis (J. E. Gray, 1831) |
Vilāṅku
| Meat | Cold | Aphrodisiac | Fatigue (1), Joint pain (1) | Fat. (1). Vad. (1) | 0.000 |
2. |
Bos taurus
Linnaeus, 1758 |
Pacu
| Milk | Cold | To treat fever, internal ulcers, pain, urinary ailments, fatigue and emaciation | To increase memory (1), Burning sensation (2), Oliguria (1), Indigestion (1) | Psy. (1), Coo. (2), Uri. (1), Gas. (1) | 0.500 |
3. |
Capra aegagrus hircus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Veḷḷāṭu
| Meat | Cold | Nutritive, Aphrodisiac, To treat fever and tuberculosis | Oligospermia (1), Impotence (1), Gastric ulcers (1), Bone fractures (2) | Mal. (2), Gas. (1), Bon. (2) | 0.500 |
4. | Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 |
Pāṟai
| Meat | -- | -- | Anabolic (1), Cough (1), Chest pain (1), Wheezing (1), Coolant (1) | Anb. (1), Kap. (2), Hea. (1), Coo. (1) | 0.250 |
5. | Channa spp. |
Virāl
| Meat | -- | -- | Anabolic (1), Oligospermia (1), Coolant (1) | Anb. (1), Mal. (1), Coo. (1) | 0.000 |
6. | Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775) |
Pāl keṇṭai
| Meat | Cold | -- | Lactogogue (1), Fatigue (1), Impotence (1) | Gyn. (1), Fat. (1), Mal.(1) | 0.000 |
7. | Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) |
Kālā
| Meat | -- | -- | Impotence (1), Heart diseases (1), Hypertension (1), Urolithiasis (2) | Uri. (2), Mal. (1), Hea. (1), Hpt. (1) | 0.250 |
8. | Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) |
Nīla tuṭuppu cūṟai
| Meat | -- | -- | Fever (1), Cough (2) | Kap. (2), Fev. (1) | 0.500 |
9. | Fenneropenaeus indicus (Milne-Edwards, 1837) |
Veḷḷai iṟāl
| Meat | Hot | Anabolic, To treat anemia | To improve vision (1), Anabolic (3), Lactogogue (1) | Anb. (3), Eye. (1), Gyn. (1) | 0.500 |
10 | Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Kōḻi
| Eggs | Cold | Antirhematic, Aphrodisiac, To treat ulcers and bronchitis | Anemia (2), Bronchitis for children (1) | Blo. (2), Kap. (1) | 0.500 |
11. |
Gerres oyena
(Forsskal, 1775) |
Uṭuvāṉ
| Meat | -- | -- | Somatalgia (1), Bronchitis (1), Lactogogue (1) | Anb. (1), Kap. (1), Gyn. (1) | 0.000 |
12. |
Gibelion catla
(Hamilton, 1822) |
Kaṭlā
| Meat | Cold | -- | Fatigue (2), Somatalgia (1), Impotence (1), Lactogogue (2), To increase vision (1) | Fat. (2), Gyn. (2), Ana. (1), Mal. (1), Eye. (1) | 0.333 |
13. |
Himantura uarnak
(Forsskal, 1775) |
Tirukkai
| Meat | Hot | Aphrodisiac | Somatalgia (1), Wheezing (3) | Kap. (3), Ana. (1) | 0.666 |
14. |
Katelysia opima
(Gmelin, 1791) |
Cippi
| Meat | -- | -- | Bronchitis (1), Impotence (2) | Mal. (2), Kap. (1) | 0.500 |
15. |
Lactarius lactarius
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) |
Cutumpu
| Meat | -- | -- | Chest pain (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
16. |
Lates calcarifer
(Bloch, 1790) |
Koṭuvā
| Meat | -- | -- | Rheumatalgia (3), Impotence (1) | Vad. (3), Mal. (1) | 0.666 |
17. |
Lebeo rohita
Hamilton, 1822 |
Kaṇṇādi kendai
| Meat | -- | -- | Somatalgia (1), Heart disease (1), Eye disease (1), Obesity (1) | Ana. (1), Hea. (1), Eye. (1), Obe. (1) | 0.000 |
18. | Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Puraṇṭi
| Meat | -- | -- | Cough (1) | Kap. (1) | 0.000 |
19. | Mystus sp. |
Keḷutti
| Meat | Cold | Aphrodisiac | Bronchitis (1) | Kap. (1) | 0.000 |
20. |
Nemipterus japonicas
(Bloch, 1791) |
Caṅkarā
| Meat | -- | -- | Chest pain (1) | Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
21. |
Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters, 1852) |
Jilēppi
| Meat | -- | -- | Bronchitis (1), Joint pain (1), Fatigue (1), Lactogogue (1), Chest pain (1) | Kap. (1), Vad. (1), Fat. (1), Gyn. (1), Hea. (1) | 0.000 |
22. | Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) |
Vavāl
| Meat | -- | -- | Cough (2), Lactogogue (1) | Kap. (2), Gyn. (1) | 0.500 |
23. | Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) |
Karuppu vavāl
| Meat | Hot | Aprhrodisiac and lactogogue | Wheezing (3), To increase memory (1) | Kap. (3), Psy. (1) | 0.666 |
24. | Parathelphusa hydrodromus (Bloch, 1795) |
Cēṟṟu naṇṭu
| Meat | Hot | Stimulant, Febrifuge, To treat bronchitis, rheumatism and indigestion | Fever (3) | Fev. (3) | 1.000 |
25. |
Parupeneus indicus
(Shaw, 1803) |
Nakarai/ mussara
| Meat | -- | -- | Coolant (1) | Coo. (1) | 0.000 |
26. |
Portunus sanguinolentus
(Herbst, 1783) |
Kaṭal naṇṭu
| Meat | Hot | -- | Bronchitis (3), Fever (2) | Kap. (3), Fev. (2) | 0.750 |
27. | Rachycentron canadus (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Ney mīṉ
| Meat | -- | -- | Good for pregnant women (1), Lactogogue (1) | Gyn. (2) | 1.000 |
28. | Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) |
Kāṉaṅkattai
| Meat | -- | -- | Bronchitis (3) | Kap. (3) | 1.000 |
29. |
Sardinella longiceps
Valenciennes, 1847 |
Peichālai
| Meat | -- | -- | Anabolic (4), Fatigue (1) | Anb. (4), Fat. (1) | 0.750 |
30. | Scoliodon laticaudus Muller & Henle, 1838 |
Piḷḷaiccuṟā
| Meat | Hot | Appitizer, lactogogue, To treat rheumatism and bronchitis | Lactogogue (7) | Gyn. (7) | 1.000 |
31. | Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) |
Vañciram
| Meat | -- | -- | Obesity (1), Fatigue (1), Chest pain (1), Rheumatalgia (1) | Obe. (1), Fat. (1), Hea. (1), Vad. (1) | 0.000 |
32. | Sphyraena jello Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829 |
Ūḻi
| Meat | -- | -- | Lactogogue (1), Anabolic (2), Coolant (1) | Anb. (2), Gyn. (1), Coo. (1) | 0.333 |
33. | Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) |
Nettili
| Meat | -- | -- | Cough (1), Wheezing (2), Lactogogue (2) | Kap. (3), Gyn. (2) | 0.750 |
34. | Stolephorus spp. | -- | Meat | -- | -- | Oligospermia (2) | Mal. (2) | 1.000 |
35. | Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795) |
Poruvā
| Meat | -- | -- | Arthritis (1) | Vad. (1) | 0.000 |
36. | Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray, 1831) |
Ōlai vāḷai
| Meat | Hot | Appitizer, To treat bronchitis and rheumatism | Giddiness (1), Bronchitis (2), Joint pain (1) | Kap. (2), Hyp. (1), Vad. (1) | 0.333 |
37. |
Upeneus sulphureus
Cuvier, 1829 |
Navarai
| Meat | -- | -- | Joint pain (2) | Vad. (2) | 1.000 |
38. |
Uroteuthis duvauceli
(d’Orbigny, 1835) |
Ūci kaṉavā
| Meat | -- | -- | Anemia (2), Rheumatalgia (1), Bronchitis (1) | Blo. (2), Vad. (1), Kap. (1) | 0.333 |
Consensus over the use of plant-based medicinal foods
Illness categories | Abbreviations used |
N
UR
| % UR |
N
t
| % T |
N
C
|
N
VC
|
F
ic
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analgesics | Ana. | 18 | 3.94 | 14 | 13.46 | 14 | 3 | 0.235 |
Anabolic | Anb. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Blood ailments | Blo. | 29 | 6.35 | 18 | 17.30 | 18 | 8 | 0.379 |
Bone fracture | Bon. | 2 | 0.43 | 2 | 1.92 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Coolants | Coo. | 18 | 3.94 | 14 | 13.46 | 14 | 3 | 0.235 |
Dermatological ailments | Der. | 5 | 1.09 | 4 | 3.84 | 4 | 1 | 0.250 |
Diabetes | Dia. | 35 | 7.67 | 24 | 23.07 | 24 | 6 | 0.323 |
Eye ailments | Eye. | 9 | 1.97 | 8 | 7.69 | 8 | 1 | 0.125 |
Fatigue | Fat. | 14 | 3.07 | 14 | 13.46 | 14 | 0 | 0.000 |
Fever | Fev. | 2 | 0.43 | 2 | 1.92 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Gastrointestinal ailments | Gas. | 90 | 19.73 | 36 | 34.61 | 36 | 26 | 0.606 |
Gynecological ailments | Gyn. | 20 | 4.38 | 13 | 12.50 | 13 | 4 | 0.368 |
Headache | Hed. | 1 | 0.21 | 1 | 0.96 | 1 | 0 | 0.000 |
Heart ailments | Hea. | 21 | 4.60 | 15 | 14.42 | 15 | 4 | 0.300 |
Hemorrhoids | Hem. | 20 | 4.38 | 8 | 7.69 | 8 | 6 | 0.613 |
Hypertension | Hpt. | 13 | 2.85 | 10 | 9.61 | 10 | 3 | 0.250 |
Hypotension | Hpo. | 8 | 1.74 | 8 | 7.69 | 8 | 0 | 0.000 |
Hypothyroidism | Thy. | 3 | 0.65 | 3 | 2.88 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 |
Jaundice | Jau. | 2 | 0.43 | 2 | 1.92 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Kapha ailments | Kap. | 32 | 7.01 | 17 | 16.34 | 17 | 10 | 0.483 |
Liver ailments | Liv. | 4 | 0.87 | 3 | 2.88 | 3 | 1 | 0.333 |
Male reproductive ailments | Mal. | 28 | 6.14 | 21 | 20.19 | 21 | 6 | 0.259 |
Neural ailments | Neu. | 2 | 0.43 | 1 | 0.96 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
Obesity | Obe. | 8 | 1.74 | 8 | 7.69 | 8 | 0 | 0.000 |
Psychological ailments | Psy. | 8 | 1.74 | 7 | 6.73 | 7 | 1 | 0.142 |
Urinary ailments | Uri. | 18 | 3.94 | 11 | 10.57 | 11 | 5 | 0.411 |
Vadha ailments | Vad. | 11 | 2.41 | 9 | 8.65 | 9 | 2 | 0.200 |
Weakness | Wea. | 35 | 7.67 | 19 | 6.50 | 19 | 15 | 0.470 |
Analgesics | Ana. | 4 | 3.076 | 4 | 10.526 | 4 | 1 | 0.000 |
Anabolic | Anb. | 11 | 8.461 | 5 | 13.157 | 5 | 2 | 0.600 |
Blood ailments | Blo. | 4 | 3.076 | 2 | 5.263 | 2 | 2 | 0.666 |
Bone fracture | Bon. | 2 | 1.538 | 1 | 2.613 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
Coolants | Coo. | 6 | 4.615 | 5 | 13.157 | 5 | 1 | 0.200 |
Dermatological ailments | Der. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Diabetes | Dia. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Eye ailments | Eye. | 3 | 2.307 | 3 | 7.894 | 3 | 0 | 0.000 |
Fatigue | Fat. | 7 | 5.384 | 6 | 15.789 | 6 | 1 | 0.375 |
Fever | Fev. | 6 | 4.615 | 3 | 7.894 | 3 | 2 | 0.166 |
Gastrointestinal ailments | Gas. | 2 | 0.769 | 2 | 2.613 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Gynecological ailments | Gyn. | 19 | 14.615 | 10 | 26.315 | 10 | 4 | 0.500 |
Headache | Hed. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Heart ailments | Hea. | 7 | 5.384 | 7 | 18.421 | 7 | 0 | 0.000 |
Hemorrhoids | Hem. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Hypertension | Hpt. | 1 | 1.538 | 1 | 5.263 | 1 | 0 | 0.000 |
Hypotension | Hpo. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Hypothyroidism | Thy. | 1 | 1.538 | 1 | 5.263 | 1 | 0 | 0.000 |
Jaundice | Jau. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Kapha ailments | Kap. | 30 | 23.076 | 16 | 44.736 | 16 | 9 | 0.482 |
Liver ailments | Liv. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Male reproductive ailments | Mal. | 11 | 6.923 | 8 | 21.052 | 8 | 3 | 0.714 |
Neural ailments | Neu. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Obesity | Obe. | 2 | 1.538 | 2 | 2.613 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Psychological ailments | Psy. | 2 | 1.538 | 2 | 2.613 | 2 | 0 | 0.000 |
Urinary ailments | Uri. | 3 | 2.564 | 2 | 2.613 | 2 | 1 | 0.500 |
Vadha ailments | Vad. | 11 | 8.461 | 8 | 23.684 | 9 | 2 | 0.222 |
Weakness | Wea. | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Consensus over the use of animal-based medicinal foods
Illness categories treated with plant-based medicinal foods having high consensus
Illness categories | Plants | Animals |
---|---|---|
Analgesics | Cardiospermum halicacabum (0.750), Moringa oleifera (0.470), Solanum americanum (0.409) | – |
Anabolic | – | Sardinella longiceps (1.000), Fenneropenaeus indicus (0.500), Sphyraena jello (0.333) |
Blood ailments | Moringa oleifera (0.470), Beta vulgaris (0.333), Eclipta prostrata (0.400), Eleusine coracana (0.333), Ficus racemosa (0.428), Phyllanthus emblica (0.384), Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.333), Vitis vinifera (0.375) | Gallus gallus domesticus (0.500), Uroteuthis duvauceli (0.333) |
Bone fracture | – | Capra aegagrus hircus (0.333) |
Coolants | Borassus flabellifer (0.666), Coccinia grandis (0.692), Cuminum cyminum (0.428) | Bos taurus (0.500) |
Dermatological ailments | Solanum americanum (0.409) | – |
Diabetes | Coccinia grandis (0.692), Limonia acidissima (0.750), Abelmoschus esculentus (0.333), Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (1.000), Marsilea quadrifolia (0.666), Syzygium cumini (1.000) | – |
Eye ailments | Phyllanthus emblica (0.384) | – |
Fatigue | – | Gibelion catla (0.333) |
Fever | – | Parathelphusa hydrodromus (1.000), Portunus sanguinolentus (0.750) |
Gastrointestinal ailments | Citrus medica (0.666), Coccinia grandis (0.692), Musa paradisiaca (0.800) Punica granatum (0.444), Solanum americanum (0.409), Citrus limon (0.400), Murraya koenigii (0.428), Ziziphus jujuba (0.750), Cuminum cyminum (0.428), Ipomoea aquatica (0.750), Mangifera indica (0.666), Phyllanthus emblica (0.384), Psidium guajava (0.666), Sesbania grandiflora (0.285), Vitis vinifera (0.375), Allium sativum (0.250), Citrullus lanatus (0.500), Cocos nucifera (0.333), Cucumis sativus (1.000), Daucus carota (0.333), Digera muricata (1.000), Ficus racemosa (0.428), Momordica charantia (0.500), Portulaca quadrifida (0.400), Solanum lycopersicum (0.200), Tamarindus indica (1.000) | – |
Gynecological ailments | Aloe vera (0.428), Musa paradisiaca (0.800), Moringa oleifera (0.470), Vigna mungo (0.444) | Scoliodon laticaudus (1.000), Gibelion catla (0.333), Rachycentron canadus (1.000), Stolephorus indicus (0.750) |
Headache | – | – |
Heart ailments | Mangifera indica (0.666), Citrus medica (0.666), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (0.500), Phyllanthus emblica (0.384) | – |
Hemorrhoids | Allium cepa (0.666), Abutilon indicum (1.000), Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (0.666), Cissus quadrangularis (0.400), Musa paradisiaca (0.800), Acalypha indica (0.333) | – |
Hypertension | Citrus medica (0.666), Moringa oleifera (0.470), Oxalis corniculata (0.500) | – |
Hypotension | – | – |
Hypothyroidism | – | – |
Jaundice | – | – |
Kapha ailments | Mukia maderaspatana (1.000), Solanum americanum (0.409), Cardiospermum halicacabum (0.750), Cleome gynandra (0.250), Leucas aspera (0.250), Moringa oleifera (0.470), Plectranthus amboinicus (1.000), Solanum torvum (0.166), Solanum trilobatum (0.500) | Himantura uarnak (0.500), Parastromateus niger (0.666), Rastrelliger kanagurta (1.000), Stolephorus indicus (0.750), Euthynnus affinis (0.500), Pampus argenteus (0.500), Trichiurus lepturus Eupleurogrammus muticus (0.333) |
Liver ailments | Eclipta prostrata (0.400) | – |
Male reproductive ailments | Solanum trilobatum (0.500), Allium cepa (0.666), Ficus racemosa (0.428), Ipomoea aquatica (0.750), Mangifera indica (0.666), Tribulus terrestris (0.500) | Capra aegagrus hircus (0.500), Katelysia opima (0.500), Stolephorus spp. (1.000) |
Neural ailments | Solanum americanum (0.409) | – |
Obesity | – | – |
Psychological ailments | Centella asiatica (0.500) | – |
Urinary ailments | Boerhavia diffusa (1.000), Lagenaria siceraria (0.500), Marsilea quadrifolia (0.666), Portulaca quadrifida (0.400), Tribulus terrestris (0.500) | Eleutheronema tetradactylum (0.250) |
Vadha ailments | Citrus limon (0.400), Vigna mungo (0.444) | Lates calcarifer (1.000), Upeneus sulphureus (1.0) |
Weakness | Vigna mungo (0.444), Amaranthus viridis (0.333), Anacardium occidentale (0.500), Arachis hypogaea (0.500), Cicer arietinum (0.333), Echinochloa frumentacea (0.500), Eleusine coracana (0.333), Oryza sativa (0.250), Panicum sumatrense (0.500), Paspalum scrobiculatum (0.500), Pennisetum glaucum (0.333), Prunus dulcis (0.500), Setaria italica (0.500), Sorghum bicolor (0.500), Zea mays (0.500) | – |
Illness categories treated with plant-based medicinal foods having average consensus
Illness categories treated with animal-based medicinal foods having high consensus
Illness categories treated with animal-based medicinal foods having average consensus
Relationship between the humoral properties and illnesses
Illness categories | Plant food taxa | Animal food taxa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot | Cold | Unspecified | Hot | Cold | Unspecified | |
Analgesics | 72.22 | 27.78 | – | 25 | 25 | 50 |
Anabolic | – | – | – | 9.09 | – | 90.90 |
Blood ailments | 24.13 | 68.97 | 6.90 | – | 50 | 50 |
Bone fracture | 50 | 50 | – | – | 100 | – |
Coolants | 11.11 | 88.89 | – | – | 33.33 | 66.66 |
Dermatological ailments | 20 | 80 | – | – | – | – |
Diabetes | 22.86 | 71.42 | 5.72 | – | – | – |
Eye ailments | 33.33 | 66.67 | – | 33.33 | 33.33 | 33.33 |
Fatigue | 14.28 | 78.58 | 7.14 | – | 57.14 | 42.85 |
Fever | 50 | 50 | – | 83.33 | – | 16.66 |
Gastrointestinal ailments | 35.56 | 62.22 | 2.22 | – | 100 | – |
Gynecological ailments | 40 | 60 | – | 42.10 | 15.78 | 42.10 |
Headache | 0 | 100 | – | – | – | – |
Heart ailments | 52.35 | 42.65 | 5.00 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Hemorrhoids | 60 | 40 | – | – | – | – |
Hypertension | 0 | 92.30 | 7.70 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Hypotension | 25 | 50 | 25 | – | – | – |
Hypothyroidism | 33.33 | 66.67 | – | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Jaundice | 0 | 100 | – | – | – | – |
Kapha ailments | 59.37 | 40.63 | – | 36.66 | 6.66 | 56.66 |
Liver ailments | 50 | 50 | – | – | – | – |
Male reproductive ailments | 39.28 | 50 | 10.72 | 0 | 36.36 | 63.63 |
Neural ailments | 50 | 50 | – | – | – | – |
Obesity | 50 | 50 | – | 0 | 0 | 100 |
Psychological ailments | 25 | 75 | – | 50 | 50 | 0 |
Urinary ailments | 16.66 | 83.33 | – | 0 | 33.33 | 66.66 |
Vadha ailments | 36.37 | 63.63 | – | 9.09 | 9.09 | 81.81 |
Weakness | 22.85 | 71.42 | 5.73 | – | – | – |
CFSI scores of the medicinal foods
Name of the taxa | CFSI |
---|---|
Plants | |
Solanum americanum | 110.28 |
Murraya koenigii | 97.20 |
Moringa oleifera | 95.64 |
Cuminum cyminum | 63.84 |
Musa paradisiaca | 55.68 |
Coccinia grandis | 45.67 |
Phyllanthus emblica | 45.36 |
Solanum lycopersicum | 40.50 |
Vitis vinifera | 40.24 |
Punica granatum | 39.96 |
Animals | |
Portunus sanguinolentus | 33.75 |
Sardinella longiceps | 29.25 |
Fenneropenaeus indicus | 27.00 |
Stolephorus indicus | 22.50 |
Bos taurus | 19.50 |
Rastrelliger kanagurta | 18.22 |
Sphyraena jello | 16.20 |
Scoliodon laticaudus | 15.75 |
Himantura uarnak | 13.50 |
Parastromateus niger | 13.50 |
Discussion
Conclusions
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This preliminary report quantitatively documented the food-medicine continuum among the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district. Collectivistic cultures, influence of traditional norms, and medicinal beliefs caused Indian dietary habits to be very unique; this provides ample scope for further research to anthropologists and ethnobiologists. Deeper studies on different dietary cultures of India may help derive better interpretations on food-medicine continuum.
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This study identified some important plant-based medicinal claims such as citron, pomegranate and Solanum americanum (gastrointestinal ailments), Abutilon indicum, onions and elephant foot yam (hemorrhoids), Boerhavia diffusa (urinary ailments), Moringa oleifera (anemia), Aloe vera (gynecological ailments), Eclipta prostrata (liver ailments), ivy gourd (diabetes), citron (hypertension), and Centella asiatica (psychological ailments). More studies on these claims will help identify novel functional foods to add to the field of medical nutrition therapy, with traditional brand identity.
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This study also documented some important marine animal taxa such as spade nose shark (lactogogue), reticulate whipray (wheezing and bronchitis), Katelysia opima (impotence), Indian squid (anemia), and Indian oil sardine (anabolic) for the treatment of various illnesses. Generally, ethnopharmacological validations on ethnozoological claims are very meager and Indian marine resources are still under-utilized. Scientific studies on these claims may yield some novel and affordable functional foods.
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Documentation of ethnopharmacological knowledge of marine resources is comparatively low in India. Indian coastal line spreads over 7516 km, and robust studies on the documentation of the traditional knowledge on marine resources will yield a good database for various stakeholders and policy makers.
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Among zootherapy, the use of organs to treat illnesses of similar organs was documented in many instances. Future-specific studies will reveal the cultural and pharmacological importance of this claim.